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Topic: Old Swiss Confederacy

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	Old Swiss Confederacy
		The Old Swiss Confederacy was the precursor of modern-day Switzerland.
		The '' Eidgenossenschaft of the Swiss'', as the confederacy was called, began as an alliance between the communities of the valleys in the central Alps to facilitate the management of common interests such as free trade and to ensure the peace along the important trade routes through the mountains.
		The Old ZÃ¼rich War, which began as a dispute over the succession to the count of Toggenburg, was a more serious test of the unity of the ''Acht Orte''.
	www.seattleluxury.com /encyclopedia/entry/Old_Swiss_Confederacy (5241 words)

	Old Swiss Confederacy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Swiss Eidgenossenschaft, as the confederacy was called, was a loose federation of largely independent small states that existed from the late 13th century until 1798, when it was invaded by the French under Napoleon I, who transformed it into the short-lived Helvetic Republic.
		The nucleus of the Old Swiss Confederacy was an alliance between the communities of the valleys in the central Alps to facilitate the management of common interests such as free trade and to ensure the peace along the important trade routes through the mountains.
		In 1798, the confederacy was invaded by the troops of Napoleon I.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy (2305 words)

	[No title]
		Old colonels and rittmasters, who had never heard of Leo the Thracian nor the Macedonian phalanx, smiled and shrugged their shoulders, as they listened to the questions of the young count, or gazed with profound astonishment at the eccentric evolutions to which he was accustoming his troops.
		Old campaigners complained that in the halcyon days of paper enrolments, a captain could earn more out of his company than a colonel now received for his whole regiment.
		As members of the holy empire, in part--as of old they were considered to be--they had rather the right to expect, instead of reproaches, assistance against the enormous power and inhuman oppression of their enemies.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/docs/books/gutenberg/4/8/7/4872/old/jm72v10.txt (18997 words)

	History of Switzerland's Flag
		Old Swiss Confederacy (1291 - 1515) was so loose a federation of autonomous regions, that Switzerland had no common field sign nor uniforms, not even a common high commander during most of its history.
		The larger the old confederacy became, the more they had a problem with inconsistently clothed troops that were hardly able to recognize their allies on the battlefield.
		Swiss Revolution of 1798 eliminated the old structures and replaced them with a centralistic democracy according to the model of the French Revolution (1789).
	history-switzerland.geschichte-schweiz.ch /history-flag-switzerland.html (1227 words)

	History of Switzerland: Old Swiss Confederacy 1291 - 1515
		Berne and the French king pushed the confederacy to a war against the duke Charles of Burgundy who was allied to the dukes of Habsburg and to the comtesse of Savoye.
		The Swiss confederacy, formally still part of the German Empire, refused to obey the new rules and when attacked, defeated the the king in several battles.
		This book by the well known Swiss historian gives a broad description of the history of the Switzerland from the age of the romans to the the birth of the old Swiss confederacy and situates the legend of William Tell in the historic context.
	history-switzerland.geschichte-schweiz.ch /old-swiss-confederacy-1291.html (1703 words)

	Timeline Switzerland
		French armies defeated the Swiss and Venetians at the Battle of Marignano and Milan fell to the French.
		It was revised in 1874 and a new one was adopted in 1999.
		A Swiss businessman, Dunant heard of the plight of thousands of wounded left helpless on the battlefield after French and Sardinian forces defeated the Austrians in the Battle of Solferino in Italy on June 24, 1859.
	timelines.ws /countries/SWITZERLAND.HTML (11168 words)

	A Brief History of Switzerland
		The massive mobilization of Swiss armed forces under the leadership of General Henri Guisan is often cited as a decisive factor that the German invasion was never initiated.
		However, Swiss law is gradually being adjusted to that of the EU and the government has signed a number of bilateral agreements with the European Union.
		On June 5, 2005, Swiss voters agreed, by a 55% majority, to join the Schengen treaty, a result that was welcomed by EU commentators as a sign of goodwill by a Switzerland that is traditionally perceived as isolationist.
	www.magicaljourneys.com /Switzerland/switzerland-interest-history.html (998 words)

	TheCanadaSite.com John Goldi & Paul Martin
		As well as speaking Swiss, German, and English, he is fluent in French (he was a businessman in Marseilles and Paris during the 1920s and 30s, involved in trading commodities from North Africa to France and England).
		For over 700 years the Swiss knew that to preserve their independence, every able-bodied man would have to be recruited into the Swiss Army, and so, every Swiss male has to take life-long military training, every year, among the mountains of the Republic.
		Swiss physical fitness - already among the finest in the world because of universal military service for all men - was honed into an unprecedented hysteria of perfection; surrounded by warring countries on all sides, the very lifeblood of the nation depended on it.
	www.goldiproductions.com /Goldi_Productions/dadspage.html (1967 words)

	Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy began as an alliance between the communities of the valleys in the central Alps to facilitate the management of common interests such as free trade and to ensure the peace along the important trade routes through the mountains.
		The three founding cantons of the Swiss Eidgenossenschaft, as the confederacy was called, were joined in the early fourteenth century by the city states of Lucerne, Zürich, and Berne, and they managed to defeat Habsburg armies on several occasions.
		The Old Swiss Confederacy from 1291 to the sixteenth century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy (5422 words)

	Old Swiss Confederacy at Decipedia.com — The simple online encyclopedia!
		The Swiss Eidgenossenschaft (originally, of Schwyz, after the most prominent founding member), as the confederacy was called, began as an alliance between the communities of the valleys in the central Alps to facilitate the management of common interests such as free trade and to ensure the peace along the important trade routes through the mountains.
		The two strategically important cities—they offered the only two fortified bridges over the river Rhine between Constance and Basel—not only struggled with the robber barons from the neighbouring Hegau region but also were under pressure from the Habsburg dukes, who sought to re-integrate the cities into their domain.
		Shortly after the Burgundy Wars, individual cantons concluded mercenary contracts, so-called "capitulations", with many parties, including the Pope — the papal Swiss Guard was founded in 1505 and became operational the next year.
	www.decipedia.com /article/Old_Swiss_Confederacy (5263 words)

	Belgium - The History of The Belgian Tower
		The old Kingdom of Burgundy had, of course, been long extinct; but its name was inherited by two distinct principalities, the Duchy of Burgundy, which formed part of France, and the County of Burgundy (Franche Comté), which was a fief of the Empire.
		It was Charles's dream to restore or recreate the old Burgundian kingdom by annexing Lorraine, with its capital, Nancy, and conquering the rising Swiss Confederacy.
		In his war with the Swiss, Charles was signally defeated in the decisive battles at Granson and Morat, in 1476.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles21/belgium-2.shtml (3499 words)

	St. Benigne De Dijon
		It was the dream of the latter to reincarnate the old Burgundian kingdom by annexing Lorraine and subduing the advancing Swiss Confederacy, an ambition which failed, like many others as, or more, worthy.
		The Cathedral of St. Benigne is an outgrowth from the old abbey church, from which the Italian monk, Guillaume, set forth to found that remarkable series of monasteries in Normandy and Brittany.
		It is said, too, that he crossed the Channel, and had a large share in the works which were erected at that period in the south of England.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles05/cathedral30.shtml (623 words)

	ROBIN HOOD
		This defiance of the Austrian reeve sparked a rebellion, leading to the formation of the Old Swiss Confederacy.
		Wilhelm Öchsli published in 1891 a scientific account of the founding of the confederacy (commissioned by the government for the celebration of the first National holiday of Switzerland on August 1, 1891), and clearly dismissed the story as a saga.
		The new design of the Federal 5 francs coin issued from 1922 features the bust of a generic "mountain shepherd" designed by Paul Burkard, but due to a similarity of the bust with Kissling's statue, in spite of the missing beard, it was immediately widely identified as Tell by the population.
	www.solarnavigator.net /history/william_tell.htm (1824 words)

	Liechtenstein Today - HISTORICAL PLACES AND BUILDINGS
		The original entrance was on the courtyard side, at a height of 33 ft. The foundations of the chapel were probably built at the height of the middle ages.
		During the Swabian War of 1499 the castle, was burned down by the troops of the Swiss Confederacy.
		Old part of village in the Oberdorf - St. Mamertus and Maria chapels - Kosthaus - shrine of St. Wolfgang - old factory building.
	www.europe-today.com /liechtenstein/liechtenstein-hist.html (281 words)

	Switzerland \| Open Travel Info
		Each Swiss city has a lot to be seen, admired and remembered, the small villages with decorated chalets and flowerbeds harmonize with the natural scenic beauty, whereas the big cities are perfect picture of old township and modern business culture.
		Swiss cheese: Apart from wide variety of cheese available here, The well known Swiss specialties in cheese dishes is Fondue, which is a special Swiss cheese dish, made with well known quality of Swiss cheese like Vacherin or Appenzeller and white wine.
		Swiss Saver pass for trains, buses and boats: the Swiss saver pass is the best bargain for a traveler seeking right to use Swiss travel system i.e.
	www.opentravelinfo.com /travel_guide/europe/switzerland/switzerland (1825 words)

