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Topic: Olduvai

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	Olduvai Theory: Sliding Towards a Post-Industrial Stone Age, by Richard Duncan
		In this discussion, 'Olduvai theory' is a metaphor.
		The Olduvai theory explains the Figure 2 data, but the exponential-growth theory (of mainstream economics) and the steady-state theory both fail.
		The Olduvai theory cannot be overthrown (i.e., scientifically rejected) by outrage or indignation.
	dieoff.org /page125.htm (3053 words)

	Olduvai Gorge - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Olduvai Gorge or Oldupai Gorge is a 30 mile long, steep-sided ravine, part of the Great Rift Valley which stretches along eastern Africa.
		Olduvai is in the eastern Serengeti Plains, northern Tanzania, east Africa.
		Olduvai is the location of the first monolith in Arthur C. Clarke's 2001: A Space Odyssey series of books.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Olduvai (440 words)

	Olduvai Gorge: Showcase of Early Man's Technology
		Olduvai Gorge is probably the most famous place in the world to have yielded the remains of early man. And Louis and Mary Leakey, the husband-wife team which began excavating fossils in the gorge in 1931, are undoubtedly the best known hominid paleontologists.
		One of the most remarkable clues to the life style of early man at Olduvai is a circle of stones that Mary Leakey considers to be the remains of a hut of branches anchored at the base by the stones.
		Of all the animals at Olduvai, those that occupy most of Mary Leakey's attention are the ones long since dead, the ones whose fossilized bones have been exhumed from the gorge.
	www.aliciapatterson.org /APF001973/Rensberger/Rensberger06/Rensberger06.html (2758 words)

	Olduvai theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Olduvai theory was first introduced by Richard C. Duncan, Ph.D. in 1989.
		The name is a reference to the Olduvai Gorge.
		The Olduvai theory states that the industrial civilization will have a lifetime of less than or equal to 100 years.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Olduvai_theory (357 words)

	Olduvai Camp \| Tented Lodge (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The first is to use Olduvai Camp as a base for superb game viewing during the green season and the second is to use Olduvai Camp as a quick stopover for resting, walking and cultural activities during the dry season.
		You can sit in the lounge at Olduvai and watch the plumes of dust off on the horizon as hundreds of uninformed visitors race by the Southern Plains and all the large herds of wildebeest on their way to the Central Serengeti.
		Olduvai Camp consists of 16 permanent tents situated at the base of a large kopje (granite boulder hill).
	www.africadreamsafaris.com /lodges/olduvia.html (2051 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Search Results - Olduvai Gorge (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Olduvai Gorge, ravine and archaeological site in northern Tanzania, in the eastern Serengeti Plain.
		Their remains have been found in the Olduvai Gorge and elsewhere in the...
		Beginning in 1926, Leakey led expeditions to Olduvai Gorge in Tanganyika where he found important fossils and Stone Age tools.
	au.encarta.msn.com /Olduvai_Gorge.html (95 words)

	Olduvai Theory
		The Olduvai Gorge is a gentle picturesque valley that extends east to west within the Serengeti National Park in northern Tanzania.
		The main goals for this section are threefold: (1) to discuss the Olduvai theory from 1930 to 2030, (2) to identify the important energy events during this time, and (3) to stress that Industrial Civilization = Electrical Civilization = the "modern way of life." Figure 4 depicts the Olduvai theory.
		The year 2012 marks the end of the Olduvai "slide," wherein ê declines at 0.67 %/year from 2000 to 2012.The "cliff" is the third and final interval in the Olduvai schema.
	www.mnforsustain.org /oil_duncan_r_olduvai_theory.htm (5956 words)

	Olduvai update \| EnergyBulletin.net \| Peak Oil News Clearinghouse
		His Olduvai theory states that the life expectancy of Industrial Civilization is less than or equal to 100 years: 1930-2030, based on his projections for the ratio of world energy production and population.
		The Olduvai 'cliff' event has been moved closer to the present by four years: namely from 2012 previously to 2008 in the update.
		The latter interval comprises the historic 'Olduvai plateau'.
	www.energybulletin.net /3294.html (429 words)

