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	Vocabulary of Older Scots
		The antiquity of this in Scots remains to be investigated.
		The OE sound-changes are referred to as 'palatalisation', because they involved moving the place of articulation of certain consonants from the velum to the palate, when followed by certain other sounds.
		Scots evidence is lacking for the crucial period when AN was actually spoken in Scotland, so we must look at the form of the loanwords themselves for some indication as to whether they were borrowed from AN or from Continental French.
	www.dsl.ac.uk /SCOTSHIST/output4.php?file=NEW-final4Vocabulary.htm (5103 words)

	SCOTS - Encyclopedia.com
		This stream of vernacular literature in Scots was accompanied early in the 19c by a revival of interest in and approval of Modern Scots among the middle and upper classes, inspired to some extent by John Jamieson's Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language (1808).
		In the larger European context, the situation of Scots resembles that of FRISIAN in the Netherlands, Nynorsk in Norwegian, Occitan in relation to French in France, and Catalan in relation to Spanish in Spain.
		Scots is the SUBSTRATUM of general English in Scotland; most Scots use mixed varieties, and ‘full’ traditional Scots is now spoken by only a few rural people.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1O29-SCOTS.html (3118 words)

	Scotch Resource Center - single malt scotch
		From the early scotch plains high school scotch ratings 1980 19th century Scots or Scottish were the preferred usages among scotch pine tree johnnie walker scotch educated Scottish people, Scotch who made scotch tape being regarded as an anglicized affectation.
		Scots is used for the Scots language and Scots law, although one increasingly hears it used of people and organisations, especially in newspaper articles.
		Inglis was the Older Scots language word for English, and the modern form scotch yoke engine can still be found in surnames and place names as Ingles or Inglis [ɪŋlz] (IPA) e.g.
	www.taxgloss.com /Tax-Genericized_Trademark_Q_-_S-/Scotch.html (677 words)

	Mither Tongue - Scots the Language
		By the 15th century, Scots was the language of State, the principal language used by the Courts and Parliament.
		Scots, to the present day, remains a medium capable of expressing the most profound thoughts and ideas, with endless ability to adapt and reinvent itself.
		The introduction of centralised education (from the 1840s) meant that Scots was discouraged, and punished, in the administration and schools in favour of English.
	www.mithertongue.co.uk /lang01.shtml (767 words)

	The Scots and English Language, Clan Duncan Society - Scotland UK
		Scots has distinct general phonological and morphological features, common to many, but not necessarily all, of the dialects, and a syntax and vocabulary that differ significantly from English.
		The main stumbling-block for Scots today is that most people (and this is true of native Scots as well as other nationalities) cannot and /or do not distinguish between the variety of English that has become the Scottish Standard (SSE) and is a dialect of English and Scots, which is the descendant of OE.
		The Scots of central Scotland is very different from that of either the north or the south: the language of the east displays characteristics absent from that of the west and vice versa.
	www.clan-duncan.co.uk /lingo.html (1464 words)

	Scots language
		Scots became considered to have a substratal relationship to English, as opposed to an adstratal relationship.
		However, most younger Scots today see a Scottish accent, that is, Scottish English, as a sufficient marker of their Scottishness, and are generally not interested in retaining bilingualism in a language they consider old-fashioned, parochial, or simply uncool.
		Scots employs double modal constructions He'll no can come the day (He won't be able to come today), A micht coud come the morn (I may be able to come tomorrow), A uised tae coud dae it, but no nou (I could do it once, but not now).
	www.martinfrost.ws /htmlfiles/gazette/scots_language.html (6272 words)

	Scottish Language
		But Scots are right to seek assurance of their separate identity in their language, for Scottish English is unique, and very different from the English of England, America or Australia.
		The speech of most older Scots is scattered with a selection of such expressions, and varying in degree from family to family, the younger generation follows suit.
		A Scots schoolboy reads the first line of a poem: "She canna thole her dreams." He has never heard anybody use the Scots word thole, meaning "endure," and has to ask the teacher about it.
	www.visitdunkeld.com /scottish-language.htm (993 words)

