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Topic: Old Norwegian

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Old Icelandic

Old Norse language

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Elder Edda

	Old Norwegian - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Old Norwegian is a term used for the old Norse language as spoken and written in Norway in the middle ages.
		Old Norwegian is used to describe features of the language that were specific for Norway, likewise old Icelandic is used when referring to specifically Icelandic language, as different from the rest of the old Norse area.
		One of the most important early differences between Old Norwegian and Old Icelandic is that h in the consonant combinations hl-, hn- and hr- was lost in the former around the 11th century, but not in the latter.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Old_Norwegian (402 words)

	Norwegian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Norwegian is closely related to and generally mutually intelligible with Swedish and Danish.
		Norwegians are educated in both Bokmål and Nynorsk, but around 86-90% use Bokmål as their daily written language, and 10%-12% use Nynorsk, although most spoken dialects resemble Nynorsk more closely than Bokmål.
		This is the approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Norwegian_language (3577 words)

	Introduction — History of Norwegian up to 1349
		Norwegian is part of the North Germanic branch of Indo-European, and became an individual language at the beginning of the Viking era.
		Norwegian belongs to the North Germanic branch of the Germanic language group, which is one of the ten subgroups of Indo-European (McMahon 3).
		Old Norse is often used as a common term for the language in Norway on Iceland from about 700 to 1350, but usually a line is drawn around 1050, which was when the written language started influencing the way language was used (Johnson 37).
	linguistics.byu.edu /classes/ling450ch/reports/norwegian.html (3321 words)

	Norwegian
		Norwegian belongs to the North (Scandinavian) group of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family.
		The standard dialect is based on East Norwegian spoken in and around the capital city of Oslo where half of the country's population lives.
		Norwegian is considered to be a Category I language in terms of difficulty for speakers of English.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/december/Norwegian.html (918 words)

	Breeds of Livestock - Old Norwegian Sheep
		The Old Norwegian is of the old Northern short-tailed breed.
		The Old Norwegian Sheep is better adjusted to the climate and the poor vegetation on the coast than many wild animals like deer and roe-deer.
		The Old Norwegian Sheep is the small primitive type of sheep which inhabited Norway and the rest of Scandinavia as well, including Iceland and Faeroes, and was probably present on the Western islands too.
	www.ansi.okstate.edu /breeds/sheep/oldnorwegian/index.htm (1112 words)

	UCLA Language Materials Project Language Profiles Page
		Historically Old Norwegian was a West Scandinavian language (along with Faroese and Icelandic), but the classification is moot now, since many Norwegian dialects and the written form were strongly influenced by Danish (an East Scandinavian language) during the 400 years Norway was ruled from Denmark.
		Old Norse (sometimes called Old Icelandic or Old Norwegian) represents a classical stage of the language, with a large body of literary, legal and scientific works.
		Norwegian English dictionary = Norsk engelsk ordbok : a pronouncing and translating dictionary of modern Norwegian (BokmÃ¥l and Nynorsk), with a historical and grammatical introduction.
	www.lmp.ucla.edu /Profile.aspx?LangID=33&menu=004 (1292 words)

	NAHA // Norwegian-American Studies
		Old Norse was first given in 1892 at the University of California by Frank G. Hubbard, assistant professor of English philology, later attached to the University of Wisconsin, and now retired.
		Norwegian instruction was introduced at Washington State College in 1905 by A. Egge, professor of English, and continued regularly in an elementary and an intermediate course until Dr. Egge's death.
		Norwegian is not difficult; a four-hour-a-week course for a year would give a capable student sufficient mastery; he should have a better command of the language at the end of a year than he could possibly acquire in two years of German or French.
	www.naha.stolaf.edu /pubs/nas/volume02/vol2_05.htm (7990 words)

	Verbix -- Germanic languages: conjugate Old Norse verbs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Old Norse is classical North Germanic language used from roughly 1150 to 1350.
		Old Norse is the literary language of the Icelandic sagas, skaldic poems, and Eddas.
		Old Norse is the parent language of the three modern languages, Icelandic, Faroese, and Norwegian, and one extinct language called Norn.
	www.verbix.com /languages/oldnorse.shtml (107 words)

	Norwegian language, alphabet and pronunciation
		Norwegian is a North Germanic language with around 5 million speakers in mainly in Norway.
		Early Norwegian literature, mainly poetry and historical prose, was written in West Norse and flourished between the 9th and the 14th centuries.
		Norwegian continued to be spoken but Danish was used for officials purposes, as a literary language and in higher education.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/norwegian.htm (571 words)

	Norwegian language
		Because of the significant dialectal changes that occurred during the Viking age (circa 800-1050), Old Norse (or Old Norwegian), a language from which the modern tongue is derived, came into being and was spread by Norwegian migration to Iceland and other areas in the North Atlantic.
		During the subsequent centuries, the Norwegian language was influenced by Danish, Low German, and Swedish.
		Danish was generally spoken by the educated classes, especially in the cities, while Norwegian dialects continued in use in the country districts and among the working and middle classes of the towns.
	members.tripod.com /babaev/tree/norwegian.html (386 words)