	Olduvai Gorges (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Olduvai Gorge is a river canyon about 50 km long and 90 m deep which runs to the north-west of Ngorongoro Crater.
		Olduvai Gorge can be visited at ay time of the year, but Laetoli is not accessible.
		Housed in the National Monument known as the German Fort, the museum is entrusted with the responsibility acquiring, conserving, communicating and exhibiting to the public the country's natural resources treasures.
	www.tanzaniaholidays.com /histSites.html (179 words)

	Encyclopedia: Olduvai theory (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Olduvai Gorge from space Topography of Olduvai Gorge The Olduvai Gorge is a 30 mile long, steep-sided ravine, part of the Great Rift Valley which stretches along eastern Africa.
		A Malthusian catastrophe, sometimes known as a Malthusian check, is a return to subsistence-level conditions as a result of agricultural (or, in later formulations, economic) production being eventually outstripped by growth in population.
		Industrialisation (or industrialization) or an industrial revolution (in general, with lowercase letters) is a process of social and economic change whereby a human society is transformed from a pre-industrial to an industrial state.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Olduvai-theory (763 words)

	AllRefer.com - Olduvai Gorge, Africa (African Physical Geography) - Encyclopedia
		Olduvai Gorge[Ol´duwA´´, –vA´´] Pronunciation Key, a feature of the E African Rift Valley in Tanzania.
		The site was made famous by the numerous hominid fossils excavated by Louis Leakey and his wife, Mary Leakey, as well as by later researchers.
		Recent research in Olduvai has centered on excavated camp sites addressing problems involving the social and dietary adaptations of early hominids.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/O/OlduvaiG.html (254 words)

	Olduvai Formation
		One of the most fascinating aspects of the Olduvai region is the reconstruction of its dynamic formation processes.
		Although Olduvai contains archaeological materials covering most of the time span from 3+ million years ago to very recent times, in this exercise we are primarily interested in Bed I, which contains the oldest hominid fossils from the area.
		The lake deposits consist of fine-grained clays and mudstones deposited at the bottom of the large lake that formed in the basin sometime during the developmental history of Bed I, and continued into the period when Bed IV was formed, at which point it completely dried up.
	www.skidmore.edu /academics/anthropology/Anth3/Exercises/OlduvaiForm/OlduvaiForm.html (2169 words)

	Safaris -- Olduvai Gorge side trip
		The Olduvai Gorge is a popular side trip because it is a short, convenient detour when traveling between the Serengeti and Ngorongoro Crater.
		The Olduvai Gorge is where some of the earliest known physical evidence of early man was unearthed.
		Seventeen years later his wife astounded the scientific world by finding near Olduvai Gorge the unmistakable fossilized footprints of a human ancestor who was walking 3 million years ago along a river bank.
	www.hillmanwonders.com /safari/side_olduvai.htm (202 words)

	Olduvai Gorge -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		The Olduvai River at the uppermost part of Olduvai Gorge in Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania.
		Olduvai Gorge was designated part of a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1979.
		The Olduvai fossil beds accumulated in a lake basin about 16 miles (25 km) in diameter, which is underlain by volcanic rocks of the Pliocene Epoch (1.6 to 5.3 million years old) and, further below, by metamorphic deposits of Precambrian age (540 million to 3.8 billion years old).
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9056998?tocId=9056998 (1627 words)

	EO Newsroom: New Images - Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
		Olduvai Gorge is a 50-km-long (30-mile), 90-meter-deep (295-foot) ravine located in the eastern Serengeti Plains of northern Tanzania, within the Ngorongoro Conservation Area.
		This simulated natural-color image of Olduvai Gorge was acquired on February 1, 2001, by the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) aboard NASA’s Terra satellite.
		Olduvai Gorge attracted widespread attention among archeologists in 1959 when Louis and Mary Leakey discovered the fossilized skull of zinjanthropus, a human ancestor that scientists believe lived in the region 1.8 million years ago.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16869 (363 words)

