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	Old Frankish language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Old Frankish was the language of the Franks.
		Classified as a West Germanic language, it was spoken in areas covering modern France, Germany, and the Low Countries in Merovingian times, preceding the 7th century.
		Old Frankish is not directly attested and is reconstructed from loanwords in Old French, and from Old Low Franconian.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Old_Frankish_language (280 words)

	Old French - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Frankish language had a much larger impact on the vocabulary of Old French as a result of the Frankish conquest of much of the territoryof modern France by the Franks during the time of the Volkerwanderung of the Germanic tribes.
		The use of Old French as a literary language was somewhat slower to get started than the use of Provençal; the troubadours who wrote lyric poetry in Provençalare generally regarded more highly than the trouvères who wrote in Old French.
		But by the time the Old Frenchpoets were through with it, Arthurian romance had become a complex and sophisticated body of legend through which many themes had been woven: the heroic legend of the doomed utopia of Camelot; the Christian mythology of theHoly Grail; and courtlylove material such as the story of Tristan and Isolde.
	www.free-web-encyclopedia.com /?t=Of (2206 words)

	English language - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about English language
		The first dialect of Old English to rise to literary prominence was Northumbrian, and during the early Old English period Northumbrian schools were the most learned in Christendom, producing such scholars as Bede and Alcuin, confidant and adviser of Charlemagne.
		Until the Danish invasions, Old English was a highly inflected language but appears to have lost many of its grammatical endings in the interaction with Danish, creating a more open or analytic style of language that was further changed by the influence of Norman French after the Conquest 1066.
		It is the official language of air transport and shipping; the leading language of science, technology, computers, and commerce; and a major medium of education, publishing, and international negotiation.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /English+language (1088 words)

	OLD ENGLISH LANGUAGE FACTS AND INFORMATION
		Old English was not static, and its usage covered a period of some 700 years – from the Anglo-Saxon migrations which created England in the fifth century to some time after the Norman invasion of 1066, after which the language underwent a major and dramatic transition.
		The language was further altered by the transition away from the runic alphabet (also known as ''futhorc'') to the Latin alphabet, which was also a significant factor in the developmental pressures brought to bear on the language.
		Old English was at first written in runes (''futhorc''), but shifted to the Latin alphabet with some additions: the letter yogh, adopted from Irish; the letter eth and the runic letters thorn and wynn.
	www.witwib.com /Old_English_language (2493 words)

	Frankish language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Dutch language, which is a Low Frankish language and the only living language with a direct link to the Frankish language itself.
		In the second sense, Frankish (German, Fränkisch) is heavily influenced by French, since it is spoken mainly in France.
		Frankish, called in France platt is often confused with the Alsatian language, an unrelated Alemannic German dialect.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Frankish_language (190 words)

	History of the French Language
		Even though Romance languages, share certain qualities not found in contemporary Latin that is taught today, it is believed that Latin is the father of the Romance group of languages.
		Frankish was a Germanic language, and most of the Frankish words adopted have to do with agriculture, war, or social organizations.
		Danish, an offspring of Old Scandinavian, was one of the languages being spoken in the Scandinavian region of Europe.
	f99.middlebury.edu /RU232A/STUDENTS/matranga/history.htm (649 words)

	TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LAN... - Online Information article about TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LAN... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The noteworthy differences between the two languages in early times seem to have been very few: (I) a, e, i, are diphthongized before-r followed by a consonant in English, but not in Frisian, e.g.
		In the earlier `stages of the Teutonic languages differences of phonology are more marked than those of morphology, and afford surer criteria for determining the relations of these languages to one another.
		The Gothic and Scandinavian languages have one or two characteristics in common, the most important of which is the treatment of intervocalic j and w in a number of words.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /TAV_THE/TEUTONIC_GERMANIC_LANGUAGES.html (4557 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: French Literature
		The oïl language comprised all the varieties of speech in use to the north of an imaginary line drawn from the estuary of the Girande to the Alps, passing through Limousin, Auvergne, and Dauphiny.
		If the language very quickly undergoes the modification brought about by this new spirit, it is only little by little that the various forms of literature allow themselves to be penetrated by it.
		He has a weakness for the old authors of the sixteenth century and even for those of the Middle Ages, for the words and phrases of a bygone time, and certain popular expressions.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06190a.htm (14989 words)

	Ethnologue report for Germany
		Of those, 27 are living languages and 2 are extinct.
		Relation to sign languages of eastern Germany, Austria, and Switzerland is not known.
		Standard German is one High German variety, which developed from the chancery of Saxony, gaining acceptance as the written standard in the 16th and 17th centuries.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=Germany (1147 words)

	JH Prospectus: Frisian background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This last area was granted to the Frankish counts of Holland in 1289, and in time their language became the dominant one in the areas we now call the Netherlands and northern Belgium.
		The assertion that these two languages developed from a common ancestor is questionable in light of the number of divergent features; even Lass admits in the later publication that Anglo-Frisian was "probably not a Protolanguage in the usual sense, but rather a Sprachbund...
		But the language that was spoken across the inland sea, in the province of Noord-Holland, does matter in this discussion, because unlike the province of Friesland, Noord-Holland and its great port city of Amsterdam became extremely powerful both economically and politically over the next centuries.
	www.germanic.ucla.edu /grads/jharvey/prospectus/frisian.htm (1323 words)