	Norwegian Translation - Translate Norwegian Language Translator
		The Norwegian alphabet consists of 29 letters, the first 26 of which are the same as the Latin alphabet used in English.
		Danish came to be the primary language of the Norwegian elite, although adoption was slower among the commoners.
		Norwegians began to push for true independence by embracing democracy and attempting to act as a sovereign nation.
	www.translation-services-usa.com /languages/norwegian.shtml (1464 words)

	NAHA // Norwegian-American Studies
		In a study of the "bygdelag" movement in America, Odd S. Lovoll explains that these societies based on Norwegian regions of emigration "grew out of the immigrants’ attachment to their old homes and were inspired by a strong feeling for family and kinship." {18} This attachment for Rønning was not without tensions.
		As the narrator traces his journey in time and space from the old to the new world, he first anticipates a new-world ideal, then there is a contact with new-world reality, which finally leads to a contrast between the old and the new world (40).
		In Rønning’s case his old world becomes richer, not as a contrast to a chaotic new-world perception, but because it is shaped by a fairly satisfied and consistent new-world self.
	www.naha.stolaf.edu /pubs/nas/volume33/vol33_06.htm (12423 words)

	Old Norse language, alphabet and pronunciation
		Old Norse, the language of the Vikings, is a North Germanic language once spoken in Scandinavia, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, and in parts of Russia, France and the British Isles.
		The modern language most closely related to Old Norse is Icelandic, the written form of which has changed little over the years, while the spoken form has undergone significant changes.
		The earliest known inscriptions in Scandinavia date from the the 2nd century AD and were written in Runes mainly on stone, or on personal artifacts such as brooches and swords.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/oldnorse.htm (284 words)

	Archives -- How Norwegian is the Hardanger fiddle?
		Both humanities-focused and technological dating methods are being used to determine the age of old fiddles and fiddle boxes.
		So far the results are indicating that the Hardanger fiddle may be a result of an older Norwegian fiddle-making tradition, and not simply the result of influences from Europe in the 1700s.
		And the theory has been raised that the hardingfele is a Norwegian variation of a violin made in a style of European instruments in the 1700s, when it was popular to put resonating understrings on violins.
	www.hfaa.org /reference/archive_files/how_norwegian.html (972 words)

	River of Song: Music Along the River
		The tradition of Norwegian music in America might best be seen not only as a set of tunes, tune types, and musical conventions, but also as the adaptation of the music to different, sometimes new social settings.
		The typical repertoire for Norwegian old-time music is still based on contemporary social dance music: waltz, reinlender, polkas (29).
		Perhaps it is most accurate to consider old-time music today to be a continuation of the music brought to America from Norway, modified by both the musical creativity and social adroitness of its players.
	www.pbs.org /riverofsong/music/e1-old-time-today.html (1915 words)

	The Doctrine of the Norwegian Synod — ELS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		It is in this latter sense that we claim to be the logical successors to the old Norwegian Synod.
		The organizers of the Norwegian Synod endeavored to inculcate the true Scriptural doctrines of the Church and of the office of the ministry.
		During the meeting in 1917 at which the merger of the Norwegian Lutheran churches was consummated, the pastors and delegates who were fully convinced that they could not join the merger met at Aberdeen Hotel in St. Paul, Minn., and resolved to continue the work of the Norwegian Synod, as far as this was possible.
	www.evangelicallutheransynod.org /publications/essays/nor-doc (7404 words)

	Learn Norwegian Online - Write or Speak in Norwegian Language Exchange
		Learn Norwegian online by practicing with a native speaker who is learning your language.
		The type of exchange that is right for you depends on your proficiency level in Norwegian and your learning goals.
		Norwegian is my native language, but I often speak.....
	www.mylanguageexchange.com /Learn/Norwegian.asp (976 words)

	Meet the 21-yr-old Norwegian who defied Hollywood (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Yet this reclusive young Norwegian is the man who may be the entertainment industry's worst nightmare.
		A Norwegian private school awarded him a prize for making an outstanding contribution to society.
		He worked briefly at a Norwegian interactive-television company and then spent two years at a startup that was developing a payment system for cellphones.
	www.post-gazette.com /pg/05290/590139.stm (2362 words)

	Verbix -- Germanic. Conjugate verbs in 50+ languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		North Germanic or Scandinavian: western group - the Icelandic language, the Norwegian language, and Faroese; eastern group - the Danish language and the Swedish language.
		For example, a comparison of Runic -gastiz, Gothic gasts, Old Norse gestr, Old English giest, Old Frisian iest, and Old Saxon and Old High German gast 'guest' leads to the reconstruction of Proto-Germanic *astiz.
		For example, on the basis of Old English cyning, Old Saxon and Old High German kuning 'king,' the Proto-Germanic *kuningaz can be reconstructed; this would seem to be confirmed by Finnish kuningas 'king,' which must have been borrowed from Germanic at a very early date.
	www.verbix.com /languages/germanic.asp (837 words)

