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Topic: Old Persian language

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	Persian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Prior to British colonization, Persian was also widely used as a second language in the Indian subcontinent; it took prominence as the language of culture and education in several Muslim courts in the subcontinent throughout the Middle Ages and became the official court language under the Mughal emperors.
		Persian is a member of the Indo-European family of languages, and within that family it belongs to the Indo-Iranian (Aryan) branch.
		Over this period, the morphology of the language was simplified from the complex conjugation and declension system of Old Persian to the almost completely regularized morphology and rigid syntax of Modern Persian, in a manner often described as paralleling the development of English.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Persian_language (1583 words)

	Old Persian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Old Persian is the name given to the Persian tongue used in the Achamaenian dynasty's cuneiform inscriptions.
		Old Persian is associated with the Inscriptional texts found in Persia, at Persepolis, the nearby Naqse Rostam and Pasargadae; in Elam, at Susa; in Media, at Hamadan and not too far away Behistan and Alvand; in Armenia at Van; and along the Suez Canal.
		Linguistically, Old Persian is part of the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian or Aryan group which is one of the main divisions of the Indo-European family of languages.
	www.crystalinks.com /oldpersian.html (261 words)

	Old Persian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Old Persian is the oldest attested Persid language.
		This language was used in the inscriptions of the Achaemenid kings.
		Old Persian cuneiform contains 36 signs which represent consonants, vowels, or sequences of single consonants plus vowels, a set of three numbers (1, 10, 100), one word divider, and eight ideograms.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Old_Persian (561 words)

	Persian language
		Old Persian was spoken in southwestern Iran, while Avestan was spoken in northeastern Iran.
		Middle Persian was a contemporary of Parthian, and during the Arsacid period, Persian was strongly influenced by Parthian.
		Modern Persian, the language of Iran today, was developed as early as in the 9th century.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/persian_l.htm (387 words)

	The Seven Great Monarchies, by George Rawlinson, Fifth Monarchy, Part B.
		Of the old Persian language the known roots are, almost without exception, kindred forms to roots already familiar to the philologist through the Sanscrit, or the Zend, or both; while many are of that more general type of which we have spoken—forms common to all, or most of the varieties of the Indo-European stock.
		It was identical with the religion of the Medes in its early shape, consisting mainly in the worship of Ahura-Mazda, the acknowledgment of a principle of evil—Angro-Mainyus, and obedience to the precepts of Zoroaster.
		Persian worship, in these early times, was doubtless that enjoined by the Zendavesta, comprising prayer and thanksgiving to Ormazd and the good spirits of his creation, the recitation of Gathas or hymns, the performance of sacrifice, and participation in the Soma ceremony.
	www.gutenberg.org /files/16165/16165-h/raw5b.htm (16584 words)

	Persian Language
		Persian is a subgroup of West Iranian languages that include the closely related Persian languages of Dari and Tajik; the less closely related languages of Luri, Bakhtiari and Kumzari; and the non-Persian dialects of Fars Province.
		Old Persian is attested from the cuneiform inscriptions left by the Achaemenid dynasty (559 to 331 BC.) that ruled the lands known as the Realm of the Aryans (from which comes the name of the modern country Iran) up until the conquest of Alexander the Great.
		Old Persian, by contrast, and its immediate descendant Middle Persian, originated in a province in southwest Iran that was once the center of the Persian Empire -Parsa or Fars-, hence the contemporary Persian name of the language: Farsi.
	www.iranchamber.com /literature/articles/persian_language.php (1384 words)

	MSN Encarta - Cuneiform
		Because Akkadian, the language of later inhabitants of Sumer, became the language of international communication it was studied in schools throughout the ancient Middle East, and the use of cuneiform spread to Asia Minor, Syria, Persia, and, for diplomatic correspondence, to Egypt.
		The use of the Persian cuneiform was confined to the period from 550 to 330 bc.
		The Elamite cuneiform is frequently called the language of the second form because it appears in the second position of the trilingual inscriptions of the Achaemenian kings.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761563112/Cuneiform.html (1579 words)

	Iran - The Persian Language
		It is the language of government and public instruction and is the mother tongue of half of the population.
		Persian is spoken as a second language by a large proportion of the rest.
		Modern Persian is a continually evolving language that began to develop about A.D. Following the Arab conquest of the Sassanid Empire in the seventh century and the gradual conversion of the population to Islam, Arabic became the official, literary, and written language, but Persian remained the language of court records.
	countrystudies.us /iran/37.htm (878 words)

