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Topic: Old Finland

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Grand Duchy of Finland

Kexholm

Grand Duke of Finland

Finnish Karelia

Heraldry of Karelia

History of Finland

Counties in Finland

Southern Finland

Ethnic Swedes

Diet of Finland

Viipuri

Vyborg

Historical provinces of Finland

Finland

Municipalities of South Karelia

	Grand Duchy of Finland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An extended Finland Proper was made a titulary Grand Duchy (more correctly, Grand Principality) in 1581, when king John III of Sweden, who as a prince had been royal duke of Finland (1556–1561/63), extended the list of subsidiary titles to the Kings of Sweden considerably.
		During the Finnish War between Sweden and Russia, the four Estates of occupied Finland were assembled at the Diet of Porvoo on March 29, 1809 to pledge allegiance to Alexander I of Russia.
		The Russian Emperor ruled as the Grand Duke of Finland and was represented in Finland by the Governor-General of Finland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland (754 words)

	Old Finland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Old Finland was joined to the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland in 1812.
		The Russian ruler guaranteed religion, properties, old Swedish laws and privileges of the inhabitants of these territories.
		Basically, the population in these provinces came to the same legal system as the Grand Duchy, including its Constitution and General Law, although some privileges took time to adapt, and so-called donated estates (owned by Russian noblemen) in Karelia were a headache that was resolved slowly by monetary compensations from the Grand Duchy's Treasury.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Old_Finland (338 words)

	The road to St. Petersburg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In 1812, Finland having been annexed to Russia three years before, Helsinki was raised to the status of capital of the Grand Duchy and from 1827, when the former capital, Turku, was destroyed by fire, it also became the intellectual centre.
		The rise of a national culture in Finland in the closing decades of the 19th century was marked by conflict with the Swedish-speaking elite but soon - as the demands of the Russian masters became increasingly pressing - by distrust of the Russian regime as well.
		He emigrated to Finland in 1918 in the aftermath of the Revolution, only to be accused of "musical Bolshevism" at the first concert of his works.
	www.musicfinland.com /fmq/articles/st_petersburg.html (2499 words)

	Jyrki Paaskoski: Noble Land-Holding and Serfdom in 'Old Finland'. Summary
		Noble land tenure in 'Old Finland' in the eighteenth century was governed principally by Peter I's decree on noble inheritance, which largely equated pomest'e with votchina tenure.
		The most important difference between 'Old Finland' and the heart of Russia was the controlling power of the revenue department and local courts in fixing the terms of taxation.
		'Old Finland' acquired a separate status not completly defined in the peace treaties, as was the case in Estonia and Livonia.
	www.lib.helsinki.fi /elektra/summary.html (4581 words)

	Karelian Database / HISTORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Swedish administrative system was spread to the territory; the County of the castle of Vyborg was formed to be its foundation and it supervised the tax collection, the legal proceedings and the missionwork by the Catholic church.
		The County of the castle of Vyborg streched from Kymijoki to Rajajoki and from the Gulf of Finland to the hunting country north of Mikkeli.
		In 1539 the territory became smaller at the foundation of the County of the castle of Savonlinna.
	personal.inet.fi /palvelu/karjala-tk/saso36.htm (2307 words)

	FENNIA 2002
		The Swedish-speaking population in Finland formed two separate groups: the urban upper classes (administrators, bankers, and entrepreneurs) and the farmers, fishermen, and seafarers of the southern and western coasts.
		An old image of Swedish as a language of the elite also adds to the reluctance of many native Finnish-speakers to learn and use it, leading to demands for the elimination of the Swedish-language requirement in schools.
		The Romani in Finland, in 1995 (Välimäki 1995; Paulus 1996; Raento and Husso 1999: 187; cf.
	www.helsinki.fi /ml/maant/geofi/fennia/demo/pages/raento.htm (6776 words)

