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Topic: Old growth forest

	Old growth forest - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Old growth forest, sometimes called late seral forest, ancient forest, primary forest or ancient woodland is an area of forest that has attained great age and exhibits unique biological features.
		Old growth forests usually have multiple vertical layers of vegetation representing a variety of tree species and a variety of different age classes.
		Forest regenerated after severe disruptions, such as clear-cut or fire is often referred to as second-growth or regeneration until a long enough period has passed that the effects of the disturbance are no longer evident.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Old_growth (1233 words)

	Old growth forest - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Old growth forest, sometimes called late seral forest or ancient forest is an area of forest that has attained great age and exhibits unique biological features.
		Old growth forests typically have not been subject to logging or other significant disturbance long enough to reach an ecological state that is free of the effects of severe disturbance.
		Forest regenerated after clear-cut or fire is referred to as or regeneration until a long enough period has passed that the effects of the disturbance are no longer significant.
	www.chulavista.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Old_growth_forest (951 words)

	What is old growth forest?
		Old growth forests have a high level of biodiversity, which means there are lots of different species of plants and animals found there.
		Old growth forests are made up of trees of many different ages, sizes and shapes, and their understorey.
		Regrowth forests are made up of trees that are nearly all the same age, and do not have the structural diversity or variety of habitat found in old growth forest.
	www.schools.wafa.org.au /whatis.htm (580 words)

	Willamette National Forest - Old Growth
		In the scale of a human lifespan, forests, and in particular old growth forests, may seem to be eternal and unchanging, but this is not true on the time scale of the trees themselves.
		Depending upon forest conditions, the time of year, and the local weather, these fires can be slow creeping ground fires that reduce the amount of flammable fuel on the forest floor, (while killing most of the understory vegetation), or they can be raging crown fires that may kill tens of thousands of acres of trees.
		And when the old growth stands are combined with the mature forest stands from 80 to 200 years of age which could develop old growth characteristics over the next 50 to 100 years, the district contains about 340,000 acres of late-successional forest (47 percent of the district, of which two thirds is reserved from harvest).
	www.fs.fed.us /r6/willamette/forest/oldgrowth (2436 words)

	Old-Growth Forest Information
		Among all the forests of the world, the Pacific Northwest old-growth forest is unique because of the size and old age of its trees, the accumulations of biomass (weight and density of living organisms), and the climate, with its wet, mild winters and dry, warm summers.
		The Pacific Northwest old-growth forests are found only in parts of western North America--the area from southeast Alaska and southwest British Columbia, down through western Washington, western Oregon, and the edge of northern California; and from the Pacific Ocean inland to the crest of the Cascade Mountains.
		Recycling--When a fallen tree rots on the forest floor, or an animal dies and its body decays, then the organic materials are recycled in the ecosystem.
	www.fs.fed.us /pnw/oldgrowth.htm (1261 words)

	Old growth forest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The forest at the Wind River Canopy Crane Research Facility is representative of this type.
		Currently the high biodiversity of the forest canopy is influenced by epiphytic communities that develop on the large, and we think long-lived, branches of P.
		Ms Zoe Edelstein is studying the growth and development of crowns of Thuja plicata.
	faculty.washington.edu /edford/research/old_growth.html (610 words)

	Primary Forest and Old Growth Forest
		The terms "primary forest" or "natural heritage forest" may be more appropriate terms for management and study purposes because their definitions recognize that forests are part of a dynamic system that are affected by natural disturbances and regrowth.
		The natural-heritage criterion for delimiting old growth makes it clear that natural disturbance is an integral part of the old-growth ecosystem and ensures that old forest will continue to include species in all stages of succession and development that have undergone genetic selection by natural processes, rather than harvesting and highgrading." (Frelich and Reich, 2003).
		The challenge is to refocus the debate over natural forests to "primary" rather than "old growth", which is simply a snapshot in the life of the primary (and autopoietic) forest.
	www.uark.edu /misc/ents/wnts/old_growth/old_growth_forests.htm (1365 words)

	Old Growth Foresty in Pennsylvania
		A remote grove of old growth eastern hemlock in 73 acres is found along a tributary of Bark Cabin Run.
		Old growth eastern hemlocks shade the headwaters of the East Branch of Big Run in a 186-acre mix of plant communities resulting from turn-of-the-century logging, fires and recent tornadoes.
		Next to the picnic area is an old growth, remnant timber stand of 300-400-year-old white pine, hemlock and beech.
	www.dcnr.state.pa.us /wrcf/keynotes/summer99/growth.htm (702 words)

