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Topic: Old Nubian language

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	Nubian language
		Nubian language is the common feature that characterizes Nubian of today and it is the centre of their identity.
		His study is based on an assumption that since Old Nubian relies mainly on produced tones (intonation or chanting) then a Nubian who talks and masters the language is more qualified and capable to establish a standard method of writing.
		The structure and formation of the Old Nubian language is characterized by its reliance on produced tones that is known as intonation or chanting.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/nubian_l.htm (521 words)

	\|\|The Cradle of Nubian Civilisation\|\|
		Nubian of today talk the language but don't write it.
		Spoken by the Fedicca in Egypt and the Mahas in Sudan.
		The language is the center of Nubian identity.
	www.thenubian.net /lang.php (492 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Old Nubian language
		Old Nubian is an ancient variety of the Nubian languages, spoken until about the 15th century AD.
		Old Nubian is written with an uncial variety of the Greek alphabet, extended with three Coptic letters — ϣ "sh", ϩ "h", and ϭ "j" — and three unique to Nubian: ⳡ "ny" and ⳣ "w", apparently derived from Meroitic; and ⳟ "ng", thought to be a ligature of two Greek gammas.
		Old Nubian has no gender, nor any articles.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Old_Nubian_language (598 words)

	ISO 639-2 Language Code List - Codes for the representation of names of languages (Library of Congress)
		Note: ISO 639-2 is the alpha-3 code in Codes for the representation of names of languages-- Part 2.
		There are 22 languages that have alternative codes for bibliographic or terminology purposes.
		Multiple codes assigned to the same language are to be considered synonyms.
	www.loc.gov /standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php (179 words)

	Nubian language resources
		Nubian â” do not belong to the larger Afro-Asiatic language family and are unrelated to it (or, to be more precise, possibly far more remotely related).
		Nubian Kingdoms of Kush, Napata, Meroe, and Kerma.
		Old Nubian is preserved in at least a hundred pages of documents, mostly of a Christian religious nature, written with a uncial variety of the Greek alphabet, extended with three Coptic letters and three unique to Old Nubian, apparently derived from Meroitic.
	www.mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Nubian.html (1401 words)

	Codicil
		Nubian doesn’t belong in the Testament setting at all, as the oldest forms of Nubian are not attested before the 8th century CE.
		Languages grouped in table 2 in the “Isolates” column are languages featured in Testament that are not closely related to other Testament languages and should not be eligible for cross-conversation as described in the Testament rule quoted above.
		The languages in the Canaanite language cluster -- Edomite, Hebrew, Moabite, and Phoenician (but not Ugaritic) -- are so similar to one another that they could simply be considered regional dialects of one another.
	www.heardworld.com /codicil/play/languages.htm (1038 words)

	Ancient Nubia
		Nubian in both Sudan and Egypt had suffered a lot from intentional overlooking to their history and culture as well as displacement, relocation due to flooding and inundation of their homeland by dams constructed south of Egypt.
		However all Nubian were converted to Islam and Arabic language became their main media of communication in addition to their indigenous old Nubian language.The unique characteristic of Nubian is shown in their culture (dress,dances,traditions and music) as well as their indigenous language which is the common feature of all Nubian.
		In the Nubian valley, worship of the queen of all goddesses, Isis, was paramount.
	www.angelfire.com /oh/AncientKnowledge/NUBIA.html (3610 words)

	The Nilo-Saharan Language Family
		Languages of the World is brought to you by the National Virtual Translation Center.
		An exception is the Old Nubian script, which is thought to have been used in the 8th-11th centuries by Christian communities in Egypt.
		Some Nubian languages, e.g., Kenuzi-Dongola spoken in Sudan and Egypt, are presently written in either the Latin or the Arabic script.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/september/nilo.html (1146 words)

	Who are the Nubians?
		He said it was not known what the ancient Nubian civilization was called at the time but that he suspected it was Ta-Seti, a name known from Egyptian writings that means "Land of the Bow," referring to the weapon which, apparently, was deemed characteristic of peoples in that part of Africa.
		Nubians in both Sudan and Egypt have suffered a lot from intentional overlooking to their history and culture as well as displacement, relocation due to flooding and inundation of their homeland by dams constructed south of Egypt.
		However all Nubians were converted to Islam, and Arabic language became their main media of communication in addition to their indigenous old Nubian language.
	www.homestead.com /wysinger/nubians.html (2857 words)

	Untitled Document
		The Egyptian Nubians are called Kanuz; the northern Sudanese Nubians from the Second Cataract to the Third are called Mahas; and those in the south, in the vicinity of Dongola, Sudan, are called Danagla.
		Nubians beyond the frontier, however, are shown in their native dress: men wear short kilts of animal skins, and the women wear long colorful skirts with their torsos remaining bare.
		Nubians served extensively in the Egyptian army and are frequently represented as soldiers; they are identifiable, again, primarily by their hairdos or skin color.
	www.nubianet.org /about/about_people3.html (6226 words)

