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Topic: Old Japanese language

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	Japanese Language - MSN Encarta
		Because the Japanese language seems to have developed in virtual isolation from other languages, there is no conclusive evidence relating Japanese to a single family of languages and to that family's common ancestor language.
		However, because elements of this hypothesis are inconsistent with some of the Japanese language's major characteristics, especially its basic system of sounds, some scholars have turned to the languages of the South Pacific, in the family of Austronesian languages, to find the Japanese language's genetic heritage.
		Japanese has also developed separate varieties of the language for use in different social contexts; such varieties are called social styles of speech.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761568918_2/Japanese_Language.html (1421 words)

	Japanese Language/Grolier CD-Rom Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Japanese is the language of nearly 124 million people living on the four home islands of Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, and Hokkaido, as well as on Okinawa and many other smaller islands to the south.
		Middle Japanese extends to the end of the 16th century, bridging the wide differences in grammar and lexicon between Old Japanese and the modern language, the earliest forms of which appear in texts from about 1600.
		Old Japanese made a sharp distinction between the standard, prestige language of the court at Nara and what were already designated the Eastern dialects.
	www.shotokai.cl /otros_datos/language.html (555 words)

	Japanese language and history by ALS International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Among these languages, Korean is most frequently compared to Japanese, as both languages share significant key features such as general structure, vowel harmony, lack of conjunctions, and the extensive use of honorific speech, in which the hierarchical rank of the listener heavily affects the discourse.
		Japanese also shares considerable similarities with the languages of the Ryukyu Islands, within which Okinawa is located, although the Ryukyu languages and Japanese are also mutually unintelligible.
		Another influence of current note is the generation gap that exists relative to Japanese language use-today's younger generation is tending to favor the utilization of more neutral and informal speech, ignoring the importance of the role of honorific and gender-specific speech regarded important in traditional Japanese.
	www.alsintl.com /languages/japanese.htm (1590 words)

	Classical Japanese language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Classical Japanese language (Japanese:文語 bungo) was the Japanese language as spoken and written during the Heian era of Japan, circa 900–1200 CE.
		It is the direct successor to the Old Japanese language and is characterized by an enormous influx of Chinese vocabulary and widespread changes in the phonology.
		Use of Classical Japanese for writing started to decline after the Meiji Restoration, when novelists started writing their works in Modern Japanese made upon the spoken Japanese, though newspapers and official documents were still written in Classical Japanese then.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Classical_Japanese_language (268 words)

	Education Japan \| Japan Guide \| Japanese Language
		Japanese is a syllabic language, meaning that vowels and consonants do not exist on their own as in an alphabetic script such as the roman alphabet; rather, they only exist in combinations such as /ka/, /mi/, /ho/ and so on.
		Japanese is not a stress-timed language like English where the length of vowels and double consonants are not important.
		What seems to have happened is that the Japanese put both readings onto the kanji, but used them in different ways: that is, when using a concept that is expressed by one kanji (such as many simple verbs such as "run", "look", "hear" and so on), the Japanese reading ("kun-yomi" or meaningful reading) is used.
	educationjapan.org /jguide/language.html (1816 words)

	Old Japanese - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Old Japanese is the oldest attested stage of the Japanese language.
		As these two languages split at some point in history, this can be taken as evidence that the Japanese [h] was once pronounced identically to the Ryukyuan [p] (although the comparison alone does not directly address the issue of what its pronunciation was in Old Japanese).
		Old Japanese distinguished between eight verbal conjugations: Quadrigrade (四段), Upper Monograde (上一段), Upper Bigrade (上二段), Lower Bigrade (下二段), K-irregular (カ変), S-irregular (サ変), N-irregular (ナ変), and R-irregular (ラ変).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Old_Japanese_language (1294 words)

	Japanese Language
		Japanese is also a "topic-comment" language, a different kind of categorization than subject/object/verb order, where the topic of a sentence is marked by "-wa" and the rest of the sentence comments on that topic (English does this primarily in less typical "label: description" sentences; prominently topic-comment languages differ markedly in syntax from most e.g.
		Japanese is a language isolate: there is no well-evidenced evolutionary relationship with any other living (nor well-known dead) language; most languages are known to have evolved quite directly from previously-known ancient languages (e.g.
		Japanese historically borrowed the Chinese writing system (heightening the Western misunderstanding of the similarity of the two languages); the writing glyphs that were thus borrowed from Chinese are called "kanji", and are used to write Japanese words similar in meaning to that of the borrowed Chinese character.
	c2.com /cgi/wiki?JapaneseLanguage (3247 words)

	Japanese Language
		Japanese is a Souteast Asian language related to Vietnamese, Tibetan, Burmese or, in one school of thought, the Tamil languages of southern India and Ceylon.
		Japanese was originally a language related to Tibetan or a language related to Tamil that was introduced into Japan during the great migrations of Southeast Asian peoples four or five thousand years ago.
		Women's speech in Japanese tends to be filled with honorifics and with the "tentative" tense as a deference to male auditors.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/ANCJAPAN/LANGUAGE.HTM (1787 words)