	[No title]
		'Studying Scots vocabulary' and (with A. Aitken) 'The phonology of Older Scots' in John Corbett et al.
		'The impact of anglicisation on the phonology of Scots: a keethin sicht' in Katja Lenz and Ruth Möhlig eds, Of Dyuersitie and Chaunge of Langage.
		'Older Scots lexis' in Charles Jones, ed., The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language (Edinburgh University Press, 1997), 156—181.
	uk.geocities.com /macafee_caroline/publications.html (564 words)

	Bibliography:
		Scots is the name given to “the principal linguistic medium of face-to-face communication used by the vast majority of speakers who live within the boundaries of Scotland today” (Jones 1).
		Today, Scots is the flashpoint for a number of political, social, and cultural concerns, as questions surrounding the autonomy of a modern Scottish identity run up against the historical legacy of cultural hegemony in England.
		The biggest factor influencing the decline of Scots at this time appears to be a political one – in 1603, the crowns of Scotland and England were joined under James, who then turned the Scottish court into an English-speaking one by moving it to London.
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /~cpercy/courses/6361coll.htm (1151 words)

	Middle Scots - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Middle Scots describes the language of English-speaking Lowland Scotland in the period 1450 to 1700.
		Later in the period southern influence on the language increased owing to the new political and social relations with England, prior to and following the accession of James VI to the English throne.
		By the Union of Parliaments in 1707 southern Modern English was generally adopted as the literary language though Scots remained the vernacular.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Middle_Scots (938 words)

	Beginings of the Scots Language, Scottish History Online, Scotland - UK
		At the recent IOL conference in Edinburgh, the question ‘Is Scots a language?’ was raised.
		That Scots is related to English is not in any doubt, but to classify it as a weak, undesirable dialect is just plain wrong.
		Briefly, Scots and English share a common ancestor in a language descended from the language spoken by the Angles.
	www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk /lingual.html (409 words)

	Scottish Corpus of Texts and Speech - Document 840 - Cereal terms in the DOST record
		In modern Scots the /e/ pronunciation is found north of the Tay, but some of the DOST citations appear to be more southerly.
		The /e/ pronunciation in modern Scots is recorded mainly north of the Forth (and many of the DOST citations are easily identifiable to these areas), but SND also records it for Wigtownshire.
		Among the earliest are three from the first two known pieces of lexicography in Scots, Andrew Duncan's "Apologia Etymologiae" of 1595: 'Ador, far, fine wheat', and 'Siligo, fine white', and John Skene's "De Verborum Significatione" (1597): 'The last of wheate' in a list of commodities and their export dues in the entry for 'bullion'.
	www.scottishcorpus.ac.uk /corpus/search/document.php?documentid=840 (3895 words)

	Ulster-Scots Agency
		One individual letter that was common to Older Scots and Middle English in the medieval period was called 'yogh', and was generally written: '3'.
		The development of the Older Scots forms suld 'should' and sall 'shall' is not parallel to that from sogh to sheuch.
		The Scots past tense verb ending in '-it' or '-t' (rather than '-ed' or '-d'), is of course a historical form but it also reflects a pronunciation contrast with English.
	www.ulsterscotsagency.com /oldscotsspellingsinulsterscots.asp (1383 words)

	ipedia.com: Scotch Article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		From the early 19th century Scots or Scottish were the preferred usages among educated Scottish people, Scotch being regarded as an anglicized affectation.
		Scots is usually reserved for the Scots language and legal system.
		Inglis was the Older Scots for English and the modern form can still be found in Surnames and place names as Ingles or Inglis e.g.
	www.ipedia.com /scotch.html (380 words)

	PressZoom.com - Global News Service - News and Press Release Distribution
		The survey shows that more than three quarters (83%) of older Scots would like to see more of their home country with 72% likely to take a day, trip, short break or holiday in Scotland during the coming year according to the survey.
		It's fantastic that after having worked hard all their lives, older people are being rewarded by being able to travel for free to places they may never have been to before.
		Older and disabled islanders will also be entitled to two free return ferry trips to the mainland.
	presszoom.com /story_113874.html (626 words)

