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Topic: Old Kingdom

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	Old Kingdom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Old Kingdom is most commonly regarded as spanning the period of time when Egypt was ruled by the Third Dynasty through to the Sixth Dynasty (2575 BC–2134 BC).
		The Old Kingdom was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline referred to by Egyptologists as the First Intermediate Period.
		For this reason, the Old Kingdom is frequently referred to as "the Age of the Pyramids".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Old_Kingdom (750 words)

	[No title]
		Kingdom Prologue, born in the classroom, is dedicated to the hundreds and hundreds of students who have taken that course of many names, the joy of my professorial life, and so played a midwifery role in the book’s protracted parturition.
		Taking the kingdom of God as our central, organizing theme, we inevitably find ourselves fully involved with the subject of the divine covenants of Scripture; for to follow the course of the kingdom is to trace the series of covenants by which the Lord administers his kingdom.
		The Old and New Testaments are designed to serve as constitutions respectively for the kingdom of Israel and for the church of the new covenant.
	www.twoagepress.org /Kingdom.doc (20075 words)

	The Ancient Egypt Site - Old Kingdom
		The Old Kingdom is not as much a breach with the Early Dynastic Period as a continuation of it.
		Another key factor in the decline of the Old Kingdom was a decreasing inundation of the Nile.
		Some history books have the 7th/8th Dynasty at the end of the Old Kingdom, but since it was during that Dynasty that the central government lost its grip on the country, it seems preferable to already place this dynasty in the 1st Intermediate Period.
	www.ancient-egypt.org /history/04_06 (998 words)

	History of the Hittites - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Since Hattic continued to be used in the Hittite kingdom for religious purposes, and there is substantial continuity between the two cultures, it is not known whether the Hattic speakers — the Hattians— were displaced by the speakers of Hittite, were absorbed by them, or just adopted their language.
		The early history of the Hittite kingdom is known through tablets that may first have been written in the 17th century BC but survived only as copies made in the 14th and 13th centuries BC.
		These Neo-Hittite Kingdoms were gradually conquered by the Assyrians, who conquered Carchemish during the reign of Sargon II in the late 8th century BC, and Milid several decades later.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Hattians_and_Hittites (1655 words)

	castile old kingdom
		It lies on the so-called "Meseta Norte", or Northen Plateau, of the Iberian Peninsula, limited to the north by the Cantabrian Highlands, by the Iberian Mountains on the east, the Central Chain in the South and the border with Portugal in the west.
		Old Castile is in outline an irregular triangle, the western frontier bordering on the ancient Kingdom of Leon, the south-eastern boundary being the Sierras de Gredos, Guadarrama, and the Moncayo (Mons Caunus), and the north-eastern, the river Ebro.
		Old Castile forms the highest plateau of Spain, perhaps of Europe, the mean height being 880 feet.
	www.duerowines.com /castilla.htm (2886 words)

	Egypt
		A major characteristic of the Middle and New Kingdom is the movement of power to Upper Egypt and the constant struggle of the dynasties to keep the two kingdoms united.
		With the Middle Kingdom from 2133BC to 1786 BC came an overhaul of the bureaucracy and education.
		The New Kingdom from `1567BC to 1085 BC was characterized by a new role for women and territorial expansion.
	killeenroos.com /1/Egyptovr.htm (2359 words)

	The Peak and Splendour of the Old Kingdom from the 4th to 6th Dynasties
		The Peak and Splendour of the Old Kingdom from the Fourth
		The Old Kingdom, from the Fourth Dynasty to the end of the Sixth Dynasty, represents the height of ancient Egyptian culture and gave birth to the distinctive style and canons of Egyptian art and architecture.
		A third suggestion is that the queen was originally buried in the northern small pyramid but her burial was plundered in the disturbed period at the end of the Old Kingdom.
	www.guardians.net /hawass/oldkingdom.htm (5237 words)

	The Old Kingdom: 2650-2134 BC
		This period,from 2650-2134, the Old Kingdom, was the richest and most creative period in Egyptian history.
		All the pyramids were built at this time; the growth in population and wealth allowed the kings to apportion vast amounts of labor and materials to these monuments to themselves.
		The Egyptian in the street did not expect an afterlife of bliss or rebirth during the Old Kingdom; it was only in later Egyptian history that rebirth was seen as common to all humans.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/EGYPT/OLD.HTM (607 words)

	Kingdom #2
		The term kingdom means "a rule or reign, an exercise of authority." When applied to the reign of God in the world, the term means "the rule or sovereignty of creator God." C. Beasley-Murray thus equates the terms kingdom and sovereignty throughout his detailed text on the kingdom of God (1986, 74).
		Old Testament kingdom passages confirm that the rule of God existed before the coming of Christ, the ultimate King, and the establishment of the church.
		Old Testament history portrays the failure of a chosen people to fully accept the rule of God because they were repeatedly seduced by animistic practices (2 Kings 17:7-23).
	www.missiology.org /animism/Kingdom/page2.htm (1853 words)

