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Topic: Oligarchs

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	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > World -- Russia's oligarchs fall to Earth, state power grows
		MOSCOW – In their heyday Russia's oligarchs, a group of brash quick-witted young entrepreneurs who became billionaires overnight in the 1990s by acquiring state companies for a song, had the power to make or break governments.
		But the once-mighty oligarchs have been vanquished by President Vladimir Putin, who is expected to storm to a second-term win in presidential elections this month.
		In 1996 the oligarchs bankrolled Boris Yeltsin's victorious presidential campaign against a resurgent communist movement, and in the dying days of Yeltsin's rule were widely seen to be the dominant power in the land.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/world/20040301-0500-russia-oligarchs.html (783 words)

	Business oligarch - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As Yeltsin's power weakened, oligarchs became increasingly influential in politics and played a significant role in financing the re-election of Yeltsin in 1996.
		The 1998 financial crisis hit the oligarchs hard, however, and those whose holdings were based on banking lost much of their fortunes.
		In the Putin era, the remaining oligarchs have come under fire for various alleged and real illegal activities, particularly the underpayment of taxes in the businesses they acquired.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Business_oligarch (688 words)

	Oligarchy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Oligarchies are often controlled by a few powerful families whose children are raised and mentored to become inheritors of the power of the oligarchy, often at some sort of expense to those governed.
		In contrast to aristocracy ("government by the 'best'"), this power may not always be exercised openly, the oligarchs preferring to remain "the power behind the throne", exerting control through economic means.
		Although Aristotle pioneered the use of the term as a synonym for rule by the rich, for which the exact term is plutocracy, oligarchy is not always a rule by wealth, as oligarchs can simply be a privileged cadre.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oligarchy (615 words)

	www.mineweb.net \| columns \| emerging russia Russian oligarchs versus the media (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		For oligarchs who have spent small fortunes at American public relations companies to promote themselves in the US as internationally respected public figures, it is difficult for them to turn around and confide to a US judge that they are nothing but humble individuals unseeking of fame, and undeserving of notoriety.
		For oligarchs accustomed to paying for good reports, and assuming that bad reports must be paid for by a rival or enemy, this is a legal standard that is next to impossible to meet.
		While the contract documents show that the oligarch agreed to pay a large sum of money for the job, the cost of his bankers’ suspicion that he might be a bad man to lend money to was substantially greater, as the detective agency pointed out in the correspondence.
	www.mineweb.net /columns/emerging_russia/398758.htm (1088 words)

	The Oligarchs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In the 1996 elections, about to be proved wrong, the oligarchs briefly forgot their in-fighting and managed to convert an approval rating of under 4% for Yeltsin into a decisive victory over the Communists.
		And yet it was the oligarchs who brought Putin to power, and the system that reigns in the country today is the legacy of what they created in collusion with their patron saint, Boris Yeltsin.
		Khodorkovsky is the sole remaining oligarch, the richest man in Russia, at the age of 38.
	www.theoligarchs.com (6540 words)

	Mikhail Khodorkovsky - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As of 2004, Khodorkovsky was the wealthiest man in Russia, and was the 16th wealthiest man in the world, although much of his wealth evaporated due to the collapse in the value of his holding in the Russian petroleum company YUKOS.
		Khodorkovsky is considered one of the first of the oligarchs to realise that foreign investment was needed in order to build a global business.
		However, he is politically ambitious and prosecuting Russia's most prominent and successful oligarch is perceived as a boost to his political career and intended candidacy for the Duma.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mikhail_Khodorkovsky (3765 words)

	NCSJ - Russia's Jewish Oligarchs - A History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The potential for anti-Semitism that is inherent in the struggle against the oligarchs seems obvious when we recall statements by heads of the Kremlin, who often blamed the "Abramoviches" for all evils.
		President Putin is enjoying wide public support for his fight against the oligarchs, including the continued detention of Mikhail Khodorkhovsky, the owner of the Yukos oil company, even though the deliberations on the charges against him have not yet begun.
		The prominent place that is taken by Jews among the Russian oligarchs fits in to the long history of relations between Jews and their environment.
	www.ncsj.org /AuxPages/080204Haaretz_oligarch.shtml (924 words)

