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	Olfactory nerve - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The specialized olfactory receptor neurons of the olfactory nerve are located in the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity.
		The sense of smell (olfaction) arises from the stimulation of the olfactory receptors by activation from gas molecules that pass by the nose during respiration.
		The olfactory nerve is the shortest of all the twelve cranial nerves and only one of two cranial nerves (the other being the optic nerve) that do not join with the brainstem.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Olfactory_nerve (263 words)

	Olfactory bulb - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The olfactory bulb is a part of the brain that is a distinct outgrowth from the forebrain of mammals.
		The olfactory bulb receives direct input from olfactory nerve, made up of the axons from approximately 10 million olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory mucosa, a region of the nasal cavity.
		Glomeruli are permeated by dendritic inputs to neurons known as mitral cells, which in turn output to the olfactory cortex.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Olfactory_bulb (280 words)

	Olfactory Dysfunction and Disorders
		Posttraumatic olfactory dysfunction may be caused by several mechanisms: 1) sinonasal tract alteration, 2) shearing injury of olfactory nerve filament, or 3) brain contusion and hemorrhage within the olfactory-related brain regions.
		Although olfactory dysfunction caused by sinonasal tract alteration is not common, it is important to recognize it.
		The axons of olfactory receptor cells are delicate and pass through small foramina of the cribriform plate at the base of the skull and synapse directly in the olfactory bulb.
	www.utmb.edu /otoref/Grnds/Olfactory-2003-1126/Olfactory-2003-1126.htm (3417 words)

	Olfactory receptor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Olfactory receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor in olfactory receptor neurons.
		In vertebrates, the olfactory receptors are located in the olfactory epithelium.
		Olfactory bulb - Olfactory nerve - Olfactory epithelium - Glomeruli - Olfactory mucosa - Olfactory receptor neurons - - Piriform cortex
	www.hartselle.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Odorant_receptor (397 words)

	The Olfactory Organ
		The intrinsic simplicity of the olfactory epithelium and its direct connections with the brain as well as the not obvious importance of the organ as a whole in the behavior of the humans, allowed for a justifiable neglect.
		The regrowth of the olfactory nerve influences the structure of the brain " in toto " and the transplant of a supernumerary olfactory organ produces a new brain hemisphere.
		The olfactory mucosa of the rats was isolated, its cells were dissociated and among them olfactory neuroblasts, and after purification they were injected in sterile conditions in young and adult rats in diverse brain location.
	www.montegen.com /html/body_the_olfactory_organ.htm (678 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The olfactory nerve is actually a collection of sensory nerve rootlets that extend down from the olfactory bulb and pass through the many openings of the cribriform plate in the ethmoid bone.
		These specialized sensory receptive parts of the olfactory nerve are then located in the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity.
		During breathing air molecules attach to the olfactory mucosa and stimulate the olfactory receptors of cranial nerve I and electrical activity is transduced into the olfactory bulb.
	www.meddean.luc.edu /lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/h_n/cn/cn1/cn1.htm (102 words)

	Nutrition Reviews: Olfactory Receptors and Odor Coding in Mammals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Odorant detection is mediated by millions of olfactory sensory neurons located in the olfactory epithelium lining the nasal cavity.2 These neurons transmit sensory signals to the olfactory bulb of the brain, which in turn sends signals to the olfactory cortex.
		From there, olfactory information is transmitted to higher cortical areas thought to be involved in the conscious perception and discrimination of odors, as well as to limbic areas that may control their emotional and motivational effects.
		Olfactory sensory neurons project axons to the olfactory bulb, where the axons synapse with bulb neurons in spherical structures called glomeruli.2 There are about 2000 glomeruli arrayed over the surface of the mouse bulb, each receiving input from several thousand sensory neurons.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3624/is_200411/ai_n9470716 (1140 words)

	IX. Neurology. 5a. The Olfactory Nerves. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		771) or nerves of smell are distributed to the mucous membrane of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity: this region comprises the superior nasal concha, and the corresponding part of the nasal septum.
		The olfactory nerves are non-medullated, and consist of axis-cylinders surrounded by nucleated sheaths, in which, however, there are fewer nuclei than are found in the sheaths of ordinary non-medullated nerve fibers.
		The olfactory center in the cortex is generally associated with the rhinencephalon (page 826).
	www.bartleby.com /107/196.html (283 words)

	NIH Guide: OLFACTORY NEUROGENESIS
		This PA, Olfactory Neurogenesis, is related to the priority areas of diabetes and chronic disabling conditions and special population objectives.
		This suggests that olfactory sensory neurons must express the right receptor molecules and match that expression to the right targets in the olfactory bulb, not only during initial development, but also during subsequent neurogenesis.
		It is possible that progenitors of olfactory sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium are multipotent.
	grants.nih.gov /grants/guide/pa-files/PA-95-090.html (1474 words)

