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Topic: Old Gutnish

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Old Norse language

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	US Bazaar.com : Encyclopedia Pages : Old Icelandic
		Old Norse is the Germanic language spoken by the inhabitants of Scandinavia and their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300.
		The Old Gutnish dialect was spoken in Gotland and in various settlements in the East.
		Old West Norse was also characterized by u-umlaut, which meant that for example Proto-Norse tanþu was pronounced tǫnn and not tann as in Old* East Norse.
	encyclopedia.us-bazaar.com /?title=Old_Icelandic (3111 words)

	Old Norse
		Old West Norse was also characterized by u-umlaut, which meant that for example Proto-Norse tanþu was pronounced tonn and not tann as in Old* East Norse.
		Old Norse poetry encompasses a range of verse forms written in a number of Nordic languages, embraced by the term Old Norse, during the period from the 8th century to as late as the far end of the 13th century.
		Old Norse poetry is characterised by alliteration, a poetic vocabulary expanded by heiti, and use of kennings.
	libraryoflibrary.com /E_n_c_p_d_Old_Norse.html (4430 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Old Gutnish
		Old Gutnish was the dialect of Old Norse that was spoken on the island of Gotland.
		It shows sufficient differences from the Old East Norse dialects Old Swedish and Old Danish that it is considered to be a separate branch.
		Most of the corpus of Old Gutnish is found in the Gutasaga from the 13th century.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Old_Gutnish (703 words)

	Clinton Goveas :: Wikipedia Reference
		Old East Norse is in Sweden called Runic Swedish and in east Denmark Runic Danish, but until the 12th century, the dialect was roughly the same in the two countries.
		A change that separated Old East Norse (Runic Swedish/Danish) from Old West Norse was the change of the diphthong æi (Old West Norse ei) to the monophthong e, as in stæin to sten.
		Stød generally occurs in words that have "accent 1" in Swedish and Norwegian and that were monosyllabic in Old Norse, while no-stød occurs in words that have "accent 2" in Swedish and Norwegian and that were polysyllabic in Old Norse.
	www.clintongoveas.com /wikipedia/?title=Danish_language (2824 words)

	Old English language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon) is an early form of the English language that was spoken in parts of what is now England and southern Scotland between the mid-fifth century and the mid-twelfth century.
		Old English was not static, and its usage covered a period of approximately 700 years – from the Anglo-Saxon migrations which created England in the fifth century to some time after the Norman invasion of 1066, after which the language underwent a major and dramatic transition.
		Old English was at first written in runes (futhorc), but shifted to the Latin alphabet with some additions: the letter yogh, adopted from Irish; the letter eth and the runic letters thorn and wynn.
	88.208.194.172 /wiki/index.php/Old_English_language (2894 words)

	Germanic Languages
		Gutnish is a contemporary Eastern North Germanic language spoken on the island of Gotland.
		Old English is characterized by phonetic spelling, a moderate number of inflections (two numbers, three genders, four cases, remnants of dual number and instrumental case), a syntax somewhat dependent on word order, and a simple two tense, three mood, four person (three singular, one plural) verb system.
		Old Danish was an Eastern North Germanic language, spoken in Denmark, the ancestor of New Danish and Bokmal.
	softrat.home.mindspring.com /germanic.html (3010 words)

	Germanic Language Encyclopedia @ FreeStops.com (Free Stops) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The common ancestor of all languages comprising this branch is Categories, spoken in approximately the latter mid-aspect in High German consonant shift.
		The linguistic contact of the 2nd century BC settlers of the ^ with the [7] left traces in the English language, and is suspected to have facilitated the collapse of Old English grammar that resulted in Fering from the 12th century.
		Old Gutnish Ongel is also used for fishing hook.
	www.freestops.com /encyclopedia/Germanic_language (2146 words)

	Naturearch.com -- Goths
		The number of similarities that existed between the Gothic language and Old Gutnish, made the prominent linguist Elias Wessén consider Old Gutnish to be a form of Gothic.
		The fact is that virtually all of those phonetic and grammatical features that characterize the North Germanic languages as a separate branch of the Germanic language family (not to mention the features that distinguish various Norse dialects) seem to have evolved at a later stage than the one preserved in Gothic.
		In Scandinavia, both Old Norse matters and the Goths' relationship to Sweden are ideologically very infected, and the stance that historians take in the issue is an ideological symbol.
	www.naturearch.com /goths.html (2703 words)