	Old Kingdom Dynasties
		The Old Kingdom was the first great era of the royal state of Egypt, an era in which powerful autocrats so dominated the resources of the Nile Valley that they could devote themselves to the achievement of extraordinary works of monumental art and architecture.
		The greatest achievement of the Old Kingdom state was its development of a bureaucracy so extensive and so efficient that it could manage the astonishing logistical problems associated with that the construction of the pyramid complexes.
		A more recent theory maintains that the collapse of the Old Kingdom was brought about by natural disaster, as several decades of consistently low Nile floods led to famine, economic disorder, and the breakdown of the royal bureaucracy.
	www.mc.maricopa.edu /~reffland/anthropology/anthro2003/legacy/egypt/old_kingdom.html (939 words)

	Egyptian Chronology
		It was in the New Kingdom that most of the pharaohs' tombs were located in the Valley of the Kings and their mortuary temples were separately located.
		The old temples were abandoned and a new capital, Akhetaten, was established to the north.
		The old crafts reached a very high standard again and many of the styles of the Old Kingdom were copied.
	homepage.powerup.com.au /~ancient/chron.htm (1983 words)

	Old Kingdom Treasures
		All artistic endeavors in the Old Kingdom were developed in connection with the Egyptian concept of kingship and religion.
		New Kingdom, but the art was at its very height only during the 4th-Dynasty.
		Because it was found near two fine copper statues, one bearing the name of Pepi I, it is generally believed to be of late Old Kingdom date.
	www.grisel.net /oldkingdom.htm (893 words)

	History of Egyptian Religion II: Old Kingdom
		During the Old Kingdom the Egyptian society moved from tribal communities to a fully developed theocratic system, where the power of the king was absolute.
		These local deities were innumerous and at the beginning of the Old Kingdom the situation was so confusing that an outright attempt was made by the priesthood to bring some order into it.
		At the time of the Old Kingdom his cult and some of his characteristics was taken over by Re but he lived on in the combined forms of the names Re-Atum and Re-Horakhte.
	www.philae.nu /akhet/history2.html (1258 words)

	Jordan - History - The Old Testament Kingdoms of Jordan
		One possible reason for the growth of these local kingdoms was the growing importance of the trade route from Arabia, which carried gold, spices and precious metals through Amman and Damascus up to northern Syria.
		The Kingdom of Moab covered the center of Jordan, and its capital cities were at Karak and Dhiban.
		The wealth of these kingdoms made them targets for raids or even conquest by the neighboring Israelites, the Aramaeans in Damascus, and the Assyrians with their capital at Ashur in northern Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq).
	www.kinghussein.gov.jo /his_testament.html (1135 words)

	Hittites
		This kingdom was founded by the leader, Labarna, and under later kings it was extended to cover all of central Anatolia, down to the Mediterranean Sea.
		The kingdom became strong enough to be able to raid Babylon in 1595 BCE.
		While the Old Kingdom had been a strong one, the New one became one of the leading states of its time, rivalling Egypt, Babylonia and Assyria.
	i-cias.com /e.o/hittites.htm (977 words)

	The New Covenant & The New Kingdom
		Remember Exodus 19:6 had spoken of Israel as a “kingdom of Priests” - In the beginning of Israel’s history this referred only to the fact that there was priesthood - i.e.
		Just as there were things in the Old Covenant that promised and pointed to the new, there were things in the Old Kingdom - the “kingdom of Priests” under God’s rule and after the kingdom of David that pointed to something new (Genesis 49:10).
		But this kingdom doesn’t come by “observation” this kingdom is within you.
	home.att.net /~kmpope/NewCovenantKingdom.html (610 words)

	The Egyptian Old Kingdom, Sumer and Akkad
		Lengths of 180 years for the I Dynasty and 120 for the II are in the range of variation for Old Kingdom dynasties.
		Another feature we should note is that the Old Kingdom kings of Egypt did not, as far as we know, engage in the scale of foreign military adventures that become familiar in later dynasties.
		The 30+ year difference between the dates for the Old Kingdom given by Clayton and Lehner originates in the First Intermediate Period, specifically in the X Dynasty.
	www.friesian.com /notes/oldking.htm (5093 words)

	BBC - History - Primary Sources of the Old Kingdom
		The Egyptian Old Kingdom ended over 4,000 years ago, but amazingly we still have access to a number of primary sources dating from the era.
		The historical period that we call the Old Kingdom (2686-2160 BC) was immensely long, lasting as it did for over 500 years.
		Most of our traditional sources of information about the Old Kingdom are those concerned with death and the rituals surrounding death: these include pyramids, tombs and graves, but also statues, reliefs and paintings.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/ancient/egyptians/primary_sources_01.shtml (362 words)

	Alan Petersen:Old Kingdom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Old Kingdom is the period when the pyramids were built and when the Pharaohs consolidated both their image as gods with the divine right to rule and their rule of the now unified kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt.
		Old Kingdom rulers went to great lengths to preserve their souls and their memory.
		By the 4th Dynasty (Old Kingdom) the transition was made from stepped pyramids to true pyramids.
	www.coco.cc.az.us /apetersen/_ART201/old_king.htm (1366 words)

