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	Icelandic language, alphabet and pronunciation
		Icelandic is the closest of the Northern Germanic languages to Old Norse and it is possible for Icelandic speakers to read the Old Norse sagas in the original without too much difficulty.
		The main language of the settlers was Old Norse or the Dansk tunga (Danish tongue).
		In 1944 Iceland gained its independence and Icelandic was revived as an official and literary language.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/icelandic.htm (413 words)

	Icelandic literature - Encyclopedia.com
		With Iceland's loss of political independence (1261-64) came a decline in literature, although the linguistic tradition continued and the old writings were still venerated.
		The intellectual complexion of the Icelandic Middle Ages: toward a new profile of Old Icelandic saga literature.
		The cowherd and the saint: the grateful lion in Icelandic folklore and legend.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-IcelndiLit.html (1090 words)

	Old Norse language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Old Norse is the Germanic language once spoken by the inhabitants of Scandinavia and their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300.
		The Old East Norse dialect was spoken in Denmark and Sweden and settlements in Russia, England and Normandy.
		The Old Gutnish dialect was spoken in Gotland and in various settlements in the East.
	www.hartselle.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Old_Norse_language (2644 words)

	Icelandic language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This old form of the language is called Old Icelandic, but also commonly equated to Old Norse (an umbrella term for the common Scandinavian language of the Viking era).
		Icelandic orthography is notable for its retention of two old letters which no longer exist in the English alphabet: þ (thorn) and ð (eth or edh), representing the voiceless and voiced "th" sounds as in English thin and this respectively.
		Icelandic phonology is somewhat unusual for European languages in having an aspiration contrast in its stops, rather than a voicing contrast (though, in fact, English exhibits some characteristics of such a contrast).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Icelandic_language (730 words)

	Old Norse language -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Old Norse was mutually intelligible with (English prior to about 1100) Old English and (Low German prior to 1200) Old Saxon and other (A German dialect spoken in northern Germany) Low German languages spoken in Northern Germany.
		Old Icelandic was essentially identical to (Click link for more info and facts about Old Norwegian) Old Norwegian and they formed together the Old West Norse dialect of Old Norse.
		Old West Norse was also characterized by u- (A diacritical mark (two dots) placed over a vowel in German to indicate a change in sound) umlaut, which meant that e.g.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/o/ol/old_norse_language.htm (2604 words)

	Verbix -- Germanic languages: conjugate Old Norse verbs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Old Norse is classical North Germanic language used from roughly 1150 to 1350.
		Old Norse is the literary language of the Icelandic sagas, skaldic poems, and Eddas.
		Old Norse is the parent language of the three modern languages, Icelandic, Faroese, and Norwegian, and one extinct language called Norn.
	www.verbix.com /languages/oldnorse.shtml (107 words)

	Saga in Old Norse Literature: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		Sagas may be divided into sagas of the kings, mainly of early Norwegian rulers; Icelandic sagas, both biographical and historical; contemporary sagas, which were also Icelandic and were written about living persons; legendary sagas of the distant past; and sagas that were translations of foreign romances.
		Icelandic culture--Analysis, Icelandic culture--History, Old Norse sagas--Criticism and interpretation
		SAGA, in Old Norse Literature in Old Norse literature, especially...narrative in prose or...aim of the saga, although...translated in Earthly...Icelandic Literature (1957...Icelandic Saga (tr.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/saga-in-old-norse-literature.jsp?l=S&p=1 (1548 words)

	AllRefer.com - Icelandic language (Language And Linguistics) - Encyclopedia
		Icelandic language, member of the North Germanic, or Scandinavian, group of the Germanic subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages.
		Spoken chiefly in Iceland, where it is the official language, it stems from Old Norse, the language of the Vikings who settled the island in the 9th cent.
		The beginning of the modern period of the Icelandic language may be said to date from the translation of the New Testament in 1540 by Oddur GottskAlksson.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/I/IcelndiLan.html (441 words)

	ICELAND LITERATURE
		The Icelandic Literature was created by the inhabitants of Iceland from the country's settlement in the 9th century AD to the present.
		Iceland is most famous for its medieval sagas, written between the 12th and 14th centuries.
		After Iceland's loss of independence in the 1260s, Icelandic literature declined, and from about 1400 to the 19th century hardly any literary prose was written, with the exception of a notable Icelandic translation of the Bible by 16th-century Protestant theologians.
	www.nat.is /travelguideeng/icelandic_literature.htm (1244 words)

	Old Norse Women's Names
		Occurs in Old Danish as Frøgerth and in OW.Norse as Freygerðr.
		Occurs in Old Danish as Gunnur, in Old Swedish as Gunnur and Gunvor, and in OW.Norse as Gunnvör.
		ound in Old Danish as Gytha, in Old Swedish as Gydha and in OW.Norse as Gyða.
	www.vikinganswerlady.com /ONWomensNames.htm (7993 words)

