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Topic: Old South Arabian

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Sabaean language

Semitic languages

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Languages of the European Union

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	Old South Arabian - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Old South Arabian (or Epigraphic South Arabian) is the term used for four closely related languages spoken in the southern portion of the Arabian Peninsula.
		Old South Arabian had its own writing system, the South Arabian alphabet, concurrently used for Ge'ez in the Ethiopian Kingdom of D`mt, ultimately sharing a common origin with the other Semitic abjads, the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet.
		The arrival of Islam virtually disintegrated Old South Arabian, as Classical Arabic became the lingua franca of the region.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Old_South_Arabian (205 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia â“ Free Online Encyclopedia for Reference, Research, Facts
		The Arabic languages comprise North Arabic (or simply Arabic) and South Arabian (or Himyaritic or South Arabic); South Arabian differs sufficiently from North Arabic to be considered a separate language.
		Old South Arabian, or Himyaritic, was the language of people living in the S Arabian Peninsula in ancient times.
		Old South Arabian had its own alphabet, the origin of which is still not clear, although it is generally thought to have had the same source as the North Semitic writing.
	www.encyclopedia.com /printable.aspx?id=1E1:Arabicla (670 words)

	The Jewish Foundation of Islam
		That city, presumably as old as the caravan traffic through the Hijaz, must have been important as early as the sixth century B.C., though perhaps not for all the reasons which can be given for its paramount influence in the Arabia of muhammad Mohammed's day.
		The South Arabian tribes were chiefly affected by the new conditions, and at this time began a considerable migration northward, extending even to the northern border of the Syrian desert.
		In the latter case, the difficulty lies in the lack of evidence; in the former, the evidence is abundant, the difficulty is in the interpretation.
	www.truthnet.org /islam/Jewish/Arabia (8935 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Arabia
		It is a peninsula of an irregularly triangular form, or rather, an irregular parallelogram, bounded on the north by Syria and the Syrian desert; on the south by the Indian Ocean, on the east by the Persian Gulf and Babylonia, and on the west by the Red Sea.
		Another Arabian bishopric was that of the island of Jotabe, near the Gulf of Akabah; and a Bishop of Jotabe, by the name of Anastasius was present at the Council of Jerusalem (536).
		With the overthrow of the Abyssinian Dynasty in the south, the increase of factional rivalries between the Byzantine and the Persian Empires in the north, and the advent of Islam, Christianity in Arabia came to an end.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01663a.htm (12127 words)

	Arab - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The so-called Himyarite language described by Al-Hamdani (died 946) appears to be a special case of language contact between the two groups, an originally North Arabic dialect spoken in the South, and influenced by Old South Arabic.
		During the 8th and 9th centuries, the Arabs (specifically the Umayyads, and later Abbasids) forged an empire whose borders touched southern France in the west, China in the east, Asia Minor in the north, and the Sudan in the south.
		Efforts to reconcile the Biblical and Arab genealogies later led to conflicting attempts to trace Adnan to Ishmael (Ismail), the eldest son of Abraham and Hagar.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arab (2765 words)

	AllRefer.com - Afroasiatic languages : The Semitic Languages : West Semitic Division (Language And Linguistics) - ...
		The principal subdivisions of the West Semitic group are Canaanite, Aramaic (which embraced many dialects in the course of its long history, including Syriac), Arabic, and the unrelated Old and Modern South Arabian.
		Both classical Arabic and the modern Arabic dialects, as well as the ancient and modern South Arabian languages are also classified as West Semitic tongues.
		The Modern South Arabian dialects spoken today in parts of S Arabia are classified separately from both modern Arabic and Old South Arabian.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/A/Afroasia-the-semitic-languages.html (685 words)

	Arab - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The scope of the Hebrew term at this early stage is unclear, but it seems to have referred to various desert-dwelling Semitic tribes in the Syrian Desert and Arabia.
		The so-called Himyaritic language described by Al-Hamdani (died 946) appears to be a special case of language contact between the two groups, an originally North Arabic dialect spoken in the South, and influenced by Old South Arabian.
		In Jewish and Christian traditions the Ishmaelites were described as an "Arabian people" at least by the time of Josephus, which became standard centuries prior to Islam (in which the term Hagarenes, a pun on the Arabic muhajir and the name of Hagar, was commonly used).
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Arab (2084 words)