	Salon Free Software Project \| Finland -- the open-source society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Finland is also now widely hailed as one of the most "wired" nations on the planet (as judged by mobile phone and Internet usage).
		Finland is a sparsely settled country -- a little over 5 million people are sprinkled across a land mass 1,000 kilometers long from north to south.
		Finland is a phenomenally homogeneous nation, both in terms of ethnicity and class; the only significant minority is Swedish-speaking Finns, who comprise about 6 percent of the population (and whose number include Linus Torvalds -- although as one Finnish free software hacker told me, "He's still a good guy, even if he is a Swedish-speaker").
	archive.salon.com /tech/fsp/2000/04/20/chapter_six_part_1/print.html (5271 words)

	National Minorities of Finland — Virtual Finland
		Prior to and during the period of the Crusades, 1050 -1150, and later, Swedes mainly from the coastal provinces of Roslagen, Gästrikland and Hälsingland, in Sweden, settled in the uninhabited coastlands of western and southern Finland.
		The eastern parts of Finland (Karelia), which at a much earlier date had come under Russian rule and had accepted the Greek Orthodox faith (old Finland), were united with the rest (new Finland).
		The ‘old’, ‘historical’ or ‘national’ minorities in Finland today are the Swedish speakers, the Saami, the Rom, the Jews, the Old Russians and the Tatars.
	virtual.finland.fi /finfo/english/minorit.html (820 words)

	Station Information - Old Finland
		In the Treaty of Nystad in 1721, that concluded the Great Northern War, Sweden had to cede the province of Kexholm and province of Vyborg.
		In the Treaty of Turku in 1743 Sweden had to cede the areas in souther Karelia around the Kymi river and Savonlinna.
		These areas were later referred to as Old Finland and in 1812 they were incorporated in the Grand Duchy of Finland.
	www.stationinformation.com /encyclopedia/o/ol/old_finland.html (133 words)

	10/24/00 -- Finishing Off Finland's Old Growth
		Finland is a good example-with about 5 percent of its old- growth forests left, half is at risk of immediately being logged.
		It's worth noting that most devastation of old-growth forests in Finland and other boreal regions is due to "a non-stop demand for paper products in the developed world." Over-consumption of forest products derived from liquidation of the Earth's ecological life support systems threatens the Planet's, and our children's, well-being.
		The greenbelt crosses three boreal zones, stretching from the Gulf of Finland in the south to the Arctic Ocean in the north.
	forests.org /archive/europe/oldgthin.htm (1529 words)

	National Minorities of Finland, The Old Russians — Virtual Finland
		The Russian, or Russian-speaking, population of Finland is often said to consist of the ‘Old Russians’ and the ‘New Russians’.
		The other school in Finland with substantial instruction in Russian is the Finnish Russian School of Eastern Finland, a private school located in three towns in the east of the country, Joensuu, Lappeenranta and Imatra.
		In Finland there is a Finnish Orthodox Church, which has the status of national church alongside the Evangelical Lutheran Church and is affiliated to the Patriarchate of Constantinople, plus two congregations founded by Russian emigrants which are under the Patriarchate of Moscow.
	virtual.finland.fi /finfo/english/minorit5.html (1860 words)

	In Finland's Footsteps
		Finland is a leading example of the northern European view that a successful, competitive society should provide basic social services to all its citizens at affordable prices or at no cost at all.
		Finland has no private schools or universities, no snooty clubs, no gated communities or compounds where the rich can cut themselves off from everyday life.
		Finland in the '90s became a high-tech powerhouse, led by Nokia, now the world's largest maker of cell phones.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/05/AR2005080502015_pf.html (2022 words)

	Encyclopedia: Lands of Sweden (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		As such, the Österland (=medievally inhabited parts of Finland) was the third kingdom and the thord part of the realm.
		After the Finnish War (1808-1809) the eastern half of Sweden (Österland) was ceded to Russia, thus becoming the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland, and Norrland was divided between these two states.
		The historical provinces (Finnish: maakunta, Swedish: landskap) of Finland is a legacy of the countrys joint history with Sweden.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Lands-of-Sweden (685 words)