	Old Growth Forest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Old Growth Forest is a complete biological ecosystem and a very special and rare treasure.
		The forest floor is very soft and springy due to layer upon layer of breaking down plant waste which is the perfect place for fragile plants to be nurtured.
		The forest is quite capable of supplying us with timber but the cost is not how much it costs to keep a bulldozer running, it is the wisdom and super intelligence of our scientific and ecological people to develop a way to work in harmony with the forests ecosystem.
	www.green.net.au /adan/oldgr.htm (404 words)

	Visit an old-growth forest - Old-growth forests: Minnesota DNR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Old-growth forest comes in a variety of types, changing from south to north across the state, and also according to the most common types of trees found in the forest.
		The tally is impressive: 1,804 acres of red pine, 529 acres of white pine, 1,741 acres of mixed red-white pine forest, 92 acres of northern hardwoods, and 32 acres of lowland hardwoods.
		The pines are 100-300 years old and are being subjected to controlled fires which clear out the underbrush and stimulate a new generation of pines to begin growing.
	www.dnr.state.mn.us /forests/oldgrowth/visit.html (699 words)

	Sierra Club Needles Newsletter
		These old growth trees have hugged for hundreds of years their steep slopes that drain to the Gualala River.
		Those photos taken within the bounds of the ancient forest are of beautiful old trees and a pristine creek, with clear water bubbling over rocks and past mossy, fern-covered banks.
		This high quality old growth habitat in Sonoma County is one such critical and irreplaceable link that must be preserved.
	redwood.sierraclub.org /articles/April_03/OldGrowthForest.html (520 words)

	Sproul State Forest Old Growth Area
		The usual process of development of "climax" forest involves competition between trees and other plants that are able to grow to maturity in the shade of other trees, and other trees which do not have that capability, the shade-tolerant and shade-intolerant species.
		But that is not so, and that is because from time to time openings appear, allowing shade-intolerant species to "take off," to be "released," so to speak, and grow quickly to the height that they can compete for sunlight among the canopy of leaves formed by the other trees.
		It appears from the huge patch in the Tionesta Areas and from the many that developed across other areas of the state in a rash of tornadoes, that this mechanism may be much more important to the overall forest than we knew.
	www.dcnr.state.pa.us /forestry/oldgrowth/sproul.aspx (414 words)

	THE OWAIN LAKE OLD-GROWTH FOREST
		Thus, both the Council and the MNR have chosen to ignore the fact that old-growth white and red pine forests are teetering on the edge of extinction by allowing approximately half of the old-growth pine in Temagami to be logged.
		The Lake Obabika Old Growth Stand is also dominated by white and red pine and is approximately 2,400 hectares in size (White 1990b).
		The forest composition in the core area at the Owain Stand has a greater proportion of red maple and white spruce whereas the forest composition in the core of the Obabika Stand has a greater proportion of white cedar.
	www.ancientforest.org /rr9.html (3720 words)

	Re: Old growth, pristine forest etc. definitions
		The richest forest for lichens by far is the New Forest which ironically, is anything but new, having apparently escaped woodcutter's axe since at least the Middle Ages.
		"Antique forests," as I define them, are simply the oldest of the old: forests that have been around long enough to accumu- late, among other things, a rich assemblage of old-growth epiphytes.
		Such forests seem invariably to be more than 300 to 350 years old, and many, in many cases, have been in existence much longer than the most ancient trees within them.
	www.metla.fi /archive/forest/1998/09/msg00087.html (517 words)

	Old-Growth Forest - Case Study
		In ecology, the development and dynamics of a forest is called succession, a replacement process of trees and species driven by competition and environmental conditions.
		To understand the successional changes of the forests in coastal BC is the major goal of a research project, the Chronosequences Study, led by the Canadian Forest Service, from which the following data are derived.
		The forest is dominated by pioneer Douglas fir with significant components of the late-successional species western hemlock and western red cedar.
	icarus.math.mcmaster.ca /peter/sora/case_studies_01/forestry.html (791 words)

	TERRA: Ancient Forest
		According to forest botanists and ecologists, old growth is defined by at least ten characteristics that describe the trees, understory and terrain.
		Old growth forests are valuable because they provide habitat for a maximum diversity of biological life, including many rare, endangered and threatened species.
		Studies also demonstrate old growth forests are the best, most efficient systems to remove carbon from the atmosphere in an effort to mitigate global climate change from greenhouse gases.
	www.championtrees.org /oldgrowth/surveys/GreenLakesSP.htm (1057 words)