	Islam is repackaged polytheism: Encyclopedia Britannica, Arabian Religions, p1057, 1979
		In the official cults of the South Arabian kingdoms, the devotees venerated most highly a triad of deities that were astral in character: the moon god, the sun goddess, and the god equated with the planet Venus.
		In North Arabian temples the image of the deity sometimes stood in the open air, or could be sheltered in a qubbah, a vaulted niche.
		The South Arabian festival of Halfan was a moratorium on the use of weapons.
	www.bible.ca /islam/library/islam-quotes-britannica.htm (2760 words)

	Aksum - Chs. 6-10. by Dr. Stuart Munro-Hay.
		The South Arabian section of this is exactly that expanded form adopted in the later fourth century by Abukarib As`ad and employed by his successors in the region, including the Ethiopian usurper Abreha himself.
		His Ge`ez legend, and the monogram of South Arabian style which he employs on the same coin, make one think that perhaps he aimed his gold coinage more towards Ethiopian users, and also possibly to those South Arabian regions which some of his successors claimed as part of their kingdom.
		The second phase is represented by his abandonment of the old disc and crescent symbol of the pagan period, and the adoption of the cross.
	users.vnet.net /alight/aksum/mhak3.html (20390 words)

	Out of the Dust - FARMS JBMS
		Old South Arabian is particularly interesting because it was spoken and written not many hundred miles from the area where Lehi and his party reached the Indian Ocean and built their vessel to sail off to America.
		Mammen's unpublished manuscript demonstrates plausible relationships between Old South Arabian and 12 characters found on the piece of paper shown to Anthon as well as between Old North Arabian and 25 Anthon Transcript characters.
		Naturally, we do not know whether the sounds represented by the Old South Arabian letters are similar in any way to the sounds that the characters on the Anthon Transcript may have represented.
	farms.byu.edu /display.php?id=204&table=jbms (1349 words)

	Arabian Horses of Renaissance Arabians, South Charleston, Ohio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Arabian Horses of Renaissance Arabians, South Charleston, Ohio
		There is harmony at Renaissance Arabians between the home, the land, the horses, the way they live and the name of the farm.
		The bloodlines of the Egyptian Arabians bred at Renaissance are some of the oldest and most rare still found in the world today.
	www.rearabians.com (450 words)

	Soqotra, environmental tourism
		Situated some 400 km South of the Arabian Peninsula lies the Socotra Archipelago under the administration of the Aden Governorate of the Republic of Yemen.
		Bounded to the north and south by the deep waters of the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, the seas immediately around these islands are very shallow, with depths of as little as 40m recorded 50km south of Socotra, and 20km to the north.
		At the limestone cliffs on the south side of any of the islands there are surreal landscapes of caverns, chasms, cliffs and sculpted rocks, all covered with an amazing array of algae, worms, sea squirts and corals.
	www.al-bab.com /Yet/soqotra.htm (1530 words)

	HKHPE 35 03 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Old Arabian pilgrim, in his pilgrim’s dress, means then in Sumerian: The pilgrim represents, impersonates the highest god of southern Arabia and southern Mesopotamia (Sumer-Akkad): The god Geš-dar, later on also known as ‘Ath-tar, ‘Ish-tar.
		The sacrifice at the grave of the Prophet Hûd in the Yemen is the old, pre-Islamic ceremony, the old new-year’s festival.
		The ritual ibex-hunt in the Yemen, South Arabia, is the old pre-Islamic new-year’s festival.
	hanskrause.de /HKHPE/hkhpe_35_03.htm (13984 words)

	Places
		Newer Interpretation: Presence of South Arabian (SA), especially Sabaean, immigrants in Eritrea and Aksume in mid – 1st mill.
		Coma from east, Farkila and Saim Coma from South, Matara Coma from South West and Ain Senafe from West are key features of the town.
		The plan of the ruined city and its beautiful foundation walls (see image left) in some of the palace complexes indicated it is was abode to a sizeable bourgeois or middle-class community.
	www.allsaho.com /places.html (2618 words)