	Germanic Languages
		Frankish is the extinct West Germanic language formerly spoken in Northern Gaul and the Low Countries.
		Old English is characterized by phonetic spelling, a moderate number of inflections (two numbers, three genders, four cases, remnants of dual number and instrumental case), a syntax somewhat dependent on word order, and a simple two tense, three mood, four person (three singular, one plural) verb system.
		Old Danish was an Eastern North Germanic language, spoken in Denmark, the ancestor of New Danish and Bokmal.
	softrat.home.mindspring.com /germanic.html (3010 words)

	First Europe Tutorial - Latin and Vernaculars
		In each period of its evolution there were significant differences between the literary written language, distinct from the spoken language of the educated and from that of the less educated populace.
		In the period of the migrations, the languages of the invading nations introduced a stronger element of linguistic diversity into the territory of the late Roman Empire.
		In Frankish territories, the Merovingian scripts that were used in the seventh and eighth centuries were during Charlemagne's reign replaced by a newly developed hand, in part inspired by reference to Roman writing and known as the Carolingian minuscule.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/firsteuro/lang.html (1389 words)

	Chronology: History of English
		By 600 A.D., the Germanic speech of England comprises dialects of a language distinct from the continental Germanic languages.
		French is taught to children as a foreign language rather than used as a medium of instruction.
		Languages of the world begin to die out on a large scale as mastery of certain world languages becomes necessary for survival.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~kemmer/Words/chron.html (1697 words)

	France - Hekmat
		French is the official language of France and is spoken by the vast majority of people in the country.
		The languages spoken north and south of the Loire River began diverging in the early Middle Ages and by the late 13th century had emerged as distinct languages.
		The Académie was established to uphold the highest standards in the French language and literature, and it is responsible for the publication of the standard grammar and dictionary of the French language.
	www.hekmats.com /france.htm (20776 words)

	Old English Lexicon (appendix to the Old English Grammar): an article by Cyril Babaev
		In the lexicon of the Old English language one can more or less exactly stress several certain historical groups separated from each other by their origin.
		Old English was a language of migrants - Saxons, Angles and Jutes first lived in northern Germany, contacting with certain surrounding, and later moved to the British Isles where they established links with completely different people.
		For example, Old English mo'dor 'a mother', is found in Old High German muoter, Old Saxon mo'dar, but is never seen in Gothic, though this very word is widespread in the whole family (see Word-A-Week for it).
	indoeuro.bizland.com /archive/article19.html (1993 words)

	The French vs the Franks (page 9) \| Antimoon Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		I thought it went gradually,but Frankish was pretty much gone around 600 (in french that is) when Charlemagnes kingdom fell apart after his death,most of his succesors began to speak what we would call,more french then Frankish.
		According to Henriette Walter, 544 Frankish words only made their way into today French despite centuries of Frankish rule, that is ½ % of French vocabulary — compare with French loanwords in English : 25 % of English lexicon.
		As for French lexicon of Frankish origin, there's (we've discussed in another thread), , (helmet), , <épieu> (spear), (blazon), (seneschal), , (traitor), (arrogance, pride), , (wheat), (shame), (war), (audacious, daring), (blue), (grey), , (dark-haired), (shield) and some affixes.
	www.antimoon.com /forum/posts/7941-9.htm (1130 words)

	Our Slavic Language
		The invention of the Slavic letters and introduction of the Slavonic language into worship could be considered a genial work, a real miracle, since it surpassed all the literary attempts made in the Middle Ages.
		The Old-Slavonic language, as it was devised by the Apostles of the Slavs, underwent some changes and morphological modifications during the course of centuries.
		Until the tenth century the dialectical differences of Slavonic languages were negligible and the Old-Slavonic language was used as a literary language by all the Slavs.
	www.carpatho-rusyn.org /spirit/chap4.htm (1335 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Canon of the Old Testament
		The New Testament quotations from the Old are in general characterized by a freedom and elasticity regarding manner and source which further ten to diminish their weight as proofs of canonicity.
		The sub-Apostolic writings of Clement, Polycarp, the author of the Epistle of Barnabas, of the pseudo-Clementine homilies, and the "Shepherd" of Hermas, contain implicit quotations from or allusions to all the deuterocanonicals except Baruch (which anciently was often united with Jeremias) and I Machabess and the additions to David.
		In 1442, during the life, and with the approval, of this Council, Eugenius IV issued several Bulls, or decrees, with a view to restore the Oriental schismatic bodies to communion with Rome, and according to the common teaching of theologians these documents are infallible states of doctrine.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03267a.htm (6740 words)