	Wrestling in Ancient Nubia
		All of the Nubian wrestling relief's are from the height of this process of Egyptian imperialization during the New Kingdom.
		The suggestion that the ancient Nubian wrestlers came from regions to the south of the fourth cataract seems to be confirmed by anthropological evidence.(25) Archaeologists examined a burial site at Gebel Moya and other hills in the Gezira of Sudan where remains date back to earlier than the twenty-fifth dynasty in Egypt.
		There are a few Nuba people living to the northwest of the Nuba bills that speak languages assigned to the Eastern Sudanic subdivision of the Chari-Nile family which is related to the Old Nubian of the Nile valley (although the earliest textual evidence of Nubian is 8 c.
	www.homestead.com /wysinger/nubiansport.html (5408 words)

	Modified Isaac's Transliteration
		Any Script of any language is a form of transliteration in the context of : that there is a shift from the language as heared to be converted into visual symbols to symbolize the meaning and/or the pronounciation of the word.
		There are many barriers to learning Coptic language, one of the barriers is the shape of letters which is not familiar to many eyes or might be confusing due to the same letter shape and different pronounciation form English e.g.
		Isaac confirms that the language is never the script it is the grammar then the vocubulary, so introduction of a new transliteration is not a harm it is an addition that proves the elasticity and capability of a Egyptian to cope with time changes.
	www.coptic.org /language/KTS.html (3872 words)

	CNN - Confounding experts, an ancient culture thrives in Egypt - April 8, 1996 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A people of Arabic, Egyptian and Sub-Saharan descent who lived predominately in Southern Egypt for millennia, the Nubians' traditional homeland was flooded in 1971 when the Aswan dam, one of the world's largest, was built on the Nile to control the flow of flood waters.
		Ali Kuban's Nubian band is one of the hottest of the genre, with multiple club dates and recording contracts.
		The new style Nubian music has a growing number of fans outside the Nubian community, and a culture that some predicted would wash away with the Nile River has instead taken Egypt by storm.
	cnn.com /WORLD/9604/08/egypt.nubia (276 words)

	Language
		Most languages are known to belong to language families.
		Language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, conventionally referred to as branches of the family, because the history of a language family is often represented as a tree diagram.
		Languages that cannot be reliably classified into any family are known as language isolates.
	www.angindia.com /biographyland/biography_language.html (462 words)

	Alpha-3 codes arranged alphabetically by English name of Language - Codes for the representation of names of languages ...
		Alpha-3 codes arranged alphabetically by English name of Language - Codes for the representation of names of languages (Library of Congress)
		Where two codes are provided (22 languages total), the bibliographic code is given first and the terminology code is given second.
		Multiple codes for the same language are to be considered synonyms.
	www.loc.gov /standards/iso639-2/php/English_list.php (276 words)

	Nubian - PanAfriL10n
		The Nubian languages belong to the Nubian group of Eastern Sudanic branch of Chari Nile.
		Nubian is generally considered to be divided into Hill or Kordofan, Meidob, Kenuz, Mahas or Nobiin, and Dongolawi.
		With population displacement due to the Aswan High Dam there are communities of Nubian speakers in Lower Egypt and in Eastern Sudan (Khashm el-Girba).
	www.panafril10n.org /wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Nubian (517 words)

	Sudanarchaeology
		It has become traditional to refer to all the ancient inhabitants of this region as 'Nubian', although that name is of relatively recent origin, first appearing in historical texts during the mid-first millennium BCE.
		The Nubian kings were converted to Christianity after 540 CE, and the influence of the Church and its institutions is apparent in many elements of medieval Nubian culture.
		The increasing political weakness of the Nubian kings saw a gradual erosion of their power during the 14th and 15th centuries and the slow disintegration of their kingdoms.
	www.spicey.demon.co.uk /Nubianpage/SUDANARC.htm (1164 words)

	Kush, Meroe and Nubia
		Meanwhile, the old Meroitic kingdom contracted because of the expansion of Axum, a powerful Abyssinian state in modern Ethiopia to the east.
		The use of Greek in liturgy eventually gave way to the Nubian language, which was written using an indigenous alphabet that combined elements of the old Meroitic and Coptic scripts.
		In the early eighth century and again in the tenth century, Nubian kings led armies into Egypt to force the release of the imprisoned Coptic patriarch and to relieve fellow Christians suffering persecution under Muslim rulers.
	unx1.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Sudan.html (2796 words)

	Nuba (Nubian) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Although many scholars formerly classified the Nubian languages as Hamitic or as Sudanese-Guinean, most now place the Nubian languages in the Eastern Sudanic subbranch of the Chari-Nile branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family.
		Documents in Old Nubian, which appears to be the ancestor of modern Central Nubian, date from the end of the 8th century to the beginning of the 14th century.
		Speakers of Nubian languages in modern times are Muslims, and the languages contain a number of Arabic borrowings.
	www.flw.com /languages/nuba.htm (243 words)