	An Old Whig - What Does History Teach? (Part 1)
		But a confederacy of different republics has, in many instances, existed and flourished for a long time together.
		For hardly any two of the Swiss cantons have the same form of government, and they are almost equally divided in their religious principles, which have so often rent asunder the firmest establishments.
		A confederacy of republics must be the establishment in America, or we must cease altogether to retain the republican form of government.
	www.infoplease.com /t/hist/antifederalist/oldwhig02.html (858 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Swabia
		They moved further to the south west, becoming part of the Alamannic confederacy.
		The Old Swiss Confederacy was de facto independent from Swabia from 1499 as a result of the Swabian War.
		Fearing the power of the greater princes, the cities and smaller secular rulers of Swabia joined to form the Swabian League in the 15th century.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Swabia (1069 words)

	Through Western Switzerland Into France
		Berne is the capital of the Swiss Confederacy and one of the most ancient cities in Europe.
		The Swiss Parliament was in session, and the members and their families had arrived in the capital for the season.
		I had been told that all these languages are spoken within the Swiss Republic, but I should think the presiding officer would have to be an excellent linguist to understand all that is said to him from the floor.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles19/travel-world-16.shtml (2713 words)

	Presentation of a Flag
		Old Bern was then being rocked in the cradle of republican institutions, while New Bern, when DeGraffenried named her, had a local habitation only amid the untouched forest trees of the scarred and printed red man.
		Standing here, as I do, Sir, the Mayor of the City, the accredited representative of New Bern, her old men and her young men, her old women and her young women, her boys and her girls —I extend to you a welcome very unlike the welcome of the olden time—from her heart of hearts.
		Her accession in 1353 to the Confederacy to the early Cantons turned to mutual profit and effected the joining of other members to the Union until Switzerland during the European wars of the fifteenth century, attained the position of a great military power; to which Bern especially contributed.
	newbern.cpclib.org /digital/pr1.html (3209 words)

	GraciousCall.org books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The majority of voters were conservative, and in favor of the old faith; but the majority of the people in the larger and most prosperous cantons and in the free imperial cities favored progress and reform, and succeeded in the end.
		He was descended from an old noble family, the son of a wealthy merchant, and studied the humanities in the University of Vienna (1502),201 which was then at the height of its prosperity under the teaching of Celtes and Cuspinian, two famous humanists and Latin poets.
		The Grisons were formed of three loosely connected confederacies or leagues, that is, voluntary associations of freemen, who, during the fifteenth century, after the example of their Swiss neighbors, associated for mutual protection and defence against domestic and foreign tyrants.
	www.graciouscall.org /books/history/8_ch04.htm (13916 words)

	Yourish.com » 2005 » December » 08 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Its emblem was a red cross on a white background: the inverse of the Swiss flag.
		The use of the red cross on a white background, which is actually the Swiss flag reversed, was granted to the International Red Cross to commemorate the organization founded by Henri Dunant, citizen of Geneva.
		(It’s the Swiss website that uses a small c for Christianity, not me.) The Swiss flag is simply oozing Christian symbolism, and yet, the AP insists it is a neutral little sideways X or something.
	www.yourish.com /date/2005/12/08 (1330 words)

	Louis J Warfel's "My Book of Old Chester": Part I
		For the next few years the United States were governed by the Congress of the Confederacy under the provisions of the Articles of the Confederacy.
		Copies of this newspaper and the old Post Boy paper are a valuable source of information about Old Chester and the people who lived there in the 19th century.
		A sponsor for her was 23 year old Sebastion Hass who operated a hotel on the south side of third street, just west of the bridge over Chester Creek.
	www.oldchesterpa.com /history_warfel_1.htm (10170 words)

	The Swiss constitution \| Samizdata.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This special provision in the Swiss Constitution is a manifestation of how democratic principles are held to outweigh the principles upon which the constitutional state is built.
		Being a liberal Swiss (we've actually started a similar blog to samizdata on www.freilich.ch), I periodically struggle with that aspect as well, but it is not as drastic by far as you make it out to be.
		And if the Swiss can shoot for something better then aren't they failing themselves by not standing up and changing the constitution finally for the better or are they just going to sit around waiting to be told what to do; sounds like they want a dictatorship one day.
	www.samizdata.net /blog/archives/2006/07/the_swiss_const_1.html (5564 words)

	BRIEF CHRONOLOGY OF SWITZERLAND
		Swiss Reformers Zwingli and Calvin even more radical than Luther in Germany.
		Switzerland is a loose confederacy of 13 cities and small valley communities dominating the rest of the country.
		Confederacy reestablished, however with 22 cantons [member states].
	www.harding.edu /USER/jmfortner/WWW/HIST111HonorsSwitzerland.htm (444 words)

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