	On Icelandic
		Icelandic is rarely used outside Iceland, despite the fact that from the middle of the 19th century until the First World War 15-16,000 Icelanders (about 20% of the population) moved to Canada and the United States.
		Icelandic began to develop as an independent language soon after the settlement of Iceland, late in the 9th century and early in the 10th century.
		Icelanders travelled between regions, farm workers were often itinerant and fishermen travelled long distances to fishing stations in other parts of the country.
	www.hum.uit.no /a/svenonius/lingua/structure/about/about_is.html (1085 words)

	ipedia.com: Old Norse language Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Old Norse is the Germanic language once spoken by the inhabitants of the Nordic countries (for instance during the Viking Age).
		In the 11th century, it was the most widely spoken European language, ranging from the Norwegian settlements in Vinland and Greenland to the Swedish settlements in Russia in the East, and to the Danish settlements in England and Normandy in the south.
		Its modern descendants are the West Scandinavian languages of Icelandic, Norwegian, Faroese and the extinct Norn language of the Orkney and the Shetland Islands as well as the East Scandinavian languages of Swedish and Danish.
	www.ipedia.com /old_norse_language.html (394 words)

	Northvegr - What's New
		Included are a large number of sagas in the original Old Icelandic.
		This þattr—translated by Peter Tunstall—is a later more Christianized saga that relates the tale of two armies doomed to fight their war over and over again until released from the curse by a 'baptized' man. This saga can be found under the collection of original saga translations, Old Heithinn Tales of the North.
		This tale is part of the Old Heithinn Tales from the North collection, which is an collection of original translations from the Förnaldar Sögur corpus.
	www.northvegr.org /northvegr/new.php (1018 words)

	Icelandic Language Schools & Courses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Icelandic (íslenska) is a North Germanic language spoken in Iceland.
		This old form of the language is called Old Icelandic, but also commonly equated to Old Norse (an umbrella term for the common Scandinavian language of the Viking era).
		Icelandic orthography is notable for its retention of two old letters which no longer exist in the English alphabet: þ (thorn) and ð (eth or edh), representing the voiceless and voiced "th" sounds as in English thin and this respectively.
	www.cactusdirect.org /languages/icelandic.php (293 words)

	OLD ICELANDIC
		Old Icelandic poetry: Eddic lay and skaldic verse.
		Northern sphinx: Iceland and the Icelanders from settlement to the present.
		from the Icelandic by Jon A. Hjaltalin and Gilbert Goudie.
	publish.uwo.ca /~rpoole/weldonicelandicresources.html (2764 words)

	GR Burgess's Old Norse Page
		Old Norse is the language spoken and written by the inhabitants of Scandinavia around 1000 A.D. and earlier.
		Iceland, that fair sized island in the North Atlantic, was settled by Norwegians around the 900's.
		Icelanders have kept their language virtually unchanged for over a thousand years, while all other Germanic languages underwent extensive modification.
	rhino.cox.miami.edu /norse (2988 words)

	Vikings & their Gods - Icelandic Literature
		Icelandic Literature, literature created by the inhabitants of Iceland from the country's settlement in the 9th century AD to the present.
		Because Old Norse and Icelandic are, for all practical purposes, the same language, Icelandic medieval writings are sometimes referred to as Old Norse literature.
		It may be derived from the Old Norse word edda (great-grandmother), but more likely refers to Oddi, a seat of culture in southern Iceland.
	www.angelfire.com /realm/shades/vikings/icellit.htm (524 words)

	Old Norse Online: Series Introduction
		Old Norse may be succinctly characterized as the "language of the vikings".
		For example, Old Norse and Gothic show a common innovation within the Germanic family, whereby medial jj and ww are both sharpened (to ddj and ggw in Gothic, to ggj and ggw in Old Norse).
		Old Norse is a catch-all term for Old Icelandic, Old Norwegion, Old Swedish, Old Danish, and Old Gotlandic, though it is often used as a synonym for Old Icelandic because the majority of documents come from this region.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/centers/lrc/eieol/norol-0-R.html (1892 words)

	Rob's Old Norse Page
		Old English was primarily a spoken language although it did have a written component; runic inscriptions, or runes.
		The death blow for Old English came when England itself fell to the Normans, after English forces, weakened from battling the Norsemen at Stamford Bridge, fell to William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.
		You should study Old Norse because it is your best source of information in understanding how early Germanic people thought, what their world was like, and what was important to them, and it is your best source for understanding the early history of all Germanic languages, including German, English, and the Scandinavian languages.
	odin.bio.miami.edu /norse (3003 words)

	GRADUATE FULL
		Old Icelandic is very close to the language spoken by the Vikings, and, more remarkably still, it has persisted with few major changes down to the present century.
		Pronunciation tapes (“Icelandic for Beginners”), available from the bookseller Mál og Menning in Reykjavík (see their web page, accessible in English and Icelandic, where orders can be placed).
		Son-father tensions, rivalries, and disputes in the sagas of Icelanders.
	publish.uwo.ca /~rpoole/oldicelandic.html (936 words)

	Icelandic language
		Spoken chiefly in Iceland, where it is the official language, it stems from Old Norse, the language of the Vikings who settled the island in the 9th cent.
		The beginning of the modern period of the Icelandic language may be said to date from the translation of the New Testament in 1540 by Oddur Gottskálksson.
		One reason for the relative stability and purity of Icelandic is that its speakers lived for centuries in comparative isolation on an island and thus were not much influenced by other languages.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/society/A0824866.html (397 words)