	AllRefer.com - Ethiopic (Language And Linguistics) - Encyclopedia
		Ethiopic[EthEop´ik] Pronunciation Key, extinct language of Ethiopia belonging to the North Ethiopic group of the South Semitic (or Ethiopic) languages, which, in turn, belong to the Semitic subfamily of the Afroasiatic family of languages (see Afroasiatic languages).
		Because Ethiopic is close to Old South Arabian lexically and grammatically, it has been suggested that its speakers originally came from S Arabia, whence they apparently began to migrate to Ethiopia in the first millennium
		Although the script used for Ethiopic and other Semitic tongues of Ethiopia is syllabic rather than alphabetic, it seems to be derived from the alphabetic South Semitic writing of the Old South Arabian inscriptions, to which it shows many similarities.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/E/Ethiopic.html (377 words)

	Arabic Language History
		Before the appearance of Islam, Arabic was a minor member of the southern branch of the Semitic language family, used by a small number of largely nomadic tribes in the Arabian peninsula, with an extremely poorly documented textual history.
		Once, the Arabian Peninsula was thought to have been the "cradle" of proto-Semitic, but nowadays many scholars advocate the view that it originated somewhere in East Africa, probably in the area of Somalia/Ethiopia.
		Old civilizations had arisen on the southern fringe of the Arabian peninsula, built on the profits of trade and commerce in the area, particularly the long-distance incense trade.
	www.indiana.edu /~arabic/arabic_history.htm (5852 words)

	[No title]
		The name was probably given to it from the wall (or shur) which the Egyptians built to defend their frontier on the north-east from the desert tribes.
		When digging a shaft close to the south wall of the temple area, the engineers of the Palestine Exploration Fund, at a depth of 12 feet below the surface, came upon a pavement of polished stones, formerly one of the streets of the city.
		The pool is 53 feet in length from north to south, 18 feet wide, and 19 deep.
	www.ccel.org /e/easton/ebd/ebd/T0003400.html (9078 words)

	NITLE Arab World Project
		Among the offspring of Qahtan were the inhabitants of the South Arabian states, who were said to have descended from Himyar, one of Qahtan's descendants.
		Since for the Arabs Himyar represented all things South Arabian, one might assume that the language called Himyaritic was the continuation of the Old South Arabian language, but in actual fact it is not.
		The use of the synthetic genitive in Old Arabic in the construct state is, of course, highly redundant because of the fact that the head noun of the construction loses its article, thereby marking the construction as a possessive one and rendering the genitive ending of the second member dispensable.
	arabworld.nitle.org /texts.php?module_id=1&reading_id=36&print=1 (7249 words)

	Alumqa'a Yeha - Ethiopia: Travels of a Youth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Yeha is the site of a major South Arabian city, probably the capital of the South Arabian state or area known as Da'amat.
		Later excavation and archeological speculation now is conjecturing that this may not be a temple but rather a mausoleum similar to a smaller one in the South Arabian motherland.
		The perfect, geometric, South Arabian characters on this frieze and a companion piece in Addis Ababa confirms that this was a temple of Alumqa.
	www.worksandwords.com /etravels/yeha.htm (1342 words)

	Aksum - Chs. 11-16. by Dr. Stuart Munro-Hay.
		The use of the South Arabian script continued on into Aksumite times (or was revived then?) and as late as the reigns of Kaleb and W`ZB monumental inscriptions were still written in a version of this script, but using the Ge`ez language.
		Early inscriptions closely resembling South Arabian ones have been dated according to the palaeographical studies of Pirenne (1956), but again there might be a case for readjustment (Schneider 1976i).
		The South Arabian script might perhaps have retained something of a sacrosanct aura, as the ancient vehicle for dedicatory inscriptions, so that it was felt that a version in that script fulfilled the requirements of tradition; but that seems a little far-fetched as an explanation by the time of Kaleb and W`ZB.
	users.vnet.net /alight/aksum/mhak4.html (20396 words)

	Proto-Semitic Language and Culture. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2000
		West Semitic comprises three branches: the modern South Arabian languages; the ancient and modern languages of Ethiopia; and Central Semitic.
		Central Semitic is further subdivided into the South Arabian inscriptional languages; classical, medieval, and modern forms of Arabic; and the Northwest Semitic languages, which include Hebrew and Aramaic.
		All of the 29 Proto-Semitic consonants are preserved as distinct sounds in the Old South Arabian languages (such as Sabaean), but in the other Semitic languages various mergers of the original consonants have occurred.
	bartleby.com /61/10.html (3655 words)

