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Topic: Old Turkic alphabet

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Orkhon script

South Arabian alphabet

Uighur alphabet

Alphabet

Aramaic alphabet

Cyrillic alphabet

Arabic alphabet

Turks

Kazan Tatar language

Latin alphabet

Tatar alphabet

Runic

Karakalpak language

Turkish alphabet

Albanian alphabet

	Alphabet
		An alphabet is a complete standardized set of letters--basic written symbols--each of which roughly represents or represented historically a phoneme of a spoken language.
		The word alphabet itself is derived from alpha and beta, the first two symbols of the Greek alphabet.
		Alphabetic material was uncovered at Serabit el-Khadem in Sinai in 1905 and at Ugarit in Syria in 1929.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/a/al/alphabet.html (1024 words)

	Alphabet - Search View - MSN Encarta
		The first alphabet was probably developed at least 3,500 years ago by people who lived on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and spoke a Semitic language.
		Because of Roman conquests and the spread of the Latin language, the Roman alphabet became the basic alphabet of all the languages of western Europe.
		The Roman alphabet for writing Vietnamese was devised by French and Portuguese Jesuit missionaries in the 17th century and was used along with the Chinese alphabet for many years.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761565349__1/Alphabet.html (4128 words)

	Greek alphabet - Wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		(For alphabets with signs solely used to designate vowels NOT derived from the Greek, see Old Turkic alphabet, Ethiopic alphabet Indic alphabets[?] Old Hungarian alphabet[?]) The first vowels were alpha, epsilon, iota, omicron, and upsilon (copied from waw), modifications of either glides or breathing marks, which were mostly superfluous in Greek.
		Originally there were several variants of the Greek alphabet, most importantly western (Chalcidian) and eastern (Ionic) Greek; the former gave rise to the Etruscan alphabet and thence to the Roman alphabet.
		During the Middle ages, the Greek scripts underwent changes paralleling those of the Roman alphabet: while the old forms were retained as a monumental script, uncial and eventually minuscule hands came to dominate.
	wikipedia.findthelinks.com /gr/Greek_alphabet.html (1177 words)

	FocasSociolinguisticChanges
		As far as Latin script for Turkic languages is concerned, endeavors have been made to reach a decision on a common set of Latin letters, on te basis of which future alphabets would be worked out for different Turkic languages including the letters needed for the particular language and excluding the ones not needed.
		With the Turkic peoples constituting nearly 65 percent of the ex-Soviet Central Asian population, Turkey saw itself as the unquestionable foreign ally of the Central Asian republics, as soon as they were set free at the beginning of the 1990’s, not least from a linguistic point of view.
		Turkish is the largest Turkic language with more than 60 million speakers and, furthermore, the only Turkic language to have been used and developed as the official language of an independent state during the 20th century until the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
	orient4.orient.su.se /centralasia/FocasSociolinguistic.html (1635 words)

	Aramaic alphabet
		Aramaic was at a certain time a lingua franca in the Middle East, and therefore, it superseded the Old Hebrew alphabet that was more closely related to the Phoenician alphabet.
		There are several "flavors" of Aramaic scripts, square Estrangela, the ancestor of the Modern Hebrew alphabet, Nestorian "Assyrian" or the Chaldean script and Maronite or the Jacobite script.
		The Aramaic alphabet is probably also the ancestor of the Indic alphabets[?] and is without reasonable doubt the source of the Old Turkic alphabet and the Arabic alphabet.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ch/Chaldean_script.html (96 words)

	Wikinfo \| Alphabet
		An alphabet is a small set of letters--basic written symbols--each of which roughly represents or represented historically a phoneme of a spoken language.
		The first alphabet was probably developed by the Canaanites around 1700-1500 BC (see early Semitic alphabet), and nearly all subsequent alphabets are derived from it or inspired by it, directly or indirectly.
		Of special note among its descendants is the Greek alphabet, which was the first to have separate symbols for vowels (Semitic didn't need them).
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Alphabets (921 words)

