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Topic: Olfactory receptor neuron

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	Olfactory receptor neuron - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Olfactory receptor neurons reside on the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity.
		The cells are bipolar neurons with a dendrite facing the interior space of the nasal cavity and an axon that travels along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb.
		These cillia contain olfactory receptors, a type of G protein-coupled receptor, which are activated by binding to structures on the odor molecule, according to prevaling theory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Olfactory_receptor_neuron (324 words)

	Olfactory receptor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Olfactory receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor in olfactory receptor neurons.
		In vertebrates, the olfactory receptors are located in the olfactory epithelium.
		Once the odorant has bound to the odor receptor, the receptor activates the attached G protein on the inside of the olfactory receptor neuron.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Odorant_receptor (359 words)

	Olfaction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mitral cells in the olfactory bulb send the information about the individual features to other parts of the olfactory system in the brain, which puts together the features into a representation of the odor.
		This is possibly due to the olfactory system's close anatomical ties to the limbic system and hippocampus, areas of the brain that have long been known to be involved in emotion and place memory, respectively.
		The antennae have the sensory neurons in the sensilla and they have their axons terminating in the antennal lobes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Olfaction (871 words)

	Auburn University Detection Canine Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Unlike other receptor neurons the olfactory neuron is directly exposed to the external environment, placing them at risk to injury, disease and death.
		The molecular receptors responsible for odor detection are located along the olfactory cilia.
		Olfactory dendrites (D) extend from receptor neurons (O) to reach the epithelial surface where sensory cilia (C) come in contact with oderants.
	www.vetmed.auburn.edu /cdri/neuroscience.htm (329 words)

	Olfaction
		Olfaction, the sense of smell, is the detection of chemicals dissolved in air (or, by animals that breathe water, in water).
		Each olfactory receptor neuron in the nose expresses only one functional odor receptor which detects a feature of the odor molecule.
		To detect pheromones many vertebrates have an auxiliary olfactory sense organ called Jacobson's organ or the vomeronasal organ, located in the vomer, between the nose and the mouth.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/o/ol/olfaction.html (590 words)

	The Aromatic Plant Project ~ Aromatic Article Archives
		The Olfactory Receptor Neuron (ORN) is the workhorse of the nose.
		These receptors may be in a state of chronic adaptation, and therefore have a functional reduction of sensitivity.
		Biopsies of the olfactory epithelium (a path of skin within the nose where the ORNs are located) have shown that the less mature cells are found deeper, and they migrate to the surface as they mature.
	www.aromaticplantproject.com /articles_archive/sense_of_smell.html (1353 words)

	Recent Research-Wachowiak Lab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Representation of odorants by receptor neuron input to the mouse olfactory bulb.
		Presynaptic inhibition of olfactory receptor neuron input to glomeruli:
		Wachowiak, M., Heyward, P.M., Puche, A.C. and Shipley, M.T. Regulation of receptor neurons input to the mouse olfactory bulb mediated by suppression of presynaptic calcium influx.
	people.bu.edu /dmattw/research.htm (511 words)

	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004
		The odorant receptors are located on the olfactory receptor cells in the nasal cavity.
		When an odorant substance attaches to an olfactory receptor, the shape of the receptor protein is altered, leading to a G protein activation.
		An electric signal is triggered in the olfactory receptor neuron and sent to the brain via nerve processes.
	nobelprize.org /medicine/laureates/2004/illpres/3_receptors.html (187 words)

	Dr. Stuart Firestein
		We use the vertebrate olfactory receptor neuron as a model for investigating general principles and mechanisms of signal transduction - receptor-ligand interactions, modulation by second messeng ers, ion channel gating, and the long term mechanisms of adaptation and desensitization.
		The olfactory neuron is uniquely suited for these studies since it is designed specifically for the detection and discrimination of a wide variety of small organic mo lecules, i.e.
		Because odor receptors make up the largest family of G-protein coupled receptors (also including many neurotransmi tter ands hormone receptors) they are excellent receptors to try and understand the relation between amino acid sequence and ligand binding affinities.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/biology/faculty-data/stuart-firestein/faculty.html (408 words)

	Robert J. O'Connell - Physiology Faculty - Research - UMass Medical School
		We assume that the physiological mechanisms that operate in primary olfactory receptor neurons so that they may detect and process pheromones, are good physiological models of the mechanisms that operate in all of the other chemically excitable neurons of the brain.
		We examine olfactory communication in the mouse and hamster, because many aspects of their behavior are specifically determined by olfactory pheromones.
		Sensilla on the maxillary palps of females contain an olfactory receptor neuron which produces a phasic-tonic pattern of action potential response to low concentrations (150-300 ppm) of carbon dioxide, a stimulus known to be involved with host-seeking behavior.
	www.umassmed.edu /physiology/faculty/oconnell.cfm?start=0 (1124 words)

