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Topic: Old Prussian language

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	Wikinfo \| Old Prussian language
		Old Prussian denotes an extinct Baltic language spoken by the inhabitants of the area that later became East Prussia (now in north-eastern Poland and the Kaliningrad oblast of Russia) prior to Polish and German colonization of the area beginning in the 13th century.
		Old Prussian is closely related to the other extinct western Baltic languages, Galindan (formerly spoken in the territory to the south) and Sudovian (to the east).
		Old Prussian probably ceased to be spoken around the end of the 17th century with the great plague.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Prussian (370 words)

	Wikinfo \| Prussians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The Prussians (or Old Prussians) are Balts that formerly inhabited the area stretching from the modern cities of Klaipeda (Memel) to Gdansk (Danzig) along the southeast Baltic Sea and who formerly spoke an Indo-European language called Old Prussian.
		The philosopher Immanuel Kant was born in Prussia, and is buried in Kaliningrad (Königsberg).
		In 1947, all of Prussia was outlawed, and the Prussians' patrimony was divided among Lithuania, Russia, and Poland.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Prussians (520 words)

	Baltic
		Old Russian (more precisely, an East Slavic language based mainly on Belorussian), Latin, and Polish were used in official matters in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which was established in the mid-13th century and lasted until the 18th century.
		Old Prussian is the most archaic of the recorded Baltic languages (although it also has innovations of its own), and it differs considerably from Lithuanian and Latvian.
		Old Prussian also made use of intonations (tones), the character of which is similar to that of the Latvian (i.e., more archaic than that of Lithuanian intonations).
	www.rkp-montreal.org /en/05baltic (3519 words)

	Old Prussian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Old Prussian is an extinct Baltic language spoken by the inhabitants of the area that later became East Prussia (now in north-eastern Poland and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia) prior to German colonization of the area beginning in the 13th century.
		Old Prussian probably ceased to be spoken in the beginning of the 18th century.
		Old Prussian began to be written down in the Latin alphabet in about the 13th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Old_Prussian_language (1047 words)

	Old Prussian language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Old Prussian was westernmost of all Baltic tongues, this is why it was subject to constant invasions from the West.
		The language was suppressed by German and Polish.
		There was obviously two tenses in Old Prussian: the present and the past, and up to four moods (optative, imperative and subjunctive forms are witnessed).
	indoeuro.bizland.com /tree/balt/prussian.html (455 words)

	Indo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Indo-European refers to a family of languages and language subgroups that have been shown to have originated from an ancient parent language that is now extinct.
		Macedonian, the native language of Alexander the Great, was of the Balkans subgroup, and was frequently cited by the ancient Greeks as the perfect example of a barbarian language, so called because they didn't pronounce their "r's" correctly (ie "bahbah" in barbarian).
		Old Prussian, a language once spoken in the historical region of East Prussia, is considered very close to the Germanic languages.
	www.users.muohio.edu /toftdj/linguistics/Indo.html (2970 words)

	We, the Balts
		The European state Preussen had nothing to do with the old Prussians except their land in which it was established.
		Old Prussian is the beloved child of all Indo - European philologists, for it is very archaic and contains a large number of old Indo - European words and forms.
		It is thought that Old Prussian separated from Lithuanian and Latvian in the 4th-3rd centuries BC.
	postilla.mch.mii.lt /Kalba/baltai.en.htm (1969 words)

	The Latvian Language
		The main languages in contact – German and Russian – are spoken by several tens or hundreds million of people and have status of international languages, and their speakers have dominated over Latvians politically.
		Thus the Baltic languages (Lithuanian, Latvian and the extinct Old Prussian) became a focus of the research of the international community of professional linguists.
		The main goal of language policy was integration of all inhabitants against the background of the official state language while protecting and developing the languages of Latvia’s minorities.
	www.latinst.lv /old/language.htm (1687 words)

