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Topic: Old French language

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	Old French Language
		The history of the French language begins with the invasion of Gaul by Julius Caesar's armies in 59 B.C. The land was then inhabited by a multitude of different tribes who spoke various related Celtic languages.
		Beginning in the fifth century, the land was subject to numerous invasions--Germanic tribes from the east (the Franks) and the Vikings from the North.
		The invasions did, however, serve to accelerate a growing division between the language spoken to the south of the Loire--Langue D'Oc --from that spoken in the North, Langue D'Oïl (Oc and Oïl are the words for 'yes' in their respective dialects).
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Acropolis/8716/langue.html (465 words)

	French language. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		French is descended from Vulgar Latin, the vernacular Latin (as distinguished from literary Latin) of the Roman Empire (see Latin language).
		Of the various dialects of Old French, Francien (the north-central dialect spoken in Paris and the region around it) in time became the standard form of the language because of the increasing political and cultural importance of Paris.
		In 1635 the French Academy was founded by Cardinal Richelieu to maintain the purity of the language and its literature and to serve as the ultimate judge of approved usage.
	www.bartleby.com /65/fr/Frenchla.html (708 words)

	French Language
		The aim of the writers of this period, as is the case of the poets of La Pléiade, was to elevate the French language to the level of Latin as a medium for literary expression, In 1539 a royal decree proclaimed French official language of the public administration.
		French was established as an official language in the French and Belgian colonial possessions in Africa.
		French was the language in which were fixed the notions of the Western culture and for centuries it was used by the educated people all over Europe, gradually replacing Latin in the live international communications.
	www.orbilat.com /Languages/French/French.html (1695 words)

	French Language Faculty
		French, 20th-century French and Francophone literatures and cultures, women writers.
		French 17th and 18th century literature and culture; Denis Diderot; literary genres; the baroque; fiction and reality, language and knowledge.
		Old French language and literature, 12th-century romance, Tristan and Yseut, Chrétien de Troyes, place and literature, Albert Cohen.
	www.lclark.edu /dept/french/faculty.html (56 words)

	History of the French Language
		One cannot speak about the origins of the French language without addressing the topic of Romance languages, the family of language to which French belongs.
		Danish, an offspring of Old Scandinavian, was one of the languages being spoken in the Scandinavian region of Europe.
		Another document in Old French dated shortly thereafter at about 880-882 AD was a history of the life of St. Eulalia written by a man named Prudentius.
	f99.middlebury.edu /RU232A/STUDENTS/matranga/history.htm (649 words)

	The Amherst College Department of French - The French Major (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In addition, advanced students of French needed to prove at the entrance exams that they could accurately take French dictation and that they could recite from memory passages that were taken from the materials that they had prepared for the exams (p.
		The foreign language admission requirements were so strict that those who presented French could be expected to enroll in advanced literature courses from the start of their academic careers.
		Throughout this period, French continued to be the most popular foreign language at the College, even though its percentages dropped from 42% of the student body to 34%.
	www.amherst.edu /~french/Hist.3.html (3644 words)

	Learn French in France - French Language school - Course in France - study french - Courses
		Learning French with the C.I.A means: high quality instruction, an outstanding success rate on exams of 96% in 2007, accommodation in host families or residences, fun and cultural activities...
		Our language school is one of the first "French-as-a Foreign-Language" schools in France to receive this accolade for the quality of its teaching, its facilities and its services...
		Don't miss this chance to combine language study with the excitement of discovering the Mediterranean coast with all of its gastronomy, its wines, its flora, the richness of its art, its smells and its colors.
	www.cia-france.com (517 words)

	History of French Language
		The dialect of Paris gradually became the national language, however, because of the political prestige of the capital and today is accepted as the model for the French language.
		Creole languages are fully formed languages that develop from a PIDGIN language and gradually become the primary language of a linguistic community.
		French-based Creole is found in Haiti, Mauritius, the French Overseas Departments of Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion, and Guyana, in Dominica and St. Lucia, and, although disappearing, in various British-influenced Caribbean islands and in southwestern Louisiana.
	www.discoverfrance.net /France/Language/DF_language.shtml (1955 words)

	Learn French, French Windows, French Office, French Software, French Dictionary, French Translation, French Keyboards, ...
		French is one of the Romance languages, descended from Latin.
		French was one of the two official languages of the League of Nations and is now one of the six official languages of the United Nations.
		French spelling generally reflects the language as it was spoken four or five centuries ago and is therefore a poor guide to modern pro-nunciation.
	www.worldlanguage.com /Languages/French.htm (785 words)

	Thesaurus Terrae: French Language (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Langua Romana is old French, and is used in a number of treaties and other official capacities (it can also be understood by the majority of French speakers: one of its uses was to have assembled French armies swear oaths in a common language which was mutually intelligible).
		The language of the Court is Langue D'ui: spoken by the English Kings, the French Kinds, and the Aquitaine court.
		As said before, Old French, the language of the Court, was used by armies to swear oaths; while it is the noble language, it can be understood by commoners.
	www.mit.edu /~dcltdw/RPGs/ArsMagica/Thesaurus/french.html (296 words)