	Persian language on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Old Persian is known chiefly from cuneiform inscriptions dating from the time of the Achaemenid kings of ancient Persia (6th-4th cent.
		Old Persian was highly inflected, as was Avestan, which is regarded by some as a form of Old Persian and by others as a separate tongue.
		Avestan was the language of the sacred texts of Zoroastrianism that are known as the Avesta (probably composed c.7th-5th cent.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/p/perslang.asp (592 words)

	Wikinfo \| Persian language
		Persian (فارسی), also known as Farsi or Parsi, is a language spoken in Iran, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Georgia, part of India and part of Pakistan.
		Persian is a member of the Indo-European family of languages, and within that family, it belongs to the Indo-Iranian (Aryan) branch, within which, the Iranian sub-branch consists of the following chronological linguistic path: Avestan/Old Persian -> Middle Persian (Pahlavi) -> Modern Persian.
		Although it uses the same Alphabet as the Arabic language (Persian adds four letters, and changes the shape of another two), the Persian is a language completly different, with a different Phonology and Grammar.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Persian_language (409 words)

	Farsi, the most widely spoken Persian Language, a Farsi Dictionary, Farsi English Dictionary, The spoken language in ...
		Persian Language, also known as Farsi, is the most widely spoken member of the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, a subfamily of the Indo-European languages.
		Old Persian is recorded in the southwest in cuneiform inscriptions of the Persian kings of the Achaemenid dynasty (circa 550-330 BC), notably Darius I and Xerxes I. Old Persian and Avestan have close affinity with Sanskrit, and, like Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin, are highly inflected languages.
		Parthian was the language of the Arsacid or Parthian Empire (circa 250 BC-AD 226).
	www.farsinet.com /farsi (1134 words)

	Iranian Scripts: Old Persian Cuneiform
		Old Persian, the language used in the cuneiform inscriptions of Achaemenian dynasty and the vernacular of the Achaemenian elite.
		Old Persian was spoken in southwestern Persia, an area known as Persis, and belongs to the Iranian branch or the Indo-Aryan family of languages.
		The Old Persian Cuneiform glyphs are both phonemic and syllabic.
	www.iranchamber.com /scripts/old_persian_cuneiform.php (142 words)

	Persian Iranian Language (Farsi) at Best Iran Travel.com
		Persian (Farsi) is the national language of Iran.
		Persian is one of the world's oldest languages, a well-recognized tongue as early as the 6th century B.C
		In different parts of Iran other languages are spoken such as Kurdish, Arabic, Lori and Turkish Azari in Azarbayjan, and another Turkish dialect spoken by turkmen in North of Khorasan province and East of Mazandaran province.
	www.bestirantravel.com /culture/language.html (310 words)

	Persian language - Gurupedia
		Persian is a member of the Indo-European family of languages, and within that family, it belongs to the Indo-Iranian (Aryan) branch, within which, the Iranian sub-branch consists of the following chronological linguistic path: Old Persian (Avestan and
		In Iran the Academy of Persian Language and Literature is a center that evaluates the new words in order to initiate and advise its Persian equivalent.
		It should be noted that human languages, and the alphabet used to represent those languages in written form, are two different concepts and alphabets are not intrinsic to human languages.
	www.gurupedia.com /p/pe/persian_language.htm (769 words)

	Language Log: Inflections, genes and western Iran
		Persian is odd among Indo-European languages in how low on inflection it is. In particular, it is one of the few...
		Persian is odd among Indo-European languages in how low on inflection it is. In particular, it is one of the few which (like its fellow oddball English) has no grammatical gender marking.
		Old Persian dropped a stitch under the reign of Darius I, and thus I have wondered whether heavy immigration at that time impacted Persian.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/000425.html (958 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Old Persian
		The first Persian Empire of the Achaemenid dynasty rose to power in the middle of the 6th century BCE and quickly conquered an area that stretched from Mesopotamia to Afghanistan.
		This script was not a direct descendent of the Sumerian and Akkadian systems, because even though the physical appearance of Old Persian signs are cuneiform, or in the shape of wedges, the actual shape of the signs do not correspond to signs in older systems with similar phonetic values.
		Old Persian only kept the cuneiform appearance of its characters simply out of tradition, and the actual shape of the signs were completely original.
	www.ancientscripts.com /oldpersian.html (354 words)

	Iranica.com - HOFFMANN, KARL
		The two Old Iranian languages and Vedic are closely related, as is shown by the numerous specific correspondences, which go far beyond those between other Indo-European languages, thus leading to the assumption of a common pre-historical, intermediate language, namely Indo-Iranian.
		The language is preserved in two forms—Old Avestan, which is limited to the Zarathustrian Ga@tha@s, the liturgical Yasna Haptaºha@iti, and a few prayers, and the Younger Avestan corpus consisting largely of ritual and legal texts.
		Old Persian is preserved in inscriptions which are contemporary documents of the language of the Achaemenid kings, but the notation of the Old Persian cuneiform script is not consistent enough to provide an assured reading throughout.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v12f4/v12f4009.html (3181 words)