	OLFACTORY TISSUE TRANSPLANTATION FOR SPINAL CORD INJURY
		e, are composed of 1) dendrites, hair-like projections that receive informational molecules; 2) the olfactory knob from which the dendrites are attached; 3) the cell body, containing the neuron’s nucleus and metabolic center; and 4) the signal-conducting axon.
		The dog’s side of the fence represents the nose’s olfactory tissue, the tail side the brain’s olfactory bulb, and the fence the cranial barrier.
		The dog’s whiskers represent dendrites that are attached to the dog’s head (i.e., olfactory knob), its potbelly represents the nucleus-containing cell body, and its long tail represents the axon.
	www.healingtherapies.info /OlfactoryTissue1.htm (1473 words)

	Press Release: The 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		These receptors are located on the olfactory receptor cells, which occupy a small area in the upper part of the nasal epithelium and detect the inhaled odorant molecules.
		From these micro domains in the olfactory bulb the information is relayed further to other parts of the brain, where the information from several olfactory receptors is combined, forming a pattern.
		Olfactory receptor cells activate micro regions in the olfactory bulb
	nobelprize.org /medicine/laureates/2004/press.html (1399 words)

	SMELL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Smells are detected in the nose by the specialised receptor cells of the olfactory epithelium.
		Neurons from the lateral olfactory tract project to; (1) the amygdala, septal nuclei, pre-pyriform cortex, the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus and the subiculum.
		Olfactory hallucinations coupled with feelings of deja vu occur in "uncinate seizures", a form of temporal lobe epilepsy, and sometimes there is a generalised intensification of smell.
	www.cf.ac.uk /biosi/staff/jacob/teaching/sensory/olfact1.html (8013 words)

	HHMI News: Researchers Discover Precise Olfactory Map
		There are about five million olfactory neurons, which are located in the olfactory epithelium on the wall of the nasal cavity.
		In the olfactory bulb, however, the axons of neurons with the same receptor converge in a few invariant glomeruli, creating a map of odor receptor inputs that is nearly identical in different individuals.
		The olfactory cortex is actually composed of several distinct brain structures, each of which may have a different function.
	www.hhmi.org /news/buck3.html (1193 words)

	How Rats and Mice—and Probably Humans—Recognize Odors
		Each olfactory neuron in the nose has a long fiber, or axon, that pokes through a tiny opening in the bone above it, the cribriform plate, to make a connection, or synapse, with other neurons.
		A round, knob-like structure, the olfactory bulb is quite large in animals with an acute sense of smell but decreases in relative size as this ability wanes.
		In the olfactory epithelium of the nose, Axel and Buck's groups found, neurons that make a given odorant receptor do not cluster together; instead, these neurons are distributed randomly within certain broad regions of the epithelium, called expression zones, which are symmetrical on the two sides of the animals' nasal cavities.
	www.hhmi.org /senses/d/d130.htm (688 words)

	Neuroscience for Kids - Chemical Senses
		The electrical signal generated when an olfactory sensory neuron is activated is passed along to a secondary neuron residing in the bulb, and from here the signal goes by way of the olfactory tract to other brain areas.
		The olfactory system is often described as the most "primitive" sensory system because of its early phylogenetic development and its connections to older, subconscious portions of the brain.
		Olfactory abilities vary widely among individuals -- we all know someone who is able to smell things when no one else can, or someone who doesn't seem to mind an unpleasant odor when most people do.
	faculty.washington.edu /chudler/chems.html (3229 words)

	STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM OF BIGEYE TUNE, THUNNUS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Gross morphological examination showed that the olfactory chamber that houses the round olfactory rosette in bigeye tuna, is covered by a thick epidermal tissue with an anterior nasal inlet and a posterior slit-like outlet.
		On the contrary, the round olfactory rosette of the marlin is visible through the anterior and posterior nasal openings that are separated by an upstanding nasal labial flap.
		Olfactory ciliated receptor neuron, olfactory microvillar receptor neuron, sustentacular cells and mucous cells comprised the main cellular constituents of the sensory epithelium in both species.
	swfsc.ucsd.edu /tunaconf/TC51Abst/Mana.html (569 words)

	eMedicine - Anatomy of Olfactory System : Article by Amir Vokshoor, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Olfactory dysfunction is a hallmark of certain syndromes such as Kallmann syndrome (ie, hypogonadism with anosmia) and Foster Kennedy syndrome (ie, papilledema, unilateral anosmia, and optic atrophy usually associated with an olfactory groove meningioma).
		Olfactory structures also can be injured during craniotomies involving the anterior cranial base or from subarachnoid hemorrhage, which may disrupt the fine fibers of the olfactory nerve.
		Detection of olfactory dysfunction begins with sampling of a series of common odors, which can be performed at the bedside with odiferous substances such as coffee, lemon, and peppermint.
	www.emedicine.com /ENT/topic564.htm (2065 words)

	Aroma@The Olfactory Corporation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Olfactory began in a small Santa Monica, California apartment in 1967; with capital of $25.00, and one man's idea that a technological break-through was needed to create a major American market for an age-old air freshener...Incense.
		The Olfactory is known industry wide for its excellence in quality and packaging, for which it has received national awards.
		Olfactory products are known in national supermarkets, drug chains, distributors, gift and floral accounts, department stores, custom fragrance blends, and private labeling.
	www.olfactory.net (231 words)