	Gutnish
		One misunderstanding is sometimes that Gutnish is merely a dialect of Swedish, but as it is a direct development of Old Gutnish, this perception is not correct.
		Gutnish had earlier its own writing system and was used in writing during the entire medievals up until the 17th century when Danish and later Swedish became the more dominating languages.
		Inspite the cease of Gutnish as a written language, it was still used as a spoken one for the following 400 years.
	gutnisku.imess.net /indexe.htm (322 words)

	[No title]
		The sources for Old Gutnish are found in The law of the Guths (Guta Lagh) written down sometime around 1300, but also in runewritings on stones, churchwalls and other objects.
		Under 16th century Gutnish is still used as a written language, but it is here and during the 17th century that it is pushed away as a written language and is replaced by Danish and later Swedish but Gutnish continues to be used as a spoken language and does so for the next 400 years.
		Although much of the Old Gutnish is still used, it has still meant a pretty large change in the language because of danish/swedish influence and the lack of standardized ortography.
	gutnisku.imess.net /oldgut.htm (247 words)

	Lesson Seven (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In essence, what has happened in Old Gutnish is that the accusative form has been generalised to include the nominative.
		For the student of Old Norse the most visible difference is that Old Norwegian texts are usually published in their manuscript spelling - unlike Old Icelandic texts which are usually normalised.
		Old Norse, however, is content with letting its first and second person personal pronouns perform this duty.
	www.hi.is /~haukurth/norse/olessons/lesson7.php?colors=0 (1586 words)

	Home
		English and Afrikaans removed genders at all from their morphology: English preserved them only as a "hidden category", which can be seen in personal pronouns he, she, it (for example, ships are always she).
		Iranian languages used to have all three genders in ancient tongues (Avestan, Old Persian), but under the influence of analytic trend the system was destroyed or reduced, and many modern Iranian languages do not have genders at all.
		The old laryngeal (centum ḫ- > a-, e- : satem ḫ- > s-) was lost except in Hittite and Armenian Clearly germ.
	us.share.geocities.com /iliria1/etymology1.html (5575 words)

	Gallehus Horns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		An example of a linguistic difference setting off the eastern dialect area is the monophthongization of the Old Scandinavian diphthongs ei, au, and øy to e and ø (e.g., steinn 'stone' became sten, lauss 'loose' became løs, and høyra 'hear' became høra).
		Literary Old Icelandic is often presented in a normalized textbook form and (together with Old Norwegian) is referred to as Old Norse.
		In the secular field the most profound influence on Scandinavian was that exerted by Middle Low German because of the commercial dominance of the Hanseatic League and the political influence of the North German states on the royal houses of Denmark and Sweden between 1250 and 1450.
	www.holt.org /gallehus.html (1374 words)

	[No title]
		Old Gutnish language evolved from Old (East) Norse.
		It shows sufficient differences from Old Swedish and Old Danish that it is considered to be a separate branch.
		Old Danish (Gammeldansk, 1100-1525) is the predecessor of Modern Danish and Norwegian Bokmål.
	www.verbix.com /xml/germanic_north.xml (77 words)

	Swedish language information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The purple area is Old Gutnish and the green area is the extent of the other Germanic languages with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility.
		Old East Norse is in Sweden called Runic Swedish and in Denmark Runic Danish, but until the 12th century, the dialect was the same in the two countries.
		From 1100 and onwards, the dialect of Denmark began to diverge from that of Sweden.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Swedish_language (5950 words)

	Germanic languages information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Western group would have formed in the late Jastorf culture, the Eastern group may be derived from the 1st century dialect of Gotland (see Old Gutnish), leaving southern Sweden as the original location of the Northern group.
		The earliest coherent Germanic text preserved is the 4th century Gothic translation of the New Testament by Ulfilas.
		The linguistic contact of the Viking settlers of the Danelaw with the Anglo-Saxons left traces in the English language, and is suspected to have facilitated the collapse of Old English grammar that resulted in Middle English from the 12th century.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Germanic_languages (1702 words)