	University of Dallas - French Course Descriptions
		French Literary Tradition I. Introduction to key texts of the French literature, from the beginning of the 12th century up through the end of the 17th.
		The French novel from Proust to Sartre and Camus, with a glance at the nouveaux romanciers (Robbe-Grillet, Butor, Simon).
		Old Provençal, the language of the the troubadours, the lyric poets in the South of France who, in the twelfth century, inaugurated the tradition of fin’ amors ("courtly love").
	www.udallas.edu /modlang/french/courses.cfm (777 words)

	Department Administration & Student Government [french.rutgers.edu]
		A candidate is admitted on the basis of formal background in French studies.
		The M.A.T. in French is considered to be a terminal degree, in that it does not lead to Ph.D. studies.
		This exam will be waived if the student has completed French 611, “Old French Language and Literature,” with a grade of B or better.
	www.rci.rutgers.edu /~french2/grad/gradmastersprog.htm (1335 words)

	Jewish Language Research Website: Judeo-French
		The Judeo-French texts are independent of Christian Old French literature both in their content and in their distinct writing system, which adapts the Hebrew script and the Tiberian system of pointing to the phonological characteristics of the Old French language.
		From the 12th century onward, such Old French glosses were common in the entire rabbinical literature of Northern France.
		Biblical glossaries: From the beginning of the 13th century, the Old French glosses to the Bible were compiled into extensive biblical glossaries.
	www.jewish-languages.org /judeo-french.html (1007 words)

	Undergraduate Courses in French
		The development of French culture and civilization in the twentieth century, with an emphasis on the events that shaped modern France, illustrative works of literature, the problem of Paris, and the structure of daily life.
		Discussion of the highlights of the development of the French language from its formative period to the present.
		Introduction to the structure of the French language: phonology, morphology, and syntax.
	www.indiana.edu /~frithome/undergrads/f-offerings.shtml (2685 words)

	Modern Languages: French Division Graduate Courses Fall 2004
		During the second half of the semester, we study the language from a synchronic point of view; i.e., we concentrate on the language at a particular moment of its history, the period of Old French (end 9th century-end 13th century).
		This is covered in the first 15 chapters of Kibler's book An Introduction to Old French, which also contain translation exercises based upon a lai (a short narrative work) by the twelfth-century writer, Marie de France.
		In this course we will explore the vicissitudes of French Jewish identity in the 18th, 19th and 20th century, and explore France's unique history of democratic inclusion on the one hand and antisemitic incident on the other.
	www.fsu.edu /~modlang/divisions/french/grad_fall_2004.html (814 words)

	Hearing - Sign Language
		Sign language is a language which uses manual communication instead of sound to convey meaning - simultaneously combining handshapes, orientation and movement of the hands, arms or body, and facial expressions to fluidly express a speaker's thoughts.
		American Sign Language shares many vocabulary terms with Old French Sign Language (LSF) because a French Deaf man, Laurent Clerc, was one of the first teachers of the Deaf in the U.S. in the nineteenth century.
		But the French connection to America is rare, most sign languages develop independently and each country (and in some cases, each city) has their own sign language.
	library.thinkquest.org /05aug/00386/hearing/signlanguage/index.htm (647 words)

	Learn Old English, Old English Windows, Old English Office, Old English Software, Old English Dictionary, Old English ...
		Though the French and the Rtissians may sharply disagree, English is already well on its way to becoming the unofficial international language of the world community.
		In tracing the historical development of the English language, it is customary to divide it into three periods: Old English, which dates from earliest times to 1150; Middle English, 1150-1500; and Modern English, 1500 to the present.
		The history of the English language may be said to have begun with the arrival in Britain of three Germanic tribes about the middle of the 5th century.
	www.worldlanguage.com /Languages/OldEnglish.htm (1551 words)

	Ethnologue 14 report for language code:FSL
		The following is the entry for this language as it appeared in the 14th edition (2000).
		Many sign languages have been influenced by this, but are not necessarily intelligible with it.
		Sign languages were known in France in the 16th century, and probably earlier.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=FSL (157 words)

	French Language in the Old Northwest
		A Footnote on the French Language in the Old Northwest
		It is impossible to utilize French colonial documents as historical sources without understanding the penchant of the French of the time to use nicknames even in formal legal papers.
		Certain sounds of French are absent in American Indian languages like that of the Menominee of eastern Wisconsin.
	www.uwgb.edu /wisfrench/library/history/language.htm (609 words)