	Scottish Language Dictionaries
		The Dictionary of the Scots Language (DSL) comprises electronic editions of the two major historical dictionaries of the Scots language: the 12-volume Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue (DOST) and the 10-volume Scottish National Dictionary (SND).
		These are therefore essential research tools for anyone interested in the history of either Scots or English language, and for historical or literary scholars whose sources are written in Scots or may contain Scots usages.
		Thus, information on the earliest uses of Scots words can be presented alongside examples of the later development of the same words.
	www.clanlindsay.com /scottish_language_dictionaries.htm (365 words)

	[No title]
		Macafee, Caroline (2002) "The impact of anglicisation on the phonology of Scots: a keethin sicht" in Katja Lenz and Ruth Möhlig eds.
		Dossena, Marina (2001) "The cruel slauchtyr that was cruelly exsecutit: Intensification and adverbial modality in the Helsinki Corpus of Older Scots – A preliminary overview", Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 102:3, 287-302.
		Mackay, Margaret (1973) "The Scots of the Makars" in A. Aitken ed.
	wwwesterni.unibg.it /siti_esterni/anglistica/slin/scotbiblio.htm (14953 words)

	[No title]
		Since older authors are better known and their works more available, the best practice materials for a dialectician are the stories, poems, and songs of famous former writers.
		Only in strong Scots does HAD [haed] become [h broad a d], MAN [maen] become [m broad a n], HAND change to [h broad a nd] and MARY [m backward 3 rI] to [m broad a rI]; in some instances the substitution is carried even farther, to the extent that [ backward c:] is used.
		In older Scots it is quite usual to elimate a final consonant on many common words, and on some contractions.
	exit3.i-55.com /~festival/Documents/files/dialectScots.txt (4609 words)

	Dictionary of the Scots Language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Dictionary of the Scots Language (DSL) (Scots: Dictionar o the Scots Leid) is an online Scots-English language dictionary, now run by Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd (formerly the Scottish National Dictionary Association), based at George Square, at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland.
		The initial project, which ran from February 2001 to January 2004, was based at the University of Dundee, with some financial additional support from the Scottish Executive, the Arts and Humanities Research Board, Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd, the Russell Trust, and the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland.
		DOST contains information about Older Scots words in use from the 12th to the end of the 17th centuries (Early and Middle Scots); and SND contains information about Scots words in use from 1700 to the 1970s (modern Scots).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dictionary_of_the_Scots_Language (293 words)

	BBC NI - Learning - A State Apart - Culture - Article (1a)
		While Scots and English descend from the same root, most authorities accept that sixteenth century Scots can be described as a distinct language.
		With the Union of the Scottish and English Crowns in 1603, Scots ceased to be a politically separate language.
		That Scots lost its social prestige after 1603 is clear from the complete abandonment of Scots as a literary medium for over a hundred years.
	www.bbc.co.uk /northernireland/learning/history/stateapart/agreement/culture/support/cul2_c011.shtml (584 words)

	BBC - Voices - Multilingual Nation
		Since the Scots tongue is recognised as a valid signifier of national identity, it is recognised as a distinct language, for example by the European Bureau of Lesser Used Languages.
		The pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and idioms of Scots alter, generation on generation and region to region, according to pressures we are only beginning fully to explore.
		The Scots Language Society was formed in the 1970s to promote the use of the medium and campaign for a wider role for spoken and written Scots in everyday life, and its long-running magazine Lallans offers editorials, articles and reviews in Scots alongside the expected fiction and poetry.
	www.bbc.co.uk /voices/multilingual/scots.shtml (1289 words)

	Scots language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Scots is also spoken in parts of Northern Ireland and border areas of the Republic of Ireland, where it is known in official circles as Ulster Scots or Ullans.
		Scots became considered to have a substratal relationship to English, as opposed to an adstratal relationship.
		Ulster Scots, spoken by the descendants of Scottish settlers (and also many of Irish and English descent) in littoral Northern Ireland and County Donegal in the Irish Republic, and sometimes described by the neologism "Ullans", a conflation of Ulster and Lallans.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Scots_language (4455 words)