	"Of Saxons, Angles, and Jutes"
		Once we move into a discussion of Old English, we are moving away from the more speculative (but systematic) endeavors of language reconstruction (Indo-European) into an area for which we do have more solid footing--in the form of written documents.
		Alfred was instrumental in the establishment of literary language, and he produced translations of the Bible, Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care, Orosius, Bede's Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum (The Ecclesiastical History of the English People), Boethius' Consolation of Philosophy.
		In the whole of Old English languages it is doubtful whether there are more than twenty Celtic borrowings into literary vocabulary (of which the most widespread now, but not in Old English, is perphaps cross).
	ebbs.english.vt.edu /hel/helmod/oe.html (2212 words)

	Post Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Multilingualism is universal among Luxembourgers, and both the German and French languages are used in the press, in politics, and in daily life.
		German is the language of instruction beginning in first grade; French begins shortly thereafter as a foreign language.
		Related to the old Moselle Frankish language of Western Germany, Luxembourgish is basically a Germanic language enriched by French and Flemish words and expressions.
	foia.state.gov /MMS/postrpt/print_pr_View_All.asp?cntryID=88§ion=&print=true&c_ID=&p_id=&s_ID= (9130 words)

	Runic Alphabets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		It is never used in any texts because the sound [æ] (like in "sad") has disappeared at the time of the earliest surviving records, but it exists in the alphabet (that is, in a listing of all the letters it always appear).
		The Elder Runes, used mostly for magic purposes, contain many personal names and their lexicon is sometimes hard to understand, though the language is clear.
		Languages which used the script: Germanic (Common Germanic, Old Norse, Old Swedish, Old Frisian, Old Frankish, Old Saxon, Old English, Old Frisian).
	indoeuro.bizland.com /project/script/runic.html (515 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Their spoken language was French, their written language was Latin, but the Latin of France; the style of their documents was the style of the French chancery; very few of the technical terms of their law were of Scandinavian origin.
		It was a language understood and written by the learned men of both races: it was the language of such legal documents as the Normans knew, and, though it was not the language of the English dooms or the English courts, still it was the language of the English charters or land-books.
		And so the two languages which William used for his laws, his charters and his writs were Latin and English.1 Again, there were good reasons why the technical terms of the old English law should be preserved if the king could preserve them.
	www.law2.byu.edu /Thomas/Legal_History/SuppH.html (9319 words)

	Amazon.ca: Old English and Its Closest Relatives: A Survey of the Earliest Germanic Languages: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		I took Orrin Robinson's class "Introduction to the Germanic Languages" at Stanford and this was the primary text.
		Each language is presented through excerpts from major or important works, with translations and "clues" in the margins for those attempting to read the original.
		I particularly appreciate the discussion of Old Low Franconian (= Old Dutch, Old Netherlandic), the predecessor of modern Dutch that is the mother tongue of more than 20 million speakers in the Netherlands and Flanders (Belgium).
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0804714541 (587 words)

	Proto-Indo-European Roots (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Old Church Slavonic jasti, Ukrainian isti (to eat), Belorussian esci, Bulgarian jam (I eat), Macedonian jadam (I eat), Serbo-Croatian and Slovene jesti, Czech jísti, Slovak jest', Polish jes'c', Sorbian jesc, Russian jest' (to eat), jem (I eat).
		Sociolinguistics states that all most common words in the language are always short - the same goes with this word.
		The supporters of the Nostratic theory find the traces of the same stem in Uralic and Altaic languages, which is one more proof that maybe it was one of the first verbs born by the humanity.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /project/phonetics/word18.html (210 words)

	WHY YUGO NOSTALGISTS ARE WRONG by Srdja Trifkovic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Many old Balkan hands have fond memories of the place as it used to be before 1991, and tend to overlook its structural defects that had been present all along.
		From the moment of its creation, on the ruins of the old Europe at the end of the Great War, until its bloody disintegration seven decades later, Yugoslavia was constantly beset by national problems.
		And yet it was the old approaches, received political wisdom, and confusion of wishful thinking and reality that prevailed, on all sides, in the first ten years of the new state.
	www.chroniclesmagazine.org /News/Trifkovic/NewsST041300.htm (7201 words)

	France, 500-1000 A.D. \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		By the time of Clovis' death in 511, he had established the Frankish kingdom as the dominant force in what had been the Roman province of Gaul (France).
		Hugues Capet ascends to the Frankish throne, inaugurating the Capetian dynasty and replacing the Carolingians.
		Initially the Capetians wield little authority beyond their capital at Paris, but in time their power grows and with it the importance of Paris as an administrative, ecclesiastical, and artistic center.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/06/euwf/ht06euwf.htm (1037 words)

	The French vs the Franks \| Antimoon Forum
		In many Frankish realms the men in power were the mayors of the palace, that is Fr from La (see modern acceptation : Fr = En ).
		The Merovingian Frankish royal dynasties were considered sacred and until Pépin le Bref, a Carolingian or Pippinid, took the throne in 752 (to the exception of Childebert III The Adopted, a Carolingian usurper).
		Pépin le Bref (715-768) had two sons : Carloman (751-771), co-king of Francia from 768 to 771, Charles I (747-814), later known as Charlemagne, co-king of Francia from 768 to 771, king of Francia from 771 to 814, king of Lombardy from 774 to 781, Emperor of Occident from 800 to 814.
	www.antimoon.com /forum/posts/9169.htm (1077 words)

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