	Web resources for Nilosaharan languages
		The language family as such is poorly substantiated, and may or may not contain several members that will eventually end up in the unclassified category.
		Dictionary of 17th century Kenzi Nubian: the oldest dictionary of an African language, with an introduction by Jay Spaulding.
		Language processes, theory and description of language change, and building on the past: lessons from Songhay (PDF).
	goto.glocalnet.net /maho/webresources/nilosaharan.html (1255 words)

	CBC.ca Arts - Chicago opens new gallery dedicated to Nubian culture
		Nubian pharaohs remained in their homeland but sent their daughters north to Egypt where they became wives of Egyptian pharaohs.
		Nubians are known to have adopted Egyptian gods and also created pyramids.
		Since the Nubian language was unwritten for such a long time, Egyptian culture has eclipsed it in modern times.
	www.cbc.ca /arts/story/2006/03/11/nubian-gallery.html (1346 words)

	Old Nubian language . Enpsychlopedia
		A page from an Old Nubian translation of Liber Institutionis Michaelis Archangelis from the 9th-10th century AD, found at Qasr Ibrim, now at the British Museum.
		Punctuation marks included a high dot •, sometimes substituted by a double backslash \\, used roughly like an English period or colon, a slash / used like a question mark, and a double slash // sometimes used to separate verses.
		http://dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2744.pdf extended details on all the letters of the Old Nubian alphabet, especially the additional ones, can be found within this Unicode proposal.
	enpsychlopedia.org /psypsych/Old_Nubian_language (620 words)

	ملخص
		Since language is of great cultural importance, the role of languages in Nubia during the Christian epoch remains an attractive area of research.
		During that era, Greek, Coptic, Old Nubian language, and Arabic were used in varying degrees.
		When the Nubian language was transcribed in the 8th century, it replaced both.
	www.adumatu.com /abstract14-8.htm (136 words)

	MedNub (Site not responding. Last check: )
		During the 6th century, the Third Cataract seems to have marked a frontier zone between the Nobatian kingdom of Lower Nubia and the Makurians, centred on Old Dongola.
		Medieval Arabic sources also suggest that, as today, different forms of Nubian were spoken north and south of the cataract.
		By the later medieval period there appears to be a shift towards more compact and fortified sites, probably reflecting the growing insecurity as the power of the Nubian kings waned.
	www.spicey.demon.co.uk /Nubianpage/MedNub.htm (317 words)

	Wonders of the African World - Episodes - Black Kingdoms of the Nile - Wonders
		Forty generations of Nubian royalty are buried in Meroë, and every royal Nubian tomb is housed within a pyramid.
		Meroitic pyramids are smaller and differ in architecture from Egyptian pyramids; the largest Nubian pyramid, with a base of 170 feet, is that of Taharqa, compared with the 750-foot base of Cheops' pyramid at Giza.
		Widespread use of Meroitic on monuments indicates that a significant percentage of the population was able to read it.
	www.pbs.org /wonders/Episodes/Epi1/1_wondr4.htm (301 words)

	From the Nile to the Bay Area / Nubian master of the oud brings his ensemble to Mill Valley
		Nubian master of the oud brings his ensemble to Mill Valley
		Nubian music wasn't written down, and made use of only voice, hand- clapping, and a hand-held frame drum called the tar.
		He hopes a lot of his old friends "will come to these concerts, and it will be a reunion with those marvelously successful people who became something in town." Another composition, "The Monotonous Monocord," is dedicated to journalist Daniel Pearl, an acquaintance who was killed by terrorists in Pakistan in 2002 while on assignment.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/04/23/NBGP567VDD1.DTL (1353 words)

	Egypt: Qasr Ibrim in ancient Nubia
		It was attacked by the Nubians, perhaps under a queen by the name of Amanirenas, who captured and briefly held Aswan, Elephantine and Philae.
		The shrine built by Usersatet who was a viceroy of Kush during the reign of Amenhotep II was removed and re-erected in the New Nubian Museum in Aswan.
		These are now in the British Museum in London, together with a page from the Book of Revelation written in the Old Nubian language using the Coptic alphabet.
	www.touregypt.net /featurestories/qasribrim.htm (1098 words)

	LINGUIST List 10.718: Languages in Contact
		An analysis of the historical developments which led to the expansion of the non-finite construction types is also included.
		Language of Inequality (Contributions to the Sociology of Language 36); Nessa Wolfson, Joan Manes (ed.) (hardback) Published 1985
		Nubians and the Nubian Language in Contemporary Egypt : A Case of Cultural and Linguistic Contact (Studies in Semitic Language and Linguistics,15) Vol 15; Aleya Rouchdy (hardback) Published 1991
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~haroldfs/bibliogs/contact.htm (2634 words)

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