	ACM Tanzania Program
		Nearby are Olduvai Gorge and Laetoli, which have been sites of paleo-anthropological research since the early 1900’s.
		During their years at Olduvai and Laetoli spanning five decades, Mary and Louis Leakey uncovered numerous fossil remains, including a 1.75 million-year-old Australopithecus cranium, the first identification of Homo habilis, and a long trail of 3.5 million-year-old hominoid footprints.
		Olduvai Gorge and Laetoli are part of East Africa’s “Rift Valley,” where volcanic and other sediments provide a layered record of the past two million years.
	www.acm.edu /tanzania/field.html (304 words)

	Human Ancestors Hall: OH 7 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The partial mandible shown to the right was found in 1960 in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, along with two parietal bones.
		Labeled OH 7 ("Olduvai Hominid # 7"), this is the type specimen for the species Homo habilis.
		The designation of a second early human species at Olduvai in the 2 million year old range (and more importantly, a member of the genus Homo) was central to the validation of Louis Leakey's firmly held belief that the stone tools found at Olduvai were not made by australopiths.
	www.mnh.si.edu /anthro/humanorigins/ha/oh7.html (171 words)

	The Olduvai Gorge (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Olduvai Gorge is an archaeological site located in the eastern Serengeti Plains.
		In 1959 the skull of zinjanthropus was discovered by Dr. Leakey at the Olduvai Gorge.
		In the 1970's the foot-prints of animals and early hominids dating back to 3.5 million years were found by Mary Leakey at Laetoli, some 45 kms south of Olduvai Gorge.
	www.takimsholidays.com /safaris/olduvaigorge.asp (398 words)

	THE PEAK OF WORLD OIL PRODUCTION - Richard C. Duncan (Site not responding. Last check: )
		I chose the name "Olduvai" because (1) it is justly famous, (2) I've been there, (3) its long hollow sound is eerie and ominous, and (4) it is a good metaphor for the 'Stone Age way of life'.
		In fact, the Olduvai way of life was (and still is) a sustainable way of life — local, tribal, and solar — and, for better or worse, our ancestors practiced it for millions of years.
		The Olduvai "slide", the first of the future intervals, begins in 2000 with the escalating warfare in the Middle East.
	dieoff.com /page224.htm (5389 words)

	Investigating Olduvai CD-ROM. Archaeology of Human Origins
		Students are introduced to the geological setting of Olduvai Gorge, and the history of discoveries at sites along the gorge.
		Development: The Olduvai project began in June 1992, and within three months we had produced a prototype of the program that my students tested.
		Investigating Olduvai has been used by my students for assignments in a variety of different courses, every semester since fall 1992.
	www.indiana.edu /~origins/teach/Olduvai.html (437 words)

	Olduvai Gorge
		The main Olduvai Beds are in a lake basin about 16 miles in diameter.
		Examples of at least three species of hominids have been found at Olduvai, including Australopithecus boisei, Homo habilis, and In addition, the two earliest stone tool traditions, Oldowan and Acheulian have been found along with fossil remains.
		Both the fossils and the tools have been important lines of evidence in understanding Recent research in Olduvai has centered on excavated camp sites addressing problems involving the social and dietary adaptations of early hominids.
	simbaeastafricansafari.com /olduvai_gorge.htm (974 words)

	Olduvai Gorge - Victoria Expeditions Tanzania
		The fifty km long Olduvai Gorge between the Ngorongoro Crater and Serengeti has on several occasions shed the light over the origin of human kind.
		Shortly thereafter they found fossils which had even greater similarity to humans, and they came to the conclusion that this had to be a new species, Homo habilis (the able man), who lived in the Olduvai Gorge at the same time of the zinjanthropus.
		A visit to Olduvai Gorge is listed as an option in most of our safari tours.
	www.victoriatz.com /olduvai.htm (359 words)