	FAST-FIN-1 (TRENPP2C) Finnish Institutions Papers
		Finnish citizens living in Finland are entitled to a national old age pension if they have lived in Finland for a total of at least three years after reaching the age of 16.
		Factors determining the size of the earnings-related old age pension are the pensioner's pensionable wages, the duration of the employment contracts, and the pension accrual rate.
		In Finland this is not the case: there is no euro limit to the pensionable wage, and the average earnings-related old age pension is increasing all the time.
	www.uta.fi /FAST/FIN/SOCPOL/mt-pensi.html (4891 words)

	ProKarelia
		The Russian Emperors Nicholas I and Alexander I, II and III upheld their sovereign pledge and treated Finland as if it were a separate country; after all, Finland retained its legislative and administrative traditions from the era of Swedish rule.
		The revolution staged by the Bolsheviks in November 1917 and Finland's declaration of independence in December 1917 set off a chain of events that was to exercise a negative effect on the relationship between the two countries in many ways.
		Finland agreed, as the treaty had had a favourable effect on relations between the two countries.
	www.prokarelia.net /hu?x=reform&y=5-51 (772 words)

	Country Survey: Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Third, the eastern border between Russia and the Grand Duchy of Finland changed already in 1812, when the territory of "Old Finland", i.e., the Karelian areas lost by Sweden in 1721 and 1743, were annexed to the Grand Duchy.
		In addition, Finland lost sizeable territories in the north, including the Petsamo region (a pathway to the Arctic Ocean) that had been annexed to Finland in the Treaty of Dorpat in 1920.
		They are old units that have had administrative and judicial functions, but they lost most of their administrative significance in 1945 when the offices of bailiffs (principal officials of the historical counties) were discontinued.
	www.geog.port.ac.uk /hist-bound/country_rep/finland.htm (3792 words)

	Metsähallitus - Protected old-growth forest areas
		Finland has very little forest in a natural state but a lot of commercial stands.
		Photo: A primaeval forest is an old forest in a natural state.
		In 1996 the Council of State made a decision in principle on the conservation of old-growth forests, according to which a total of 2,936 sq.km of new and extended protected areas will be established on state-owned lands.
	www.metsa.fi /natural/protectedareas/oldgrowth.htm (180 words)

	Bocksaga.de- New Light on Ancient world by Bo Olsson
		According to old legends the King of The Aser was the richest of all heathen kings.
		Bock was the last living representative of the family of Strømsø, the old administrative centre of western Oden-ma, the central county of old Finland.
		Since Finland managed to be a distant province both to the Romans and to the Greek and Arabs, there was no religian-based conquest taking place in Finland during the first half of the medieval times.
	www.bocksaga.de /saga_e_print.htm (2247 words)

	Karelia (Finland)
		Since then it belonged to the Province of Käkisalmi (in Swedish: Kexholm; since 1946 known by its Russian name: Priozersk), which was given coat of arms totally different — even though not less martial — from that of Viipuri Province: a burning silver castle on blue, surmounted by two cannon balls in flames.
		Most of the provincial coats of arms of Sweden (at the time including Finland), including that of Karelia, were designed for the funeral ceremony of king Gustavus I Wasa (in 1560, to be precise), probably by his son John (Johan) who was very interested in heraldry.
		The Finnish coat of arms shows the Folkunga Lion from the Royal Swedish coat of arms, crowned, tramping on the Russian sabre and fighting with the straight western sword in its harneshed right arm — the swords and the arm, perhaps even the crown, were clearly taken from the Karelian coat of arms.
	flagspot.net /flags/fi-k.html (703 words)

	Mauri Rastas: "History of Karelia"
		Finland was occupied by the Russian in 1713-1721.
		The ("Napoleonic") war in 1808-09 in Finland was a catastrophe for Sweden as it lost the whole Finland to Russia.
		South-East Finland or the main part of Finnish Karelia was the most important area taken by the former Soviet Union.
	www.kolumbus.fi /rastas/eng_carel.html (2858 words)