	SMELL
		Smells are detected in the nose by the specialised receptor cells of the olfactory epithelium.
		Mitral cells are the principal neurons in the olfactory bulb.
		Neurons from the lateral olfactory tract project to; (1) the amygdala, septal nuclei, pre-pyriform cortex, the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus and the subiculum.
	www.cf.ac.uk /biosi/staff/jacob/teaching/sensory/olfact1.html (8013 words)

	Re: How many nerves are involved in smelling and what does each nerve smell?
		In addition to these 20-50 million olfactory receptor neurons, there are many, many other neurons throughout the brain that are involved in the conscious perception of, identification of, and reaction to a smell.
		The response of an olfactory receptor neuron is thought to be generated by the odorant molecule binding to the appropriate kind or kinds of olfactory receptors.
		Olfactory receptors are simply proteins that have a shape that changes to start a chemical reaction when certain types of molecules or parts of molecules interact with them.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/1999-11/941865207.Ns.r.html (508 words)

	Olfactory receptor neurons exist as distinct subclasses of immature and mature cells in primary culture.
		Olfactory receptor neurons exist as distinct subclasses of immature and mature cells in primary culture.
		The olfactory system possesses unique regenerative capacity, as its neurons are continually replaced throughout adulthood from a maintained population of precursor cells.
		To determine whether immature olfactory neurons could be isolated in primary culture and to investigate the mechanisms underlying these processes, culture conditions which selectively favored the presence of immature olfactory neurons were optimized.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_10501454.html (302 words)

	STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM OF BIGEYE TUNE, THUNNUS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Gross morphological examination showed that the olfactory chamber that houses the round olfactory rosette in bigeye tuna, is covered by a thick epidermal tissue with an anterior nasal inlet and a posterior slit-like outlet.
		On the contrary, the round olfactory rosette of the marlin is visible through the anterior and posterior nasal openings that are separated by an upstanding nasal labial flap.
		Olfactory ciliated receptor neuron, olfactory microvillar receptor neuron, sustentacular cells and mucous cells comprised the main cellular constituents of the sensory epithelium in both species.
	swfsc.ucsd.edu /tunaconf/TC51Abst/Mana.html (569 words)

	Yale scientists decipher odor code
		The noses of humans and the antennae of insects contain many odor receptor proteins, but it was previously not known how the entire collection of receptors act together to encode olfactory information.
		The antenna of their mutant fruit fly has an "empty" nerve cell, or neuron, that has lost its original odor receptor and does not respond to any odors.
		Some receptors are able to respond in different ways to different odors — activated by some odors and inhibited by others.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-06/yu-ysd062204.php (392 words)

	UC Neuroscience - Steven J. Kleene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This stimulus transduction takes place in olfactory receptor neurons, which are part of the sensory epithelium lining the nasal cavity.
		A single cilium is plucked from an olfactory receptor neuron.
		Kleene, S.J. and Gesteland, R.C. (1991) Calcium-activated chloride conductance in frog olfactory cilia.
	www.med.uc.edu /departme/NEURO/F19.htm (258 words)

	Auburn University Office of Technology Transfer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Moreover, elucidation of the olfactory process is yielding new approaches for harnessing chemosensory processes for both law enforcement and commercial applications.
		Our research is directed at examining the canine olfactory receptor neuron morphology, distribution and function which is providing a better understanding of canine and perhaps human olfaction.
		Dogs are trained to wait for a broken tone, insert their muzzle into the nose cone, hold it there for several seconds until a continuous tone sounds, withdraw their muzzle and press particular levers depending on the odor presented and experimental procedure.
	www.auburn.edu /research/vpr/ipttadm/olfaction.htm (957 words)

	Roskams Lab - ORN Apoctosis
		Pathways that drive the death of olfactory neurons by insult (bulbectomy, intranasal chemical lesion, pharmacological lesion of target) and also during normal turnover are currently being examined by Cath Cowan, Teresa Wang, France Fung, Nicole Janzen and Christine Carson.
		Cath is examining the interplay between caspases and their intracellular regulators during olfactory neuronal degeneration at the biochemical and molecular level.
		Christine is testing the role of caspase 8 and AIF in how ORNs change in their vulnerability to undergo apoptosis from their progenitor state, through to adulthood, using a combination of viral and conditional knockout approaches.
	www.zoology.ubc.ca /~roskams/Apoptosis.html (179 words)

	UPENN :: SMELL AND TASTE CENTER
		On the protheticity of olfactory pleasantness and intensity.
		Olfactory identification in elderly schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease.
		Olfactory identification deficits in schizophrenia: correlation with duration of illness.
	www.med.upenn.edu /stc/publications1.html (7165 words)

	UBC Department of Zoology - Jane Roskams
		As many different types of neurons and glia are generated in complex spatiotemporal patterns throughout neural development, it can be difficult to study singular regulatory events that occur very early in embryogenesis.
		How olfactory neurons manage to do this and what drives this odyssey is what fuels the research being performed in the Roskams Lab.
		Au E, Roskams AJ (2003) Olfactory Ensheathing Cells of the Lamina Propria in vivo and in vitro.
	www.zoology.ubc.ca /~roskams/janesZooPage.html (835 words)