	Old Norse Travel Phrases
		Old Norse was used by the inhabitants of Scandinavia and their overseas settlements during the Viking Age (793-1066 CE) and up to 1300 CE or so.
		The term "Old Norse" refers to a group of languages/dialects: Old Icelandic, Old Norwegion, Old Swedish, Old Danish, and Old Gotlandic.
		It is often used as a synonym for Old Icelandic because most surviving Old Norse literature was written in Iceland.
	www.travelphrases.info /languages/oldnorse.htm (91 words)

	Old Icelandic Literature and Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This is the first book to provide a comprehensive account of Old Icelandic literature within its social setting and across a range of genres.
		Icelanders explored their uniqueness through poetry, mythologies, metrical treatises, religious writing, and through saga, a new literary genre which textualised their history and incorporated oral traditions in a written form.
		The book shows that Icelanders often used their textual abilities to gain themselves political and intellectual advantage, not least in the period when the state’s freedom came to an end.
	www.litencyc.com /php/adpage.php?id=555 (157 words)

	Works for Solo Instruments
		This piece was composed in 1981 at the request of the Music Department of the Swedish Radio Kerstin Ståhl (mezzo-soprano), Kjell-Inge Stevensson (clarinet) and Mats Persson (piano) who gave the first performance in the Nordic House in Reykjavik.
		The third song is sung to a poem by Frankenau which was tranlated into Icelandic by Jón Espólín (1769-1836).
		This melody is preserved in a manuscript (JS 329 8vo) at the National Library of Iceland.
	notendur.centrum.is /~ssb/vocal.htm (699 words)

	Book Review: Oedipus Borealis, the aberrant body in Old Icelandic myth and saga
		She notes that when discussing "a fictional Swedish berserker, seen slobbering, howling and buggering his way across the Icelandic landscape", terms such as 'developmentally challenged' or 'speech impaired' or 'gay' are hardly adequate to capture the phenomenon.
		Most of the presented Icelandic material is based in text attributed to Snorri Sturluson (c.
		The Icelandic Tourist Board should order a shipment of copies, for mystery tours of an early mythic world that is both strikingly different and disconcertingly resonant with the human shambles in which we live now.
	www.disabilityworld.org /09-11_04/resources/bookreview.shtml (935 words)

	languagehat.com: OLD NORSE FOR BEGINNERS.
		This course will teach Old Icelandic from the 13th century; when such works as Heimskringla and the Edda were composed.
		The spelling of Old Icelandic words is normalised to the accepted standard.
		The term 'Old Norse' is sometimes used to mean specifically what we here call 'West Norse' or what we here call 'Old Icelandic'.
	www.languagehat.com /archives/000976.php (519 words)

	Medieval Studies Program Library Resources
		A historical introduction and selections from Old Norse literature are followed by notes, a grammar section, and an Old Norse-English glossary.
		Covers a wide range of material relevant to the study of the language, literature, and civilization of Norway and Iceland in the Middle Ages.
		The National and University Library of Iceland, Árni Magnússon Institute of Iceland and Cornell University have started a cooperative project of large scale digitalization of about 380.000 manuscript pages and 145,000 printed pages of manuscripts containing Icelandic sagas as well as other literary forms.
	www.library.uiuc.edu /mdx/medstud/scandinavian.htm (389 words)

	RECENT - Online Information article about RECENT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In his splendid ballad, The Death of Skarphedinn, and in his beautiful series of songs describing a voyage through some of the most picturesque parts of Iceland, he is entirely original; but in his love-songs, beautiful as many of them are, a strong foreign influence can be observed.
		The most successful of Icelandic dramatists as yet is Indri6i Einarsson, whose plays, chiefly historical, in spite of excessive rhetoric, are very interesting and possess a true dramatic spirit.
		European fame for his researches and travels in Iceland, especially in the rarely-visited interior.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /RAY_RHU/RECENT.html (1529 words)

	Icelandic fonts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Icelandic designer based in Reykjavik who is working on Broderi (2003, a script bitmap font).
		Icelandic linguistics professor at the University of Stockholm.
		Reykjavik, and Akureyri: For the transliteration of Old Icelandic manuscripts.
	cgm.cs.mcgill.ca /~luc/icelandic.html (674 words)

	Icelandic Medieval Manuscripts
		Snorri Sturluson was a poet and historian, born in Oddi, Iceland.
		Árni Magnússon was born in Iceland, studied in Copenhagen and became a professor at the University in Copenhagen.
		The manuscripts are preserved in the the Árni Magnússon Institute in Iceland.
	www.hi.is /~unnurv (816 words)

	ICELANDIC - GENEALOGY
		The Icelandic language that evolved from the old West Norse language however flourished during their history.
		Icelandic is a descendant of West Norse (Norrønt mál) 800 - 1050
		Icelanders are referenced by their given names not their sir names.
	www.agt.net /public/dgarneau/sigurd3.htm (528 words)

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