	Scots Language - Doric, Lallans, Ullans
		Scots is a Germanic language closely related to English and spoken by about 1.5 million people in Scotland.
		Scots is descended from the language of the Angles who settled in northern Britain, in an area now known as Nortumbria and southern Scotland, in the 5th century AD.
		The Scots tongue, already incomprehensible to many south of the border, is about to become even more abstruse with the emergence of a new form of Scottish rhyming slang.
	thecapitalscot.com /pastfeatures/scots-language.html (1143 words)

	L'écossais, Scots, scottish english
		Scots Grammar, David Purves, Purves presents Scots as a separate language in its own right, resisting the often prevalent notion that Scots is merely a dialect of English, and gives a coherent overview of the distinctive grammatical and idiomatic usage of Scots.
		The Edinburgh Companion to Scots, a comprehensive introduction to the study of older and present-day Scots language.
		Scots has also had a major influence outwith its home territory, notably in Ulster and, to a smaller, but no less important extent, in Canada and Australia where both vocabulary and grammatical features of Scots can be found to this day.
	www.polyglotte.org /ecossais-scots.html (797 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Scots
		The Scots were outnumbered three to one by the English soldiers, but they triumphed through masterly use of terrain, forcing the English...
		However, as part of the continuum of ScoE and SCOTS, vernacular speech is strong in working-class areas such as Leith and Gorgie and in the city's...
		INGLIS [Pronounced x2C8;ɪŋlɪZ/ and x2C8;ɪŋlZ The word for English in northern MIDDLE ENGLISH and Older SCOTS, used from the 14c by writers of Older Scots as the name of their language, which they saw as the same as the language of England.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Scots&StartAt=21 (1033 words)

	Scottish Text Society - Current Titles
		The Older Scots Vowels: A History of the Stressed Vowels of Older Scots from the Beginnings to the Eighteenth Century, by A.J. Aitken, ed.
		This Scots version is one of the last to be produced and draws on an eclectic range of sources to produce a romance that situates Alexander in a Christian context while foregoing none of his story’s traditional bellicosity and drama.
		These are accompanied by substantial biographical, critical, and bibliographical studies, and by a glossary of the Scots words used in Ramsay’s poems in volumes III and IV.
	www.amphetameanies.co.uk /Helen/currenttitles.htm (2030 words)

	The Palis of Honoure: Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Palis of Honoure is written in Older Scots, the linguistic descendant of the language (Northumbrian Old English permeated by Old Norse) spoken by the twelfth-century English immigrants to the burghs of southern and eastern Scotland.
		Perhaps the most obtrusive feature of Older Scots spelling is the regular occurrence of quh for southern English wh (e.g., quhen for when, quhois for whose; 1, 24); more pervasive is a where o would be expected (e.g., na for no, amang for among, maist for most; 381, 26, 74).
		Aitken, A. ``The Language of Older Scots Poetry.'' In Scotland and the Lowland Tongue: Studies in the Language and Literature of Lowland Scotland in Honour of David D. Murison, ed.
	www.lib.rochester.edu /camelot/teams/palisint.htm (3044 words)

	Scottish Arts Council - Archive - Scottish Language Dictionaries profile
		They work for Scotland in their promotion of the linguistic aspect of Scotland's rich culture internationally; they have made successful contact with many Scottish heritage organisations in North America and participated in the debut of a Scottish writing exhibition at the Modern Language Association annual convention of academics and teachers in Philadelphia in December 2004.
		Anyone who is interested in Scots can take part by gathering words and expressions from their own usage or from that of family and friends, or by marking the Scots words used in the flood of contemporary writing for excerption by SLD's editors.
		Although declared a language by the EU, Scots still suffers from the stigma of years of suppression and many speakers are still conditioned to think of their native language as a slang form of English.
	www.scottisharts.org.uk /1/artsinscotland/literature/projects/archive/scottishlanguagedictionaries.aspx (873 words)

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