	Russia will pay twice for the fortunes of its oligarchs
		Not only did the oligarchs acquire their companies at a fraction of their real value; along the way, many were sued by minority shareholders claiming theft of their investment.
		Some say the oligarchs are similar to the 19th-century American robber barons, with some of them willing to resort to violence and stock manipulation, and a penchant for conspicuous philanthropy.
		The first oligarchs his government has attacked are those who have either criticised Mr Putin on their television networks - such as Mr Gusinsky, who was arrested in 2000 and is now in exile - or have supported opposition political parties.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/952865/posts (1679 words)

	Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - The end of the oligarchs in Russia?
		Before the crisis all of the oligarchs (except Berezovsky) had political power as the banks they controlled were rich and the government was poor.
		The oligarchs were thus neatly tamed while Putin was in the middle of hard fights to reform the upper house of parliament, push through a radical tax reform and convince the international community he was a man to do business with.
		The other oligarchs have also been downgraded to"businessman, first class," with political power in all countries in rough proportion to the size of their businesses.
	www.gasandoil.com /goc/news/ntr03707.htm (1402 words)

	Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - World Bank report expected to rekindle debate about oligarchs
		The report is likely to rekindle the debate over the politically influential business "oligarchs", who built their vast wealth from the privatisations of the 1990s.
		"When people say that the oligarchs have robbed the country and corrupted the political and judicial system, there is much truth in it," he said.
		The oligarchs have come under fresh attack in recent months by the Russian authorities, seeking to stimulate competition and rein in super-profits.
	www.gasandoil.com /goc/news/ntr41614.htm (566 words)

	Russian Oligarchs: A Quantitative Assessment
		While the relative weight of oligarchs’ firms in the Russian economy is tremendous, the firms themselves do not appear excessively large by the standards of the global markets in which most of them operate.
		On the one hand, oligarchs are the only feasible counterweight to the predatory and corrupt Russian bureaucracy; and they are a unique constituency that is both willing and able to lobby for the development of market institutions.
		Similarly, oligarchs’ firms are on average more productive, but if we compare productivity levels of firms controlled by oligarchs and by other private owners within the same industries, the difference in productivity turns out to be insignificant.
	www.worldbank.org /transitionnewsletter/december_2004/pgs4-5.htm (1276 words)

	Future of oligarchs rests with Russia's next president - 3/25/00
		But now many critics are suggesting that Putin should break from the Yeltsin years, leaving behind oligarchic capitalism, and put the tycoons in their place, perhaps with a crackdown by law enforcement authorities.
		Putin's remark was aimed squarely at the magnates who helped reelect Yeltsin in 1996 and who "fused" their political sway with a talent for acquiring state-owned property, walking away with some of the crown jewels of the Russian industrial empire.
		The 1998 ruble devaluation marked a low point for the oligarchs, but most of them have recovered, especially those, like Berezovsky, with holdings in the oil sector, who have been riding a huge boom in oil prices over the last year.
	www.detnews.com /2000/nation/0003/25/03250085.htm (1389 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Business \| Russia's oligarchs: Their risky routes to riches
		The careers of two of Russia's most successful oligarchs, Mikhael Khodorkovsky and Platon Lebedev, are now under the microscope in a Moscow court where they face charges of fraud, forgery and tax evasion.
		Later on, the oligarch Boris Berezovsky would become a member of President Yeltsin's inner circle by masterminding his re-election in 1996.
		Oligarch Boris Berezovsky was a member of President Yeltsin's inner circle.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/business/3927523.stm (1526 words)

	Putin & Oligarchs - Johnson's Russia List 7-2-02
		The contest between the Kremlin and the oligarchs is entering "the endgame," says analyst Christopher Weafer of Moscow brokerage Troika Dialog.
		Putin's jawboning is intended to persuade the oligarchs to shift voluntarily from oil into manufacturing and high-tech sectors.
		Bringing their money out of the shadows could expose their deals to light--an iffy proposition, amnesty or no. There are growing whispers that the titans may recruit a candidate to oppose Putin in 2004, one way to stop this contest with the Kremlin for good.
	www.cdi.org /russia/Johnson/6334-1.cfm (773 words)