	SOSI: Quality of Life in Olfactory Dysfunction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		While olfactory loss goes undetected in everyday life in many of these patients, and almost all of them continue their social and professional activities, it may severely alter the quality of life of these people.
		However, at least in patients with olfactory loss due to sino-nasal disease, a major component of the patients' decreased quality of life is related to the decreased patency of their nasal airways - which in turn will severely affect the results obtained by means of these questionnaires.
		While olfactory loss goes undetected in everyday life of most of these patients, and almost all of them continue their social and professional activities, it may severely alter the quality of life of these people.
	www.senseofsmell.org /feature/whitepaper/whitepaper_print.html (5526 words)

	Neuroscience for Kids - Smell
		Hair cells are the receptors in the olfactory epithelium that respond to particular chemicals.
		The olfactory tract transmits the signals to the brain to areas such as the olfactory cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.
		This is because the molecules that carry smell cannot reach the olfactory receptors.
	faculty.washington.edu /chudler/nosek.html (495 words)

	Olfactory Bulb
		The Olfactory Bulb is important for the sense of smell.
		The olfactory bulb, the center of smell detection, houses numerous primitive stem cells that normally feed the constant, life-long regeneration of odor-detecting nerves.
		The Olfactory Bulb contains the neuronal somas and dendrites that receive the synaptic input from the neurons comprising cranial nerve (I), the olfactory nerve.
	www.psyweb.com /Brain/olfactbulb.jsp (57 words)

	Gomez Lab: research on olfactory neurogenesis
		Mature olfactory neurons (the cells that are responsible for detecting odorant stimuli) live for a few months.
		When they die, they are shed, new olfactory neurons divide and differentiate from neuronal precursons, rewire themselves into the brain (olfactory bulb), and replace the shed olfactory neurons.
		To study olfactory neurogenesis in the human olfactory epithelium, I have been able to establish cultures from biopsies of adult human olfactory epithelium.
	academic.uofs.edu /faculty/gomezg2/culture.htm (419 words)

	ottolab
		Although olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) regeneration and subsequent reinnervation of the olfactory bulb (OB) occurs following ORN injury, the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that contribute to the regulation of this dynamic process have not yet been fully identified.
		The primary goal of the present experiments was to further assess the extent to which GF-related enhancements in the rate of anatomical recovery during ORN regeneration and reinnervation of OB are accompanied by enhancements in the normal rate of recovery of olfaction.
		In this paper, we describe the potential relationship between olfactory and contextual conditioning in experimental animals and the development and expression of CI in humans.
	www.rci.rutgers.edu /~totto (5197 words)

	The Clustered Olfactory Receptor Gene Family 262: Genomic Organization, Promotor Elements, and Interacting ...
		LH-2-expressing cells are restricted to the deep layer of the olfactory epithelium, close to the basal membrane.sus, sustentacular cell layer; OSN, olfactory sensory neuron layer; B/IN, layer of basal cells and immature olfactory neurons.Scale bar, 50 µm.
		Olfactory neurones expressing distinct odorant receptor subtypes are spatially segregated in the nasal neuroepithelium.
		Olfactory neurons expressing closely linked and homologous odorant receptor genes tend to project their axons to neighboring glomeruli on the olfactory bulb.
	www.genome.org /cgi/content/full/13/12/2674 (6749 words)

	Olfactory Sensitivity for Carboxylic Acids in Spider Monkeys and Pigtail Macaques -- Laska et al. 29 (2): 101 -- ...
		Olfactory Sensitivity for Carboxylic Acids in Spider Monkeys and Pigtail Macaques -- Laska et al.
		Figure 2 Olfactory detection threshold values (expressed as vapour phase concentrations) of the spider monkeys as a function of carbon chain length of the carboxylic acids tested.
		Kaluza, J.F. and Breer, H. Responsiveness of olfactory neurons to distinct aliphatic aldehydes.
	chemse.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/29/2/101 (3753 words)

	Functional Mapping of Human Brain in Olfactory Processing: A PET Study -- Qureshy et al. 84 (3): 1656 -- Journal of ...
		orbitofrontal cortex is the secondary olfactory cortex because
		The brain regions involved in olfactory matching were the left cuneus and bilateral cerebellar regions (Table 5, Fig.
		Olfactory performance assessed by the combined testing of odor identification, odor discrimination and olfactory threshold.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/84/3/1656 (7282 words)

	Olfactory learning: convergent findings from lesion and brain imaging studies in humans -- Dade et al. 125 (1): 86 -- ...
		Olfactory learning: convergent findings from lesion and brain imaging studies in humans -- Dade et al.
		Olfactory learning: convergent findings from lesion and brain imaging studies in humans
		The role of temporal lobe structures in olfactory memory was
	brain.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/125/1/86 (432 words)

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