	Distributed and Concentration-Invariant Spatial Representations of Odorants by Receptor Neuron Input to the Turtle ...
		Olfactory stimuli elicit spatial patterns of activity across olfactory receptor neurons in the epithelium and in the olfactory
		Absence of labeling in the external plexiform layer (epl) indicates that the dye is confined to olfactory receptor neurons.
		Johnson B, and Leon M. Modular representations of odorants in the glomerular layer of the rat olfactory bulb and the effects of stimulus concentration.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/87/2/1035 (6966 words)

	George Gomez: Research on bird olfactory neurons
		Although olfaction in birds is generally thought to be of minor importance, many behavioral studies have demonstrated the importance of olfaction in bird feeding and social behavior.
		I currently use calcium imaging techniques to measure changes in intracellular calcium in single cells because olfactory neurons respond to odorants with changes in intracellular calcium.
		In addition, this technique is relatively non-invasive (to the cells) and can be used to measure from a large number of cells from one specimen.
	academic.uofs.edu /faculty/gomezg2/avianorn.htm (283 words)

	What the Frog's Nose Tells the Frog's Brain -- Restrepo 123 (2): 97 -- The Journal of General Physiology
		is conveyed by the subsets of olfactory receptor neurons that
		receptor proteins might be faulty at early stages of development.
		The olfactory receptor gene superfamily of the mouse.
	www.jgp.org /cgi/content/full/123/2/97 (894 words)

	Responses of Xenopus laevis Water Nose to Water-soluble and Volatile Odorants -- Iida and Kashiwayanagi 114 (1): 85 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In Xenopus laevis, the olfactory organ is compartmentalized
		Light microscopic photomicrographs of slices of olfactory epithelia in the lateral diverticulum (A) and in the medial diverticulum (B) after the frog was cultured in 0.1% methylene blue water for 6 h.
		Ivanova, T.T., Caprio, J. (1993) Odorant receptors activated by amino acids in sensory neurons of the channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus.
	www.jgp.org /cgi/content/full/114/1/85 (3777 words)

	Univ. Maryland, Dept. Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medicine, Jae Hyung Koo
		Diagram of the primary olfactory pathway is the bipolar olfactory receptor neuron (ORN), with a cell body and dendrite in the olfactory epithelium of peripheral nervous system (PNS).
		An excellent system in which to pursue this question of the influence of environmental stimulus on neuronal gene expression is the vertebrate olfactory system, which is a key point of contact between neurons and the environment.
		We focus on the events occurring in the olfactory epithelium, the interaction between the input stimulus and ORNs that results in the generation of a nerve impulse, changes of ORN turnover, movement of neurotransmitter and the ultimate modification of brain function.
	neurobiology.umaryland.edu /koo.htm (543 words)

	[NeuroBio: Faculty and Labs] Stuart Firestein, Ph.D., Associate Professor
		We use the vertebrate olfactory receptor neuron as a model for investigating general principles and mechanisms of signal transduction - receptor-ligand interactions, modulation by second messengers; ion channel gating; and the long-term mechanisms of adaptation and desensitization.
		The olfactory neuron is uniquely suited for these studies since it is designed specifically for the detection and discrimination of a wide variety of small organic molecules, i.e., odors.
		Questions actively being pursued in the laboratory include those concerning the role of cyclic nucleotides and calcium ions in signal generation, the mechanisms that allow the cells to discriminate among as many as 2,000 odors, and the relation between olfactory receptors and other G-protein mediated receptors such as the muscarinic and adrenergic classes of receptors.
	cpmcnet.columbia.edu /dept/neurobeh/Firestein.html (377 words)

	Department of Neuroscience at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine: Faculty Personal Pages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Atrial natriuretic peptide type C induces a cell-cycle switch from proliferation to differentiation in brain-derived neurotrophic factor- or nerve growth factor-primed olfactory receptor neurons.
		Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating peptides and alpha-amidation in olfactory neurogenesis and neuronal survival in vitro.
		(2000) Isolation and in vitro differentiation of conditionally immortalized murine olfactory receptor neurons.
	neuroscience.jhu.edu /peopledetail.asp?ID=31 (461 words)

	Bert Menco, Ph.D.
		The main olfactory organ (MO) with its sensory neurons that have long tapering cilia, and the vomeronasal (VNO) and gustatory organs with their sensory receptor cells that have many microvilli play distinct, but overlapping roles in the process of olfaction and taste respectively.
		The olfactory cilia, in particular their long distal parts, and VNO and gustatory microvilli provide a large area of interface between the external chemical environment and the sensory cells.
		Some distal olfactory cilium segments of the mouse labeled with antibodies to an odor receptor, marked by electron-opaque gold particles (reflected as fl dots).
	www.northwestern.edu /neurobiology/faculty/menco2.html (451 words)

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