	Foundation For Endangered Languages. Home
		The Modern South Arabian languages are spoken in the south of Oman (Dhofar) and the southeast of Yemen.
		The languages are grouped together with the Semitic languages of Ethiopia and the Sayhadic languages (also called Epigraphic South Arabian or Old South Arabian languages) in the South Semitic branch.
		There are four dialect groups: the dialects spoken on the north coast, the dialects spoken on the south coast, the dialects spoken by Bedouins in the mountains in the centre of the island and the dialect spoken on cAbd al-Kuri.
	www.ogmios.org /105.htm (2816 words)

	CainNimrod
		Hess was able to identify qyn as an "administrator's title" in Old South Arabic inscriptions, it appearing in Sabaean and Qatabanian inscriptions of the 1st millennium BCE. He also noted that epigraphic sources for the Old South Arabian inscriptions do not exist for 2d millennium BCE times.
		A third suggestion derives from the lexica of Old South Arabic.
		A root qyn has been found in personal names in Old South Arabic inscriptions, including a qynw who appears as a Qedarite ruler in a 5th century BC Aramaic inscription from Tell el-Maskuteh at the entrance to Wadi Tumilat." (pp.
	www.bibleorigins.net /CainNimrod.html (1982 words)

	sufi.html
		The MSAL are said to be related to the Old South Arabian Languages, which included Sabean, Minaean, Qatabanian among others that were the languages of the advanced civilizations, which were established in the Southeastern part of Yemen during the period between the 13th and 10th centuries BC.
		As one commentator explains: "The shores of the Arabian Gulf produced an ever-rising value of frankincense and myrrh; while the cloths and precious stones, the timbers and spices &endash;particularly cinnamon- brought from India largely by Indian vessels, were redistributed at Socotra or Guardafui [Somalia], and carried to the Nile and the Mediterranean" (Schoff 1912:4).
		This transformed South Yemen into a theater in the Cold War and heightened tension in the region due to the sensitive trade routes -especially for oil- of the Red Sea and the Suez Canal.
	www.aiys.org /webdate/socot.html (8299 words)

	South Arabia and Yemen, 1945-1995
		In late 19th Century, the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula came under the British influence, and in 1937 the 5.000 years old port of Aden and surroundings was declared a Crown Colony.
		Seen in the rare markings of the South Arabian Air Force, and wearing the fl serial "301", this is one of the six DHC Beavers the British have supplied to their former colony when leaving, in 1967.
		South Yemen acquired a small number of Il-28 bombers from the USSR in 1970.
	www.acig.org /artman/publish/article_204.shtml (9334 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The scrips are all of the same basic type, though with considerable variations.]]} {north-indic, definition, [[The north indic scripts are the scripts derived from the northern branch of Ashokan brahmi.
		These scripts show clear family resemblances.]]} {south-indic, definition, [[The south indic scripts are the scripts derived from the southern branch of Ashokan brahmi.
		The language(s) is not Indo-European, and is not understood.]]} {north-iberian, description, [[This script seems to have been derived from the South Iberian script, although this is not known for certain.
	www.accountingontology.com /omnigator/docs/i18n.ltm (894 words)

	"Information resources on old world camels: Arabian and Bactrian 1962-2003"
		The Arabian camels have one hump on their backs and the Bactrian have two humps.
		The geographic range for Arabians is Northern Africa and the Middle East.
		The Arabian overlaps with the Bactrian camel in the areas of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Southwest Asia.
	www.nal.usda.gov /awic/pubs/Camels/camels2.htm (1800 words)

	Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena - Fortunate Arabia
		The old Romans said “fortunate Arabia,” when they referred to the southern half of the Arabian peninsula — and thought about the wealth of the natives, who controlled the lucrative incense trade.
		His chair is unique in German-speaking countries; it is the only one that specializes in the research of old South Arabian.
		The 32-year-old Semitic is, with his doctoral dissertation about the language and literature of South Arabian inscriptions, well-prepared for the project.
	www.uni-jena.de /content_lang_en_page_3726.html (560 words)

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