	Welkya - Creation of Slav Script
		The Greek alphabet was derived from the Phoenician, the Etruscan from the Greek, the Latin from the Etruscan and Greek, the German Gothic from the Latin, the Old Bulgarian Cyrillic from the Greek and a similar origin was also sought for the Glagolitic alphabet.
		The name of Old Slavonic is not suitable, because it is indefinite, this language is not Old Slavonic in general, and it is highly differentiated as an individual Slav language.
		About the language of the Old Russian literature, the well known Russian scholar Shakhmatov wrote: "The origin of the literary Russian language is the Church Slavonic language (Old Bulgarian in origin) transferred to Russian soil, which in the course of ages came closer to the living people’s language and gradually lost its alien aspect".
	www.math.fsu.edu /~dtzigant/alphabet.html (6663 words)

	India, Indian States, India States, Indian hotels, Indian News and Indian Tourism, India Travel
		The Latin alphabet evolved from the Greek alphabet which is based upon the Phoenician alphabet.
		In the course of its use, the Latin alphabet was adapted for use in new languages, sometimes representing phonemes not found in languages that were already written with the Roman characters.
		The Finnish alphabet and collating rules are the same as in Swedish, except for the addition of the letters Å and Å½, which are considered variants of S and Z. In French and English, characters with diaeresis (Ã¤, Ã«, Ã¯, Ã¶, Ã¼, Ã¿) are usually treated just like their un-accented versions.
	www.hyderabadin.org /wiki-Latin_alphabet (4317 words)

	The Berzin Archives - Buddhism among the Turkic People
		Several of the Old Turk technical Buddhist terms became standard in Central Asia and were later borrowed by the Uighurs and Mongols.
		The Old Turks blended into their form of Buddhism veneration of the traditional ancient Turkic gods or "tengri," as well as Zoroastrian gods with whom they were familiar from other Central Asian peoples.
		After migrating from Mongolia to the Turfan region of present-day northeastern Xinjiang in the ninth century, they adopted a form of Buddhism that was a blend of elements from the faiths of the Sogdian merchant community from present-day Uzbekistan, the native Tocharians of Turfan and the Chinese merchants of the region.
	www.berzinarchives.com /islam/buddhism_turkic.html (863 words)

	macmodlan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The first alphabet used was the 'Glagolitic' alphabet, whereas the 'Cyrillic' alphabet, from the name of Cyril, was created by the brothers' disciples.
		Middle Bulgarian was a transitional stage during which the language underwent crucial changes leading to its emergence as a 'Balkan' language with analytic characteristics; owing to the strong tradition of the liturgical literature, however the actual changes found in the vernaculars were hardly reflected in the manuscripts.
		Both the Old Bulgarian literary language of the ninth century and the Modern Bulgarian literary language of the nineteenth century were initiated in the western or 'Macedonian' territories.
	www.ucc.ie /staff/jprodr/macedonia/macmodlan.html (1060 words)

	Alphabets / Phonemic alphabets
		Alphabets, or phonemic alphabets, are sets of letters, usually arranged in a fixed order, each of which represents one or more phonemes, both consonants and vowels, in the language they are used to write.
		The Greeks were the first people to create a phonemic alphabet when they adapted the Phoenican alphabet to write their language.
		The best-known and most widely-used alphabets are the Latin or Roman alphabet and the Cyrillic alphabet, which have been adapted to write numerous languages.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/alphabets.htm (248 words)

	Kazakstan -> General Information
		It also has Turkic vowel harmony in which the vowels of suffixes must harmonize with the vowels of noun and verb stems; thus, for example, if the stem has a round vowel then the vowel of the suffix must be round, and so on.
		The earliest written texts for the Turkic languages are the Old Turkic runic inscriptions of the Orkhon and Yenisey valleys (north central Mongolia) dating from 700 to 800.
		A dictionary of Turkic languages, compiled around 1000, demonstrated that various dialects were in use among the different Turkic tribes; however, it is not known when Kazak began to be considered a separate language.
	members.tripod.com /~Dzhan/culture/profile.html (979 words)

	The Armenian Alphabet
		The phonetic alphabet is a group of symbols representing these basic vibration patterns, the combination of which forms a specific word possessing a certain power.
		Alphabetic writing is the simplest and the most efficient form of writing through which knowledge became universal.
		That the old Armenian scripts survived ages of neglect: sword, and fire, is illustrated by the fact that in the Middle Ages bloomed the revival of the ancient characters.
	www.saintsarkis.org /Language.htm (3542 words)