	United after 15 yr old Norwegian - RedCafe.net
		Has to be said, if a Norwegian has a quality sounding name then he's more or less guarenteed to be a godlike footie player.
		The United striker, who will undertake more coaching duties at Old Trafford next term, is thought to have recommended Magnus Wolff Eikrem to Sir Alex Ferguson, after he was discovered at the 33-year-old's soccer school.
		Norwegian sources claim Eikrem has already had a number of trials with The Red Devils and is set to be offered a contract when he turns 16, which is later this year.
	www.redcafe.net /showthread.php?t=116294 (1507 words)

	"Old" Norwegian Synod — ELS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Statements and confessions adopted in the era of the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (1853-1917).
		An Accounting to the Congregations of the Norwegian Synod, prepared by Ulrik Vilhelm Koren and published in November 1884 with the signatures of 107 Norwegian Synod pastors.
		It constitutes the confession on which the Norwegian Synod took its stand in the 1880's and on which we today still stand, since it gives the answer to the mistaken concessions and false teachings in the union documents of 1917 as well." See ''Grace for Grace'' p.
	www.evangelicallutheransynod.org /believe/norwegianSynod (290 words)

	31-Year Old Made Norwegian Team - FasterSkier.com XC News
		The Norwegian ski federation wanted to show Ski-Norway that it’s possible to make the national team even when you have passed thirty.
		The Norwegian skifederation (NSF) is showing that they want young skiers on their national teams by selecting Petter Northug (20) and Tord Asle Gjerdalen (22) as new national team members for the upcoming season.
		Aasen was top-ten five times in World Cup races this season and had only two other Norwegians ahead of him in the distance part of the World Cup and was 13th overall.
	www.fasterskier.com /news3365.html (391 words)

	Norwegian language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Old Norwegian language was very rich of literature sources, mainly sagas about ancient kings of the country.
		The Norwegian language does not contain much of the modern scientific and technical terms, so it had to borrow them from Danish.
		Some genuine Norwegian vocabulary was attempted to introduce in the official speech, but they are mainly colloquial and sound even rough for the literature language.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /tree/germ/norwegian.html (310 words)

	Old Forest Norwegian Forest Cats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Old Forest is a small cattery located near the Philadelphia International Airport in southeastern Pennsylvania.
		Our cattery is divided between Mary and Barbara's homes, each of us obtaining cats we feel exemplify the Norwegian Forest Cat breed.
		The name of our cattery comes from our love of J.R.R. Tolkien's books, which we have been reading for almost 30 years.
	mysite.verizon.net /vzeq1agn/index.html (163 words)

	WW II & Maritime Links - Warsailors.com
		Lists Norwegian ships that sailed in the year 1939 through WW II, organized alphabetically, with information on what happened to them.
		The crew managed to get to shore and was taken care of by the Norwegians at Skomsvoll on the island of Otterøya (near Namsos) until they were picked up by the destroyer HMS Nubian (see the report from Nubian on Forbes' website).
		Norwegian Mariners or American, they were all in the same "boat"!
	www.warsailors.com /oddswar/oddlinks.html (3848 words)

	Gleaner's Links: Ancient Languages \|\|\|\|
		Old Chinese -- or Classical Chinese -- is still read by modern Chinese speakers and is therefore listed simply as Chinese on the Modern Languages page.
		MacBain's Dictionary This is actually a dictionary of Scottish Gaelic, but it has lots of etymological information about Old Irish.
		Old Icelandic / Old Danish / Old Norwegian / Old Swedish
	www.geocities.com /WallStreet/Bureau/8759/langlinks/ancient.htm (485 words)

	Norwegian Elkhound
		Judy is a 10 year old Norwegian Elkhound who was adopted from an SPCA in the Philadelphia, PA area about 9 years ago.
		The Norwegian Elkhound, a breed of sporting dog, is noted for its ability to hunt big game, including bear and elk.
		The dog has a short, strongly built body, with a short head; pointed ears; brown eyes; a powerful neck; a broad, deep chest; and a short, curled tail.
	www.homestead.com /elkhound (138 words)

	Report: 15-year-old Norwegian to sign for Manchester United
		Oslo - Norwegian teenager Magnus Wolff Eikrem is slated to move from local lower league club Molde to English giants Manchester United, reports said Friday.
		The promising midfielder, who has played a few times for second division side Molde, was spotted three years ago at a football camp in Norway led by former Manchester player Ole Gunnar Solskjaer.
		Eikrem was not available for comment due to a school excursion in the Norwegian mountains that did not have mobile phone coverage, the paper said.
	sport.monstersandcritics.com /soccer/article_1173219.php/Report_15-year-old_Norwegian_to_sign_for_Manchester_United (384 words)

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