	Prussia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The name Prussia derives from the Old Prussians, a Baltic people related to the Lithuanians; Prussia was later conquered by the Teutonic Knights.
		The first Prussian King was also the last Prussian ruler to speak fluent Polish; his successors spoke fluent French and German, although the Hohenzollern monarchs until Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany were able to speak some Polish.
		As he realized that the Prussian crown could only win the support of the people if she herself took the lead in the fight for the German unification, Bismarck guided Prussia through three wars which together brought King Wilhelm the position of German Emperor.
	www.higiena-system.com /wiki/link-Prussia (4517 words)

	www.haroldpinter.org - Plays (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Mountain Language was first performed in 1988, and Ashes to Ashes in 1996, but the two fit together as neatly as consecutive clauses in Pinter's tightly constructed argument on aggression that goes back to plays like The Caretaker.
		By placing the darkly comedic Mountain Language before Ashes to Ashes, Mitchell robs the latter of its much-criticised obliqueness, so that instead of viewing this second play as a domestic drama that escalates from the personal to the overtly political, through visual echoes, the warscape is there from the start.
		An old woman with a bandaged hand freezes in dismay and a soldier - in a gesture reminiscent of Prussian soldiers in Guy de Maupasant's Contes de Guerre - eats the apples she has brought for the man they have tortured.
	www.haroldpinter.org /plays/plays_language7.shtml (1190 words)

	Linguistics
		Language is said to be lateralized and processed in the left hemisphere of the brain.
		A non-standard dialect is associated with covert prestige and is an ethnic or regional dialect of a language.
		The Dravidian languages of Tamil and Telugu are spoken in southeastern India and Sri Lanka.
	www.ielanguages.com /linguist.html (8137 words)

	Elblag
		The city of Elblag was founded in 1237 by German tradesmen near the ruins of the Prussian fortress and trading settlement of Truso, on the ancient Amber Road in Pomesania.
		A vocabulary was written in Elblag around 1350 in the Baltic Old Prussian language.
		In 1440 the eastern Prussian cities formed the Prussian Confederation which led the successful rising (1454) of Prussia against the rule of the Teutonic Order which led to the Thirteen Years War.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/el/Elblag.html (401 words)

	Pilewski history online - Pilewski history
		Archaeological evidence, as well as reports by early traders and explorers, demonstrates that the Prussians continuously inhabited what is now northeastern Poland and the Kaliningrad province of Russia since 1000 BC and profited from trading amber with distant lands.
		It took centuries for these families to forget their Old Prussian origins as their branches were gradually absorbed by German and Polish society.
		A lack of consistency in and the weakness of the Polish policy on Prussian territory contributed, however, to impoverishment, decay and the family's flight from its own territories in the face of German persecution.
	home.arcor.de /pilewski/family/history.htm (583 words)

	GR Burgess's Old Norse Page
		Old Norse is the language spoken and written by the inhabitants of Scandinavia around 1000 A.D. and earlier.
		Old English was primarily a spoken language although it did have a written component; runic inscriptions, or runes.
		You should study Old Norse because it is your best source of information in understanding how early Germanic people thought, what their world was like, and what was important to them, and it is your best source for understanding the early history of all Germanic languages, including German, English, and the Scandinavian languages.
	odin.bio.miami.edu /norse (3036 words)

	Prussian Language Reconstructions
		Old Prussians were an akin nation with the same Gods but their language was even more archaical.
		The latter became to be generalized on the stressed positions, too, in Prussian of the 13th c., and coincided with the back open /ā/ tending to be diphthongized under the stress parallelly to the diphthongized pronunciation of the stressed long /ē/ (Klusis, cf.
		In this section Prussian words are represented in the same generalized achronical spelling, as in the Dictionary; supposed forms are marked with the asterisk; for the attested spellings cf.
	www.suduva.com /prussian/reconstructions.htm (3036 words)

	Latvians, Jats, Hebrews, Teutones, Teutonic and Lavonian Knights, and Prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		"Old Prussian is an extinct Baltic language spoken by the inhabitants of the area that later became East Prussia (now in north-eastern Poland, Lithuania and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia) prior to Polish and German colonization of the area beginning in the 13th century.
		The Eastern Baltic languages split from the Western Baltic ones (or, perhaps, from the hypothetic proto-Baltic language) between 400 and 600.
		The closest ties the Baltic languages have are with the Slavic and Germanic languages.
	www.new-tradition.org /forum/showthread.aspx?m=84440 (4975 words)

	Pietro U. Dini. Le Lingue Baltiche.
		With the establishment of the Baltic nations in 1918 a standard form of the language had to be chosen.
		Its literary norms are today clearly distinct from both the dialects on the one hand and from colloquial style and forms in the spoken language on the other hand.
		Dini is to be congratulated on producing a first-rate introduction to the study of the Baltic languages.
	www.lituanus.org /1998/98_4_06.htm (1825 words)

	Language tree
		Many speculate the ancient language of Macedonia, there are no inscriptions and only a few words that are the supposed remnants.
		Venetic is thought to have been a separate language with influences from Etruscan and Illyrian, and having similarities with Celtic.
		This language was spoken by the tribes who live north of the Balkan mountains (the area of modern Romania plus parts of north Bulgaria, Moldavia and the Ukraine).
	www.eliznik.org.uk /RomaniaHistory/language_tree.htm (622 words)