	Orkhon script - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Orkhon script is sometimes described as runiform because its external similarity to the angular shapes of the runic alphabet.
		This similarity is superficial, however, since all alphabetic scripts used for incision in hard surfaces show this tendency (see Old Italic alphabets for other examples).
		Vasil'iev, Korpus tiurkskikh runicheskikh pamyatnikov Bassina Eniseya [Corpus of the Turkic Runic Monuments of the Yenisei Basin], Leningrad: USSR Academy of Science, 1983
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Old_Turkic_alphabet (478 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The earliest linguistic records are Old Turkic inscriptions, found near the Orhon River in Mongolia and the Yenisey River valley in south-central Russia, which date from the 8th century AD.
		The Arabic script was generally used by all Turkic peoples writing Turkic languages until the early 1920s, when the Latin script began to be introduced to the Turkic peoples of the Soviet Union.
		One notable characteristic of the Turkic languages is vowel harmony.
	www.sabawoon.com /afghanpedia/Languages.Turkic.shtm (614 words)

	Writing Mongol in Uighur Script
		While in these areas, where the alphabet was maintained for scholarly and anachronistic interest, there has been a recent revival of its regular use and instruction in regular school curriculum, it has remained in constant use in Chinese controlled Inner Mongolia.
		This is a script alphabet, which means the pen should write a continuous line, for the most part, from the beginning to the end of the word.
		The longevity of this alphabet despite so many attempts at change, is a combination of the Mongol sense of tradition as well as that so few other alphabets can compete with Uighur Script on its ease of use.
	www.viahistoria.com /SilverHorde/research/UighurScript.html (3677 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Greeks indigenous?
		And Colin Renfrew, for a theory that combines the “traditional” Indo-European deriving theories (Gimbutas’ “Old Europe vs Kurga” theory, and it’s modifications by James Mallory) with the “Neolithic roots of the so-called Indo-Europeans in the continent”.
		If Linear alphabets would have been concieved to support Greek language writting, then they would be specifically adapted to that language (as, for instance, Turk alphabet is specifically meant for Turkish language) and they are not.
		The Greek alphabet is clearly evolved from the Linear B (which is evolved from Linear A, which bears striking resemblances with older scripts found all over the Greek area and date from the early 4th milenia and on) with some Phoenician influences.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=150 (3008 words)

	Birgit N (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Old Turkic epics, for example, are rendered and modified in younger versions specific to particular population groups.
		The first version of the Karakalpak alphabet from February 1994, was adopted independently of the first post-independence Uzbek alphabet, the law on which had been passed by the Uzbek Parliament five months earlier.
		Already in 1995, a major revision of both alphabets was made, and this time the Karakalpak alphabet showed the same type of changes as had been adopted for the Uzbek alphabet half a year earlier.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /salrc/afghanistan/lgpolicy/SCHLYTER3pgs.htm (1601 words)

	Orkhon alphabet
		Because of a superficial resemblance to the Runic alphabet, the alphabet is also known as Orkhon or Turkic runes.
		The Orkhon alphabet is thought to have been derived from or inspired by a non-cursive version of the Sogdian script.
		By the 9th century AD, the Orkhon and Yenisei alphabets were replaced by the Uighur alphabet, which developed from the cursive version of the Sogdian script.
	omniglot.com /writing/orkhon.htm (301 words)

	Linguistics 201: The Alphabet
		This first alphabet spread quickly to neighboring peoples and was modified to fit the phonology of each language in turn. By 1250 BC the original 28 symbols had been simplified to 24 to write the Phoenician language spoken in what is now Lebanon.
		The English alphabet is a variety of the Roman. The IPA can even be thought of as essentially a Latin-based script; as is modern Navajo and languages completely unrelated to the languages of Europe.
		Cyrillic was devised to write the language of the East-European Slavs in the 10th century by Byzantine Greek missionaries.
	pandora.cii.wwu.edu /vajda/ling201/test4materials/Writing3.htm (832 words)