	Epiphytic lichens in old-growth forest fragments in Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The study was made in two areas: Kuhmo in middle-eastern Finland is an area where the old-growth forests are not yet totally fragmented and forest patches are quite recently isolated, whereas Häme, southern Finland, has a longer history in forest utilization.
		Especially old aspens (Populus tremula) and goat willows (Salix caprea) support a rich epiphyte flora with many cyanobacterial lichen species, which are sensitive to the changes in forest structure and require long habitat continuity.
		The sixth column on the right represents the study areas in Häme in southern Finland, where old-growth forests are very fragmented and have been isolated for a longer time.
	www.helsinki.fi /science/biobof/posters/lichens00.html (541 words)

	Metsähallitus - Map of Finland's protected old-growth forests
		The map shows the 92 areas that have been established as protected old-growth areas on state-owned lands in 1994.
		The Finnish Council of State made a decision of principle in 1996 on the protection of old-growth forests.
		According to the decision, a total of 293,600 hectares of new protected areas will be established or old ones enlarged on state-owned lands in Northern Finland.
	www.metsa.fi /natural/protectedareas/oldgrowthmap.htm (139 words)

	E: The Environmental Magazine: They Speak for the Trees - protest against old growth logging in Finland
		But Finland's reputation as an environmentally responsible country--and as a bona fide pioneer in sustainable commercial timber production--has been tarnished amid the accusations that most of its old-growth forest has been chopped down in a frenzied pursuit of logging dollars.
		The heavy toll that state-authorized old-growth forest logging has taken on the biodiversity contained within Finland's unusual boreal and hemiboreal ecosystems has sparked mounting public outcry, and has generated ongoing campaigns from a wide array of Finnish and Scandinavian environmental organizations.
		Only roughly five percent of Finland's old-growth forests are left, and half of that is at risk of being logged right now." According to the Worldwide Fund for Nature of Finland, threatened animal species include wolves, bears, lynx, otters, flying squirrels and forest reindeer.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1594/is_4_11/ai_63715489 (1114 words)

	Antonia at "Old Dance" in Finland
		I was in Finland for about 5 months when the planning for Vanhojen Tannssit or Old Dance began.
		I was a bit not interested because, 1 I needed a dance escort and the finnish guys are too shy for words, 2 I didn't have a dress, 3 I didn't think that I could learn the dances and 4 I just didn't feel like being bothered.
		However, my host mother encouraged me to do it by saying that it was a good experience and also, while in Finland I should do as the finns do.
	6990writings.homestead.com /Antonia1.html (203 words)

	Finnish Nature League FNL: reports on old-growth clearcutting in Finland. Stora Enso, UPM-Kymmene, Vapo Timber, Kuhmo, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Most of the unprotected old-growth forests in Finland are owned by the state.
		Southern Finland: Clearcut in old-growth forests in Katajalamminmäki / October
		Southern Finland: Clearcut in old-growth forest in Kokkolansalo / October
	www.luontoliitto.fi /forest/reports (647 words)

	Forest certification in Finland: clearcutting old-growth forests
		Pan European Forest Clearcutting: PEFC-certified old-growth forest destruction in Finland 2002
		Umpinainen area in the municipality of Suomussalmi, region of Kainuu, estern Finland.
		Umpinainen forest is included in the Protection Program for Old-Growth Forests in Northern Finland as an area whose ecological value should be preserved by Metsähallitus (Decision by the Council of State, 1996).
	www.pefcwatch.org /2002/umpinainen.htm (178 words)

	FNL Fin Nature League press releases - Finnish Forest news service
		New examples of PEFC -certified logging in high conservation value forests as well as follow-up information on the cases presented in January are released today on www.pefcwatch.org.
		Valuable old-growth forest is being logged by the state forestry enterprise in Hameenvaara, Taivalkoski, eastern Finland.
		The habitat of regionally threatened Siberian jay (Perisoreus infaustus) is being logged at Riponeva area in Southern Finland.
	www.luontoliitto.fi /forest/newsroom (1303 words)

	Finland forests \| Greenpeace International
		Upper Lapland, Finland — Time is running out for the old-growth forests of Finland.
		The vast majority of Finland's valuable old-growth is owned by the state and logged by the state-owned company Metsähallitus.
		To begin to switch all virgin fibre in their supply chain to sources that have been independently certified, at least to the standards of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC).
	www.greenpeace.org /international/news/finland-forests (405 words)

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