	IL&S: Old Iranian Languages and Scripts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		By the 1st millennium BC, Iranian languages had dominated a vast region from the northern shores of the Black Sea in the north (inhabited by the western Saka or Scythian tribes), to the borders of China in the east (occupied by the eastern Sakas).
		This common (old Iranian) language in turn belongs to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family of languages.
		Old Iranian language began to break up and evolve into different languages and dialects, as the various Iranian tribes separated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and central Asia.
	www.iranianlanguages.com /oldiranian (351 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Indo-Iranian pt. 1
		You have reached the first page of Indo-Iranian languages, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		Persian is the language of the country of Iran; it is also spoken in Afghanistan.
		Persian is also sometimes called Iranian, but Iranian is properly the name of the sub-branch of languages to which Persian belongs.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/indirn1h.htm (478 words)

	Persian, Urdu, English, or Arabic language in Pakistan?
		Linguistically, Arabic is a Semitic language unrelated to the Indo-Iranian languages of Pakistan.
		This language is not the mother-tongue of any ethnic group of Pakistan thus eliminating the cultural domination of an ethnic group and the resentment among other ethnic groups because of it.
		Persian was the court language and the language of the educated and even till the early 19th century in far Bengal, the Hindu intelligentsia wrote and used Persian and not Urdu.
	www.geocities.com /paklanguage/opinion.html (12687 words)

	Iransaga - Old Iranian Literature
		Old Persian, the language of these inscriptions, is an inflected tongue like Greek and Latin and shares many linguistic features with its close relatives, Avestan and Sanskrit.
		Old Persian inscriptions were engaged chiefly to record the deeds of the "king of kings" or to commemorate the foundation of a building.
		We have no direct record of the myths, legends, and stories of the ancient Persians, or of their poetry, since this literature was orally transmitted and was eventually lost or absorbed by the oral literature of eastern Iran.
	www.art-arena.com /oldlit.htm (980 words)

	Iranica.com - MEILLET, (PAUL JULES) ANTOINE
		Being the scion of an old family coming from the historical province of Bourbonnais and the son of a notary, Meillet became one of the leading linguists of his time, particularly in the field of historical-comparative philology of the Indo-European languages.
		His approach to language history was quite novel in that he took into account together historical grammar proper, the entire philological evidence, and the facts of cultural history such as language contacts and sociolinguistic influences.
		But the language was not yet integrated by him into the whole of the Iranian languages (this remained to be done by his pupil Benveniste in the revised edition).
	www.iranica.com /articles/sup/Meillet.html (2530 words)

	Unicode 4.1.0
		The Buginese language, an Austronesian language with a rich traditional literature, is one of the foremost languages of Indonesia.
		Old Persian is found in a number of inscriptions in the Old Persian language dating from the Achaemenid Empire.
		The Ethiopic script is used for a large number of languages and dialects in Ethiopia, and in some instances has been extended significantly beyond the set of characters used for major languages such as Amharic and Tigré.
	www.unicode.org /versions/Unicode4.1.0 (6390 words)

	Old Persian - More informations
		The inscriptions composed in the old Persian language are inscribed on various hard material in a syllabary, each character having the value of a vowel or of a consonant plus a vowel.
		To the 36 characters of this nature must be added 5 ideograms, one ligature of ideogram and case ending, the world-divider, and numerical symbols.
		For eighteen of the battles dates are given in the Persian calendar, with translation into the Elamite and the Akkadian.
	www.farvardyn.com /oldpersian2.php (623 words)

	Iran Heritage
		Persian is the only language that is currently called by three
		Linguistics, the Persian language belongs to the Iranian branch of
		grand child of Old Persian and the Child of Middle Persian (Pahlavi).
	www.iran-heritage.org /interestgroups/language-letter9.htm (301 words)

	IL&S: Old Persian Language and Script (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		ld Persian is the name given to the Persian tongue used in the Achamaenian dynasty's cuneiform inscriptions.
		Old Persian is associated with the Inscriptional texts found in Persia, at Persepolis, the nearby Naqše Rostam and Pasargadae; in Elam, at Susa; in Media, at Hamadan and not too far away Behistan and Alvand; in Armenia at Van; and along the Suez Canal.
		of the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian or Aryan group which is one of the main divisions of the Indo-European family of languages.
	www.iranianlanguages.com /oldiranian/oldpersian.htm (257 words)

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