	WKU Modern Languages: Courses
		A study of Romantic, Realistic and Naturalistic trends in French literature of the 19th century, as exemplified in the novel.
		A study of French literature from its written origins to the sixteenth century in modern French or English translation.
		A study of French literature of the seventeenth century with varying emphases on French verse, theatre, classicism, and prose in fiction and the moralist tradition, and featuring such authors as Descartes, Pascal, La Fontaine, Moliere, Corneille, Racine, La Rochefoucauld, and La Bruyère.
	www.wku.edu /modernlanguages/courses/french.html (808 words)

	Signed languages in Mexico
		LSM is distinct from other signed languages, such as American Sign Language (ASL, used in the U.S.A., Canada, and many other countries), the signed languages of Spain, and those of other countries in Latin America.
		LSM is truly a language in its own right, fully capable of expressing as wide a range of thoughts and emotions as any other language.
		LSM is not related to any other language in Mexico, but has some similarities to American Sign Language and other signed languages influenced by or derived from Old French Sign Language.
	www.sil.org /mexico/lenguajes-de-signos/00i-signed-languages.htm (444 words)

	Rhodes: Academics: Library: Subject Guides: Foreign Languages (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The four original languages of Eurodicautom were Dutch, French, German and Italian, to which Danish and English were added in 1973, Greek in 1981, Portuguese and Spanish in 1986, and Finnish and Swedish in 1995.
		The "Old French" era covers the period from the year 842 (date of the "Serments de Strasbourg", the earliest known document written in the emerging vernacular) until about the year 1400 (the period when the 'two-case' system, which distinguished Old French from its modern, uninflected forms, were disappearing from the written language).
		The LINGUIST List is dedicated to providing information on language and language analysis, and to providing the discipline of linguistics with the infrastructure necessary to function in the digital world.
	www.rhodes.edu /public/2_0-Academics/2_5-Library/2_5_2-SubjectGuides/2_5_2_14-ForeignLanguages.shtml (4838 words)

	Fall 2006 Course Descriptions
		In-depth knowledge of the French language and accuracy in its use are the goals of this course.
		Introduction to the study of medieval French language and literature of the 12th and 13th centuries.
		French 303 provides a forum for discussing issues in language pedagogy, and experience in creating and adapting instructional materials and designing tests for use in the UC Berkeley French language program.
	french.berkeley.edu /courses/courses_desc.php?semester=17 (5059 words)

	French Department Faculty :: Mary B. Speer
		As a medievalist, I am particularly interested in the structures and styles of Old French texts, the formation of canons and textual traditions, and the transmission and transmutation of both individual texts and traditions.
		I have worked extensively on the verse and prose romances of the Seven Sages Cycle (12th-13th centuries) and on the prose Lancelot-Grail Cycle (early 13th century).
		While studying transmission problems in a variety of medieval texts, I have also focused on the history, theory, and methods of editing Old French texts.
	french.rutgers.edu /faculty/fac-speer.htm (350 words)

	BUBL LINK: French language
		Offers original articles and features about the French language, plus annotated links to selected relevant Internet resources, compiled by a subject specialist, a subject-specific bulletin board, and details of related news and events.
		The 'Old French' era covers the period from the year 842 (date of the Serments de Strasbourg, the earliest known document written in the emerging vernacular) until about the year 1400 (the period when the 'two-case' system, which distinguished Old French from its modern, uninflected forms, began to disappear from the written language).
		Old French texts and information about the literature, listed according to century.
	bubl.ac.uk /link/f/frenchlanguage.htm (1094 words)

	French Graduate Program (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The department considers a thorough mastery of the language to be the indispensable basis for an understanding of literature.
		In this course, we shall study various theories and techniques of metafiction in modern and postmodern French literature, with attention to their implications regarding the role of the author and the reader, and the ontological status of the fictional text.
		The word invention is not intended to suggest that passions have not always been central to the literary project, but rather, that the rise of a rational conception of subjectivity, consciousness, and the body, leads to a radical redefinition of the terms and horizon of affectivity, anticipating later elaborations of the unconscious.
	www.french.emory.edu /frenchgrad.htm (4547 words)

	Academy of French Language in Nice - Study Abroad in France - Learn French Language in France: Courses and programs at ...
		Teachers are native French and have degrees in teaching French as a Foreign Language.
		A range of up-to-date, and carefully selected materials are used in class, giving participants valuable information on modern-day French culture and society while at the same time developing their language and communication skills.
		Participants are required to contact the Study Abroad Advisor or French Language Department in their home college or university regarding the procedures for academic transfer.
	www.afl-nice.com (1770 words)

	BU Libraries \| Research Guides \| French Language and Literature - Internet Links
		This is the Project for American and French Research on the Treasury of the French Language, based at the University of Chicago.
		It is developed and maintained by the Department of Romance Languages, Princeton University." The archive contains the text in both Old French and in modern French (the Foulet-Uitti editions).
		The page is maintained by the Department of French Studies, School of European Languages, The University of Western Australia and is available in a "modified" English version.
	www.bu.edu /library/guides/frenchnt.html (2566 words)

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