	Old and Middle Kingdom Egyptians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The rise of the Heracleopolitan Kings (9th and 10th Dynasties) saw a divided Egypt with the north in ascendancy as the Old Kingdom period came to a close.
		Following the Middle Kingdom, there was an intermediate period in which weak 14th, 16th and 17th Dynasty kinglets ruled a fragmented Egypt, co-existing with the15th Dynasty of the Asiatic Hyksos rulers, who controlled large portions of Egypt.
		Egyptians of the Old and Middle Kingdoms could find themselves engaged in Civil War (#2), guarding the Nubian border (#3), encroaching upon the Early Libyans (#4a) and Early Syrians (#4b), and resisting the influx of the Hyksos (#8a).
	www.fanaticus.org /DBA/armies/dba2.html (377 words)

	Egyptian Myth and Legend: Chapter XIII: Fall of the Old Kingdom
		Old Ptah-hotep is full of worldly wisdom, and his motto is: "Do your duty and you will be happy".
		Great indignation was aroused throughout the kingdom, and the queen committed suicide by suffocation in an apartment filled with the fumes of burning wood.
		Indeed, the artistic achievements of the Old Kingdom were never afterwards surpassed either in technique or naturalism; the grandeur of its architectural triumphs is emphasized by the enduring Pyramids, and especially Khufu's great tomb with its finely wrought stonework, which remains unequalled to the present day.
	www.sacred-texts.com /egy/eml/eml16.htm (3780 words)

	BBC - History - The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom
		Professor Hassan discovers the true cause behind the collapse of the Egyptian Old Kingdom.
		He had ruled for more than 90 years (2246 - 2152 BC) as the fourth king of the 6th Dynasty of the Old Kingdom.
		Within the span of 20 years, fragmentary records indicate that no less than 18 kings and possibly one queen ascended the throne with nominal control over the country.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/ancient/egyptians/apocalypse_egypt_01.shtml (349 words)

	Egyptvoyager.com: Egyptian History
		These include records of trading expeditions to the south from the reigns of Pepi I. One of the most interesting is a letter written by Pepi II.The pyramid of Pepi II at southern Saqqara is the last major monument of the Old Kingdom.
		None of the names of kings of the short-lived seventh dynasty are known and the eighth dynasty shows signs of political decay.
		The climate of Northeast Africa became dryer, and combined with the low inundations of the Nile, the cemeteries were becoming rapidly full.
	www.egyptvoyager.com /history_dynasties_3to8.htm (367 words)

	Cult Practices in the Old Kingdom
		The rise in importance of the sun-god lead to his recognition as the main state-god of the Old Kingdom, and the appearance of the name of the god in royal names and titles reflected it.
		"The seeds of the decline of the Old Kingdom were already present at its birth, and the dynamics of the process were contained in the system itself.
		The gradual shift in the ownership of land from the central authority to cult and temple establishments, as well as to private tomb endowments, was undermining the very foundations on which the state stood.
	www.mystae.com /restricted/streams/thera/cults.html (2107 words)

	Beginnings to 1500: Ancient Kingdoms and the Coming of Islam
		Chinese records from around this time mention kingdoms at Jambi and Palembang on Sumatra, and three kingdoms on Java, a western kingdom related to the Taruma of inscriptions, a central kingdom called "Kalinga", and an eastern kingdom with a capital perhaps near Surabaya or Malang.
		Kingdom of Pajajaran is founded, with its capital at Pakuan near today's Bogor.
		Islamic Kingdom of Demak is founded by Raden Patah (or Fattah), a prince of Majapahit (son of King Kertawijaya by a Chinese wife).
	www.gimonca.com /sejarah/sejarah01.shtml (3174 words)

	Egyptian Pharaohs : Old Kingdom : Dynasty 3 : Sekhemkhet
		It is assumed that the site wa looted in antiquity and the coffin and burial chamber were repaired in the Late kingdom, which had a spurt of restoration work for older monuments.
		TO the south of the unfinished pyramid, a small mastaba was found containing a wooden coffin with the body of a young (2-3 year old) child.
		The only other attestations to this king is a relief of the king (as an adult) found in eh Sinai (Wadi Maghara), shown smiting his enemies with a mace.
	www.phouka.com /pharaoh/pharaoh/dynasties/dyn03/03sekhemkhet.html (540 words)

	Egyptvoyager.com: Dakhla Oasis - Egypt
		The old track between Farafra and Dakhla, the Darb el-Farafra, ran across an area of the desert covered by sand dunes, where driving a motor vehicle is extremely difficult.
		The modern road runs west of the old route and, if coming from north, offers an amazing view of the descent from the plateau into the depression of Dakhla.
		Phosphate is being mined out of the northern plateau, and large settlements have been built to accommodate the people working there and their families.
	www.egyptvoyager.com /oases_dakhla.htm (532 words)

	Old Kingdom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Old Kingdom was the period in which most of Egypt's pyramids were built; however, it was during the 3rd Dynasty when many of the first, relatively crude, pyramids were built.
		During the reign of Pepi I the Egyptian army was organized by General Weni and a warrior caste developed.
		The Old Kingdom came to an end with the death of Pepi II.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/egypt/history/periods/oldkingdom.html (119 words)

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