	Russia's oligarchs fall to earth, state power grows
		MOSCOW - In their heyday Russia's oligarchs, a group of brash quick-witted young entrepreneurs who became billionaires overnight in the 1990s by acquiring state companies for a song, had the power to make or break governments.
		With a tradition reaching back to the time of the tsars of highly centralised executive power, it was only a matter of time before the oligarchs were reined in, say analysts.
		Despite their fall from grace, Russia's oligarchs still control the economy, notably the main oil and metals companies that have ridden an export boom fuelling the country's fast growth.
	www.namibian.com.na /2004/march/world/042B1D1C80.html (619 words)

	Oligarchs Toy With Their 2008 Options
		Oligarchs are not millionaires sitting behind bars or pining away in emigre exile.
		Oligarchs always divide up into rival clans, gangs and cliques, and the interests of these various groups are addressed and balanced behind the scenes.
		Russia's current prime oligarch, Putin, was the product of a compromise between the interests of several clans prominent toward the...
	www.themoscowtimes.com /stories/2005/02/25/006.html (240 words)

	The St. Petersburg Times - Opinion (A Suicide Note Signed by the Oligarchs ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The oligarchs have never come out so openly in expressing their distaste for democracy, civil society, the independent media and real business competition as they did in this statement.
		Basically, he proposed that the Russian oligarchs join the ranks of their foreign counterparts, such as Ted Turner and George Soros, and make Media-MOST truly independent of any single interest, public or private.
		The 1998 financial crisis taught investors that the promises of the oligarchs and the guarantees of the state are worthless.
	archive.sptimes.ru /archive/times/646/opinion/o_2263.htm (592 words)

	FORWARD : Arts & Letters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		They were Russia's famous "oligarchs," men who, in the aftermath of communism's fall, ran banks, oil companies, television stations and, increasingly, the country, and they had reason to worry: Most of them were Jews.
		The oligarchs, and Jews in general, are frequent targets of the nationalist press, and extremist firebrands still occasionally call out their names in public, but the Russian street has yet to take up calls for their blood.
		The oligarchs may not yet be on the ash heap of history, but the days of the meetings up on Sparrow Hills are clearly gone.
	www.forward.com /issues/2002/02.09.13/arts1.html (1438 words)

	Russia, Business, Oligarchs, Khodorkovsky - Russia's Richest Man, Good Corporate Practice
		Khodorkovsky once had a reputation as the dirtiest of Russia's "oligarchs." These days, the oil magnate insists, his empire's affairs are as transparent as his glasses.
		In return for using their money and savvy to get Yeltsin reelected, oligarchs were promised the remaining morsels off the Soviet economic carcass.
		When President Vladimir V. Putin was campaigning for office last year, he pledged to eliminate oligarchs "as a class." But he seems to have taken aim only at those, such as Vladimir A. Gusinsky and Boris A. Berezovsky, who posed a political threat.
	www.cdi.org /russia/johnson/5617-12.cfm (1209 words)

	Kremlin vs. the oligarchs \| csmonitor.com
		Khodorkovsky is the dean of Russia's arrogant "oligarchs" who manipulated their way into fabulous riches during the lawless 1990s.
		But the oligarchs, who today control an estimated 70 percent of the economy, are a special case.
		Instead, he met the oligarchs privately shortly after coming to power and promised that as long as they paid their taxes and stayed out of politics, the state would not "revisit" the illicit origins of their fortunes.
	www.csmonitor.com /2003/1128/p01s03-woeu.htm (1537 words)

	Forbes.com: Russia vote outcome targets oligarchs-IMF official (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Aleksei Mozhin predicted Russia's biggest political conflict ahead will be between the powerful oligarchs, who run much of the country's industry, and the majority of society which despises their wealth and sees them as corrupt.
		Oligarchs used their political contacts in the chaos of the post-Soviet transition to make quick money by snatching up state assets on favorable terms.
		Mozhin said he was unsure how the oligarchs issue would be resolved, but the solution lay somewhere between arguments supporting retaking the assets and forgiving the oligarchs.
	www.forbes.com /markets/newswire/2003/12/11/rtr1178596.html (566 words)