	8.1 Reading Between the Lines Personal Reflections on the History of Alphabet Reform in Azerbaijan - Anar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		At the time, most of the Turkic peoples were still using the Arabic script, although Azerbaijan had officially adopted Latin as a second script and was using it simultaneously with Arabic beginning on October 20, 1923.
		Turkey went on to adopt Latin in late 1928, and the new alphabet became effective for them on January 1, 1929, the same date that Arabic would be banned in Azerbaijan and all the Muslim nations of the Soviet Union.
		Arabists argued that switching to a new alphabet would be a step backward in the development of the Turkic peoples, separating them from their centuries - old heritage and from each another.
	www.azeri.org /Azeri/az_english/81_folder/81_articles/81_anar.html (2215 words)

	Evertype: The Alphabets of Europe
		The repertoire is given, in an alphabetical order as found in the sources, and includes digraphs, trigraphs, or tetragraphs used as “letters” for alphabetizing, when a language is subject to this practice.
		Letters in (parentheses) are fundamental letters normal to the alphabet of a languages, used in writing native or naturalized (non-foreign) words, but which are, in the sources, interfiled with the base letter.
		In the case of Tundra Nenets, for instance, because ’ and ” are used as letters of the alphabet, it is fairly certain that « and » are used as quotation marks (as they are in Russian), even though the sources consulted do not give this information explicitly.
	www.evertype.com /alphabets/index.html (3504 words)

	Turkish
		The major language belonging to the Turkic family, a subfamily of the Altaic languages; official and dominating language of Turkey.
		Hence, old Turkish texts can be found in alphabets as different as the Nestorian, Sogd, Uighur, Pali, Manichean, Brahman and through most of its literal period, in Arabic.
		Another reform introduced to the older forms of Turkish were the purifying of the vocabulary, which had become greatly influence by Arabic and Persian words.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/turkish.htm (448 words)

	Alphabet
		One measure of alphabet quality or phonemicity is the number of sounds divided by the number of symbols.
		The first alphabet that has been recovered was developed in Ugarit (in modern Syria), about 1500 BCE, initially to represent the sounds of a Semitic language using cuneiform.
		Of special note among its descendants is the Greek alphabet, derived from Minoan Linear B (used as a syllabary) with the innovation of separate symbols for vowels (Semitic didn't need them).
	www.foolswisdom.com /~sbett/alphabet.htm (2776 words)

	Moldovi Human Rights Practices, 1995 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Modovan Government successfully resolved a conflict involving a separatist movement led by the Gagauz (Christian Turkic) minority in the southern part of the country by granting the region local autonomy.
		A Christian Turkic minority, the Gagauz, lives primarily in the southern regions.
		The 1989 Language Law reinstituted the use of the Latin script.) A few schools finally obtained permission to use the Latin alphabet, but this permission is now being rescinded.
	www.usemb.se /human/human95/moldova.htm (4906 words)

	Hungarian Runic Alphabet
		One of the earliest Hungarian language bibles using the Latin alphabet was from the 17th century.
		The European Avar Huns are known to have used this alphabet also and examples of this have been found in Hungary.
		The chronicles of the times mention the unique alphabet of the Avars, along with the Goths and the Arabs.
	users.cwnet.com /millenia/alphabet.htm (696 words)

	Battles Described In the Orkhun Monuments - History Forum
		These monuments are written in the unique Turkic alphabet (I'll make another article about it later), which are carved on the monuments.
		When he was 26 years old, he marched on the Qirqiz, and after crossing the Kögmen Forest, his forces attacked the Qirqiz camp at night.
		He was able to slay two enemy warriors with his spear (or lance, since the Turkic name sanch must have meant spear or lance, which was a better cavalry weapon) and the Qarluqs were defeated.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=212 (3849 words)

	Alphabet - Questionz.net , answers to all your questions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Languages may fail to achieve a one-to-one correspondence between letters and sounds in any of several ways: * A language may represent a given phoneme with a combination of letters rather than just a single letter.
		A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z An alphabet also serves to establish an order among letters that can be used for sorting entries in lists, called collating.
		However, this depends on what is included in the alphabet, since some languages represent syllables instead of individual sounds, and therefore include many more symbols.
	www.questionz.net /Internet/Alphabet.html (970 words)

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