	IELan7 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Although a Baltic language is not attested to until the sixteenth century CE, historical and place-name evidence indicates a Baltic presence for well over a millenium.
		Slavic is not attested to until the missionaries Cyril and Methodi devised the Cyrillic alphabet in the ninth century CE.
		The Slavic languages developed late, not diverging from proto-Slavic until the beginning of the period of Slavic expansion from around 400 to 900 CE.
	www.unlv.edu /faculty/jmstitt/Eng480/IndoEuropean/IEL7/IEL7.html (183 words)

	Old Prussian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		This course forms an introduction to the relatively unknown Old Prussian language.
		Students will get acquainted with some of the scarce Old Prussian materials that were handed down to us, and learn about the linguistic and historical backgrounds of these texts.
		At the end of the course, students will be expected to be able to translate a random passage from one of the three catechisms.
	www.let.leidenuniv.nl /talengids/english/pruisisch.htm (75 words)

	Encyclopedia Search
		Sarum was initially a hill fort strategically situated on the conjunction...
		Prussian is closely related to the other extinct western Baltic languages,...
		er Germanic languages ; it is generally called alliterative verse.
	www.encyclopedian.com /search.php?searWords=Old (138 words)

	Maps of Indo-European Languages-Old Prussian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		This map shows the regions of the world where Old Prussian was once spoken (red circle).
		Old Prussian came from the Baltic family of languages in the Balto-Slavic branches of Indo-European.
		Old Prussian died out in the 1600s, being replaced completely by German and later by Polish.
	web.cn.edu /kwheeler/IE_Satem_Old_Prussian.html (134 words)

	Welcome to the Lithuanian Global Genealogical Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Baltic languages are very archaic in their character – particularly Lithuanian which in every way seems to present an earlier stage of linguistic development than the Latvian.
		Being one of the oldest and purest in form, the Lithuanian language is necessary in the study of linguistics.
		Then Prussian Lithuania was occupied by the Poles in the south and the Soviet Union in the north.
	www.lithuaniangenealogy.org /labas/november.html (16591 words)

	Lithuania : Culture : Language
		Lithuanian Language, language spoken by most of the inhabitants of Lithuania and by expatriates in such countries as the United States, Canada, and Australia.
		Lithuanian, Old Prussian, and the Latvian Language principally constitute the Baltic languages, a principal subdivision of the Indo-European languages.
		Although a literary language had existed since the 16th century, three literary dialects competed for acceptance in the 19th century; modern Standard Lithuanian (based on the West High Lithuanian dialect) did not develop fully until just before the first period of Lithuanian political independence (1918-40), when it became the country's official language.
	www2.omnitel.net /ramunas/Lietuva/lt_culture_language.shtml (247 words)

	[No title]
		Its main representative is Hittite the language of the Hittite empire (1700-1200 BC).
		Its oldest form is Old Church Slavonic, attested from the 9th century in the area of present-day Bulgaria.
		The West Germanic languages are attested from the 6th and 7th centuries (Old English and Old High German respectively).
	www.uni-essen.de /SHE/HE_TL_IE_Languages.htm (443 words)

	Romuva
		The Lithuanian Indigenous Religion formed from the Baltic convergence of the Old European chthonic and the Indo-European heavenly religions.
		The Old Prussian language disappeared around 1700 due to German colonization and Curonian, Semigallian and Selian became assimilated into the Lithuanian and Latvian language groups between 1400 and 1600.
		Romuva is the name of the most important sanctuary of the Prussians, which was destroyed by crusaders in the XIII century.
	www.meta-religion.com /World_Religions/Other_religions/romuva.htm (379 words)

	Baltic Druids, The Angels Universe
		There were several ancient starseed peoples upon Earth that were each given a language that would connect them with the stars and their Divine DNA memory, the Baltic languages are part of this Sacred Language.
		English is NOT a Sacred language, and it is a language that confuses our cellular and spiritual memories, in order to truly access our memories from before we were here on Earth, we must find the keys of whatever Sacred root languages that are within our genetic and ancestral history.
		The Old Prussian Druid language disappeared around 1700 due to German colonization and Curonian, Semigallian and Selian became assimilated into the Lithuanian and Latvian language groups between 1400 and 1600.
	www.angelsuniverse.com /druids.htm (2148 words)

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