	Topical Issue: Authority and Oligarchs - PRAVDA.Ru
		Supporters say that if some oligarchs were taken to prisons that was done illegal as it hadn't been proved that their financial speculations were illegal and caused damage to the country.
		This is the price people have to pay for the fact that oligarchs were allowed to be part of the power, for the fact that their economic pragmatic moral is focused on primary accumulation of the capital.
		When oligarchs try to justify the present-day situation with imperfection of the laws and the inclination of the authorities to improve the situation, they commit a moral crime as well.
	english.pravda.ru /cgi-bin/co.pl?action=out&from=http://english.pravda.ru&to=http://english.pravda.ru/main/18/88/351/10859_market.html (2661 words)

	Asia Times Online - The trusted source for news on Central Asia
		Until now, however crooked the Russian oligarchs - the handful of men who seized control of Russia's oil and mineral wealth a decade ago - may have seemed, the lure of their money has overwhelmed the inhibitions of investors, bankers, non-executive directors and managers from jumping into the same bed.
		But the international financial newspapers, which have touted for the oligarchs and benefited from their largesse, have editorialized against the charges against the Yukos group, calling them a politically motivated frameup, and intimating their wrongdoing was minor compared to the human rights violations alleged against Russian President Vladimir Putin and his prosecutors.
		The most heavily indebted of the oligarch companies - Deripaska's Rusal is estimated to owe at least $2.5 billion at the moment - are the most vulnerable to the new standard of disclosure and liability set by the New York court claim.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Central_Asia/FG07Ag03.html (1662 words)

	BBC News \| BUSINESS \| Russia's new oligarchs
		Head of NTV and the Most group, Vladimir Gusinsky is the only oligarch who is now throwing down a direct political challenge to President Putin in the form of criticism of Moscow's policy in Chechnya.
		Roman Abramovich is one of the new Russian oligarchs, and a close associate of Boris Berezovsky.
		Unlike other oligarchs, he did not hold a position in government himself, but his partner Pyotr Aven was trade minister in the 1992 government of Yegor Gaidor.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/business/newsid_692000/692297.stm (1388 words)

	Open Season on Russia's Oligarchs
		Even as he sets the tone for the crackdown on the oligarchs, he is not publicly orchestrating the attacks.
		The leading oligarchs are undoubtedly responsible for a good-size portion of the billions of dollars of capital outflow suffered by the economy in the last decade.
		The old crew of oligarchs is sweating, but a new gang seems ready to take their place.
	www.businessweek.com /2000/00_28/b3689158.htm?scriptFramed (1124 words)

	Ukraine: after the "Orange Revolution," power returns to the oligarchs
		The narrow layer of oligarchs developed immediately after the collapse of the Soviet Union, acquiring the lion’s share of the former state enterprises.
		Timoshenko/Sinchenko, the most radical opponents of Kuchma’s oligarch regime, represent a layer of the new social climbers, ex-oligarchs and entrepreneurs who want to get their hands on the property of the established oligarchs in the name of a “new beginning” and “fair market conditions.” In foreign policy matters, they endorse unconditional support for Washington.
		Similar crises developed on the food market, where the oligarchs reacted to Timoshenko’s plan to curb the smuggling of goods into the country by cutting the supply of meat and sugar, so that the prices of these products rose by at least a third, stoking up anger in the general population.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2005/oct2005/ukra-o03.shtml (3003 words)

	Oligarchs and Terrorists - Stormfront White Nationalist Community (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Source is certain that it was not the last joint action of oligarchs and terrorists.
		The Russian president decided to crack down on oil oligarchs, who had utterly forgotten laws and decencies.
		Our source also said that Russian oil oligarchs would continue making money on the oil business in Chechnya, as they did it before.
	www.stormfront.org /forum/showthread.php?t=93052 (608 words)

	CBS News \| The Few, The Rich, The Russian \| July 27, 2000 17:29:56
		The oligarchs won political influence in 1996 by pouring money into Boris Yeltsin's flagging re-election campaign, fueling his comeback victory over a stiff challenge by Communists.
		Reformers are hoping Putin will do more, cracking down on the oligarchs to end their stranglehold on the economy, a grip seen as hindering the development of a free market.
		The harshest critics compare the oligarchs to the monarchs, who lived in luxury and lorded over an impoverished nation until the "worker's revolution" of 1917.
	www.cbsnews.com /stories/2000/03/16/world/main172987.shtml (1188 words)

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