	World Energy Production, Population Growth, and the Road to the Olduvai Gorge; Richard Duncan
		The Olduvai Gorge is a gentle picturesque valley that extends east to west within the Serengeti National Park in northern Tanzania.
		The Olduvai theory, however, deals neither with the layered geology or the famous paleontology of the Olduvai Gorge.
		The main goals for this section are threefold: (1) to discuss the Olduvai theory from 1930 to 2030, (2) to identify the important energy events during this time, and (3) to stress that Industrial Civilization = Electrical Civilization = the 'modern way of life.' Figure 4 depicts the Olduvai theory.
	www.greatchange.org /ov-duncan,road_to_olduvai_gorge.html (6079 words)

	RPG Now: Olduvai's Test
		Rumor has it that those who complete the test are granted an audience with Olduvai while those who fail wind up paying a higher price.
		This module is ideal to use as a mid-adventure change of pace or a jumping off point for a much longer campaign.
		Olduvai's Test is a short D20 adventure designed for four to six first or second level characters.
	www.rpgnow.com /product_info.php?cPath=269&products_id=5& (304 words)

	Olduvai Gorge - Oldupai Gorge - The cradle of mankind - Shifting Sands Ngorongoro
		Olduvai Gorge - Oldupai Gorge - The cradle of mankind - Shifting Sands Ngorongoro
		Apart from Olduvai Gorge, which reminds us of the origin of mankind, there are also the ruins of the ancient city, which are marked by stone terrace and the complex irrigation system at Engaruka within Conservation Area
		Technically they are known as barkan, and they result if there is sufficient dust on the ground and a unidirectional wind to blow it.
	www.utalii.com /Ngorongoro/Olduvai_Gorge.htm (306 words)

	Humankind’s family tree reshaped - Science Mysteries - MSNBC.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Olduvai Gorge is one of the world’s richest troves of early human fossils, and archaeologists have been at work in the area for nearly 100 years.
		For one thing, the Science team found OH 65 and the other fossils in the little-known western region of Olduvai Gorge, on the side of ancient Lake Olduvai opposite from the famous sites where the Leakeys and others had explored.
		“The Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania has shown its potential is far from exhausted,” wrote erstwhile Leakey colleague Phillip Tobias of South Africa’s University of the Witwatersrand, in a commentary that accompanies the Science paper.
	msnbc.msn.com /id/3077432 (1231 words)

	Early Man at Olduvai Gorge (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania—Our modern understanding of human evolution began with finds by Dr. Louis and Mary Leakey in this rugged gorge, where faulting and erosion have laid bare 100 meters of sediment spanning 2 million years.
		Because Olduvai’s record is so rich, the stakes are high.
		At the southern end of the Serengeti Plain, Olduvai is just 50 minutes’ drive from the Ngorongoro Crater and harbors abundant wildlife as well, including giraffes, elephants, antelopes, hyenas, and more.
	www.earthwatch.org /expeditions/masao.html (384 words)

	THE PEAK OF WORLD OIL PRODUCTION - Richard C. Duncan
		I chose the name "Olduvai" because (1) it is justly famous, (2) I've been there, (3) its long hollow sound is eerie and ominous, and (4) it is a good metaphor for the 'Stone Age way of life'.
		In fact, the Olduvai way of life was (and still is) a sustainable way of life — local, tribal, and solar — and, for better or worse, our ancestors practiced it for millions of years.
		The Olduvai theory, to review, states that the life expectancy of Industrial Civilization is less than or equal to one hundred years, as measured by the world average energy production person per year: ê = E/(Pop).
	www.dieoff.org /page224.htm (5389 words)

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