	Old Growth Forest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Old growth forest conditions provide a variety of ecological functions including high quality habitat for some species of plants and animals, a source area for populations of some species, and for soil and water conservation.
		A variety of sources indicate that the lakes states area did have a much higher percentage of landbase in old growth conditions prior to European settlement.
		Old growth forests currently in existence in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan is purportedly about 5 percent of that in existence prior to European settlement, and unlogged forest (one definition of old growth) is currently about 1 percent of its 1850 abundance.
	www.greatlakesdirectory.org /spirit/oldgrowth.htm (382 words)

	Existing and Potential Old Growth Forest
		Existing and potential old growth forest, relative to the currently protected areas.
		Data were collected from an old growth field survey (Carlson 1995) which identifies areas of both existing and potential old growth, and from the USDA Forest Service's Continuous Inventory of Stand Condition (CISC) which contains attributes of forest stand conditions throughout the watershed (including age).
		This mapincorporates the CISC data that identified stands as greater than 100 years old, which were considered as potential old growth.
	www.chattoogariver.org /ccp/ogmap.htm (112 words)

	Old Growth Forest
		I believe the shift to the term 'old-growth occurred in the 1970's because of the sexism of the earlier conventional term 'virgin timber', which was used to mean, of course, untouched.
		This extends to Braun's classification of inner coastal plain forests as "oak-pine forests." While oak is the dominant tree species, she included pine because it is the predominant _post-disturbance_ successional species.
		That ignores evidence that pine was exceedingly rare in forests that had lower levels of Native influence, such as in Essex County on the south shore of the Rappahannock River.
	www.h-net.org /~environ/archives/threads/grforest.html (1762 words)

	Re: Old growth/ancient forest definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Because of the floristic and structural complexity of north Queensland tropical rainforests (there are 900 tree species alone) and the fact that tropical rainforests may contain many old trees with a mainly self sustaining restoration ecology (in the virtual absence of fire) applying the term old growth in tropical systems is rarely attempted.
		A comprehensive and ambitious old growth project based on sub-tropical eucalypt forest types in north eastern New South Wales is being completed this week.
		The project investigated many aspects of the ecology of these forest types in an attempt to understand their ecology, dynamics and deal with the management imperatives of adequately defining them as other government processes were attempting to deal with their conservation planning requirements.
	www.metla.fi /archive/forest/1995/10/msg00194.html (269 words)

	Ontario's old growth forests project
		Over the next 375 years it will survive forest fires, windstorms, drought and flood years, and finally in 1989 it will be spared from the chainsaw by mass demonstrations and the arrest of 344 peaceful protestors on Red Squirrel Road, in Temagami.
		In Springwater forest we found a beech tree that is 107.5 cm diameter (DBH) and 35.5 metres in height.
		The concentration of old growth is particularly high in the southernmost portion of the GCF that is now a Tembec freehold.
	www.ancientforest.org /oldgrowthbook.htm (1208 words)

	Eastern Old-Growth Clearinghouse: FAQ
		Old Growth in the East: A Survey, the old growth in Bear Swamp West is described as threatened by sand mining.
		The Buckeye Forest Council had challenged the granting of the permit during a six-month hearing by presenting expert witnesses who stated that the claim by the coal company and the Ohio Division of Mineral Resources Management that the mining would not damage the forest is untrue.
		Forest management should focus on restoring forest health and reducing fire risk, initially in areas where risk to human life and property are greatest -- the so-called wildland/urban interface.
	primalnature.org /updates.html (10374 words)

	American Forests: Paying the price for old-growth - forest policy - includes related articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		In self-defense, the agency claims its logging volume is mandated by Congress, and it reminds the public that 25 percent of last year's receipts from local old-growth timber sales--million-$179 went to 58 Oregon and Washington counties for funding roads and public schools.
		The Olympic Peninsula's quietly awesome cathedral forests of Sitka spruce, western hemlock, Dougla]s-fir, and western redcedar are commanding monuments to the grace and solidity of advanced age.
		Southeastward are the lands of the Olympic National Forest, dedicated primarily to high-volume logging in old-growth stands.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1016/is_n9-10_v97/ai_11231266 (1367 words)

	Redwood National Park Information Page
		Old-growth forest federal acreage is 19,640, with the state having 19,342 for a total of 38,982.
		Basal burls, hard, knotty growths that form from dormant seedlings on a living tree, can sprout a new tree when the main trunk is damaged by fire, cutting, or toppling.
		Old growth coast redwood continues to be cut for lumber today, with only a small part of its original uncut acreage still remaining.
	www.redwood.national-park.com /info.htm (8713 words)

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