	Old Gutnish - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It has been suggested that Gutnish be merged into this article or section.
		The approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century: ██ Old West Norse dialect ██ Old East Norse dialect ██
		Old Gutnish dialect ██ Crimean Gothic ██ Other Germanic languages with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Old_Gutnish (752 words)

	Gothic language - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		A scattering of old documents: alphabets, calendars, glosses found in a number of manuscripts and a few Runic inscriptions that are known to be or suspected to be Gothic.
		The number of similarities that Old Gutnish had with Gothic made the prominent linguist Elias Wessén classify it as a Gothic dialect.
		For instance, the Old High German genitive of zwei (two) is zweio, which is distinct from Gothic twaddje and Old Norse tveggja.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=11885 (4689 words)

	Northvegr - Northern European Studies Texts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A short tale that touches on the passing of the old ways and shows how the heroic (and Heathen) ancestors were still honored despite the conversion, by Christian and Heathen alike.
		A 13th century text in Old Norwegian, in which a father instructs his son on the path to wise and virtuous behavior.
		The Anglo-Saxon, Old Icelandic, Old Norse and Abecedarium Nordmannicum Rune poems.
	www.northvegr.org /lore/main.php (2884 words)

	With Tongues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Old Norse represented the northern branch of Germanic, and was divided into two varieties, East Norse and West Norse, the latter often being called Old Icelandic.
		Old Norse is credited with some of the earliest inscriptions in any Germanic language, even Gothic, written in the runic script or 'elder futhark', an alphabet common among many Germanic languages (including Old English).
		Old French is considered by philologists to be a blanket term for the vernacular Gallo-Romance dialects of northern France.
	www.petescully.blogspot.com (8730 words)

	The Viking Influence Upon The English Language
		The language spoken by the Norse of that period is called Old Norse, which had three dialects, West Old Norse, East Old Norse and Old Gutnish, this latter being relative to the Swedish island of Gotland.
		West Old Norse is virtually identical to Old Icelandic.
		First, the germinal word may have existed in proto-Germanic, so that with the birth of either English or Old Norse, the word was already in use as an element of their common legacy.
	www.useless-knowledge.com /1234/oct/article316.html (623 words)

	Historiska museet: utställningar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		But deciding whether it is 100 or 600 years old requires a specialist.
		In 14th century Sweden Old Swedish was spoken.
		Henrik Williams (born 1958) is professor at the Dept of Scandinavian Languages at Uppsala University.
	www.historiska.se /exhibitions/kensington/en/art_runor.html (555 words)

	Northvegr - Gutasaga (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It was written in the Old Gutnish language, the Norse dialect of the island.
		When the Gotlanders asked him to go, he answered, "You know that I am now very old and close to death, so if you want me to go into such peril, then give me three wergilds: one for me, one for my boy, and one for my wife.
		As he was a smooth-tongued man, wise indeed and artful, as the stories of him go, he established a fixed treaty with the Swedish king: 60 marks of silver a year - that is the tax for the Gotlanders - with 40 for the king, out of that sixty, and the jarls to get 20.
	www.northvegr.org /lore/gutasaga/index.php (2070 words)

	Wikidpedia - The free online encyclopedia - Old English (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		There Was an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly (Classic Board Books with Holes)
		Old Macdonald Had a Farm (Classic Books with Holes)
		Childs first cutlery Sheffield silver plate 3 piece set in Old English pattern with presentation case
	www.pagerank10.co.uk /wiki/?title=Old_English (2744 words)

	germanic_language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Western group would have formed in the late Jastorf culture, the Eastern group may be derived from the 1st century variety of Gotland (see Old Gutnish), leaving southern Sweden as the original location of the Northern group.
		Early testimonies of West Germanic are in Old Dutch (scattered words and sentences 6th century, coherent texts 9th century), Old High German (scattered words and sentences 6th century, coherent texts 9th century), Old English (coherent texts 10th century).
		Note 3: The speakers of Norn were assimilated to speak the Modern Scots varieties, and the Gutnish language is today practically a dialect of Swedish.
	www.viagrawithoutprescription.com /wiki/?title=Germanic_language (1696 words)

	Amazon.com: "Old Swedish": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Birgitta's original verbalization of her mystical experiences was in Old Swedish.
		At other times she dictated in Old Swedish to her...
		- Old Swedish and Old Gutnish: Noreen (1904).
	www.amazon.com /phrase/Old-Swedish (638 words)

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