	A Common Language Creates an Uncommon Bond (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A recent Senate resolution cites 2000 census data as showing that 9 percent of Americans speak their native language and another language fluently, compared to 53 percent of Europeans.
		Japanese Resource Teacher Deanne Balzer says, "With immersion, you have to pay attention to the language in order to be able to take part.
		It doesn't mean anything unless they've had a meaningful language experience outside the classroom." In the fall of fifth grade, Japanese students from the Katoh Elementary School in Numazu, near Tokyo, come to Portland.
	www.edutopia.org /1130 (1644 words)

	Origin of the Japanese People and Language
		Calling this oldest known form "Old Japanese", this message is about the time before that, how this language was formed and where the people who spoke this language came from--about the origin and prehistory of the Japanese people and language.
		Their language, though we don't know what syntax structure it had, must have had the open vowel syllables which remain in the Japanese language today.
		Ryuukuian, or the language of the Okinawa Islands separated from Old Japanese somewhere between the 3rd and 5th centuries.
	users.tmok.com /~tumble/jpp/japor.html (3003 words)

	Old English Software - Mac, Old English Software - Windows, Old English Fonts, Old English System
		It is the official language of more than a dozen African countries, as well as of various British depen-dencies such as British Honduras, Gibraltar, Hong Kong, and numerous islands in the Caribbean, and the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans.
		In tracing the historical development of the English language, it is customary to divide it into three periods: Old English, which dates from earliest times to 1150; Middle English, 1150-1500; and Modern English, 1500 to the present.
		The history of the English language may be said to have begun with the arrival in Britain of three Germanic tribes about the middle of the 5th century.
	www.worldlanguage.com /Languages/OldEnglish.htm (1535 words)

	Japanese Language - Bristol Japan Club
		If you are using a computer with an English language operating system (without Japanese language support) you will be able to view the text displayed in a graphical format but not the ordinary text which will appear as meaningless symbols.
		Of course, if you haven't mastered kana (the Japanese phonetic script) and kanji (the Chinese characters used in Japanese), the Japanese characters will be meaningless symbols anyway but that's another story...
		A very thorough introduction to the Japanese language for beginners with helpful grammatical explanations, tuition on hiragana and katakana, vocabulary in categories such as numbers and dates and exercises to help it all stick in your memory.
	www.angelfire.com /art/bristoljapanclub/japanese_language.htm (1522 words)

	Simplified Spelling Society : Japanese writing system.
		To make matters worse, the written language was typically not just a visual rendition of everyday spoken Japanese, but a convoluted entity which reflected the influence of Chinese linguistic forms and older Japanese forms.
		It appears that the Japanese themselves probably made the decisions at this time regarding modifications to their writing system, and that such changes were not imposed on them by the Occupation Forces, as has been suggested.
		Since word-processors for Japanese have encoded in them about 6,300 characters (the characters having been determined in the late 1970s as a Japan Industrial Standard), the use of the word-processor in Japan is something which has major implications for education and script use in society in general.
	www.spellingsociety.org /journals/j19/japanese.php (2136 words)

	Japanese Super Bargains, Japanese Computers / Notebooks, Japanese Dictionary, Japanese ESL-English as Second Language, ...
		Japanese does resemble Korean in grammatical structure, and though some scholars have suggested that they are related, this remains to be proven.
		Theoretically any Japanese word can be written exclusively in the kana (children's primers are written entirely in katakana) but the large number of homonyms in the language makes this impractical.
		Japanese is generally written vertically beginning on the right, but many texts today are written horizontally to permit the inclusion of English words, Arabic numerals, and mathematical and chemical formulas.
	www.worldlanguage.com /Languages/Japanese.htm (554 words)

	The Japanese Language - Education (English)
		Japanese language schools: How to get started, what are the legal requirments, and what schools are available.
		A new lesson is added every week, and all the old ones stay available.
		Mangajin is a teaching magazine that combines manga (Japanese comics) with language instruction to provide unique cultural as well as linguistic instruction.
	www.nihongo.org /english/language/education (378 words)

	Japanese Speakers, Japanese Language and Culture Meetups, events, clubs and groups near Los Angeles, California
		Come to a Japanese Language Meetup to practice speaking, build vocab and finally figure out those verb conjugations.
		The OC Japanese Language Meetup Group is a group of Japanese language speakers, those who are interested in Japanese language and culture, and Japanese natives interested in meeting Americans and practicing their English.
		I took 3 yrs of Japanese in college but never had any chance to practice it and have forgotten most of it...=(I really would like to be fluent in Japanese.
	japanese.meetup.com /cities/us/ca/los_angeles/?chapter=closed (1587 words)

	Japanese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This distance learning class is designed to introduce the Japanese language and culture to students who normally do not have access to this rewarding, useful, and challenging language.
		By the end of the semester, students who maximized the use of these technologies will be able to speak and comprehend simple Japanese conversations, be familiar with (and hopefully develop an appreciation for) the Japanese culture and customs, and have established a pen pal-relationship with a Japanese contemporary or other individuals studying the Japanese language.
		Just as importantly, they will be equipped with the language and technical skills to identify the tools most conducive to their learning styles and confidently explore a broader base of job opportunities.
	www.american.edu /TED/etown/distance/japanlang.htm (647 words)

	How to Learn a Foreign Language Via a Language Exchange
		Following the Cormier method, you will practice with native speakers of the language you're learning, in small mixed groups of speakers of the two languages - ideally, between 2 and 4 people.
		Half the time, you will be speaking in the language you're practicing, and half the time in your own language - to give your exchange partners a chance to practice too.
		When the timer expires, tell everyone to switch languages and change their lesson plans to the other language.
	www.mylanguageexchange.com /HowTo.asp (1299 words)

	Japanese Language Center, Professional Japanese Instructors and Translators
		We partner with our clients to tailor the best Japanese language instruction and learning programs suited for their purpose.
		Japanese Language Center Instructors are usually professors or former professors of Japanese language and culture at leading universities.
		Many Japanese companies with United States operations also engage our staff to provide on-site language classes for their non-Japanese staff.
	www.japanese-language.net (232 words)

	Alexander Vovin - Bibliography ::: EALL Online
		[Case Formants in the Japanese Language of the 11th Century]." In: Pis'mennye Pamiatniki i Problemy Istorii Kul'tury Narodov Vostoka(Doklady i Soobshcheniia XXI Godichnoi Sessii LO IV AN SSSR).
		[Chinese Loanwords in the Japanese Language of the Middle of the XI Century]." In: Istoriia i Kul'tura Vostochnoi i Iugo-Vostochnoi Azii.
		A monograph co-authored with Dr. Stefan Ralf Georg to be submitted in 2006 for publication to the Center of Korean Studies, University of Hawai'i.
	www.hawaii.edu /eall/ppl/indiv/Jap/VovinAlexander-biblio.htm (1938 words)

	CoolGrandma.com Learning Center
		Many Japanese textbooks make no attempt to explain the fundamentals of Japanese grammar, simply presenting the language as a series of patterns to be memorized.
		Online Japanese lessons including exercises which involve surfing over to Japanese Internet sites to look for characters and identify words you learn in a given lesson.
		A set of lessons in reading Japanese which integrate hiragana, katakana and kanji, designed for people who began learning Japanese by using romaji.
	www.coolgrandma.com /learning/social_language_japanese.asp (267 words)

	How to create Japanese language documents under GNU/Linux using LaTeX
		If it is not rendered properly on your screen, you may be using an old or non-compliant browser.
		Chinese, Japanese, and Korean language support is available in LaTeX via the CJK package.
		The only font file you need for Japanese is the kanji one, which should be called something like "kanji48.tar.gz" and be found at this URL.
	www.physics.wustl.edu /~alford/tex/japanese_latex.html (1017 words)

	Japanese language learning tools on Web
		Japanese to English, English to Japanese y español al inglés.
		Japanese Language - Welcome from The Mining Co.
		Not a whole lot of materials, but simple materials can be transferred to teaching Japanese as a foreign/second language.
	www.sabotenweb.com /bookmarks/language.html (764 words)

	Japanese Bible (c) International Bible Society
		This IBS translation of the Bible is for the Japanese language.
		This translation uses an informal language style and applies a meaning-based translation philosophy.
		It is translated from the biblical languages and was completed in 1977.
	www.ibs.org /bibles/japanese/index.php (78 words)

	Open Directory - Arts: Literature: World Literature: Japanese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Classical Japanese Language and Literature - This site teaches the classical (that is, old) Japanese language, through poems and extracts from literary/zen/martial arts classics.
		Donald Keene Center of Japanese Culture - Include review of lectures and details of the prizes awarded by the center to support translation of Japanese literature.
		The Flowering of Japanese Literature - The importance of the Tale of Genji and the Pillow Book to subsequent Japanese literature.
	dmoz.org /Arts/Literature/World_Literature/Japanese (304 words)

	Learning/Teaching Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Language School (Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji) at Stanford University
		Also, you can choose the levels of Japanese based on the amount of Kanji (you can even read it with all in Hiragana).
		The Working Holiday Visa allows young Canadians (between 18 and 30 years old) to visit Japan primarily for a holiday, but also allow them to work to supplement their incomes.
	www.mala.bc.ca /~furutak/resource.htm (702 words)

	YaBB Chat and Support Community - YaBB2 Japanese
		Unfortunally there's no one currently working on a japanese language pack.
		Well I could help with the Japanese, but the language pack...
		I just upgraded from 1.3.2 to 2.1 and all of my original posts in Japanese are all messed up.
	www.yabbforum.com /community/YaBB.pl?num=1126053065/12 (445 words)

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