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Topic: On Sophistical Refutations

	The Internet Classics Archive \| On Sophistical Refutations by Aristotle
		The refutation which depends upon treating as cause what is not a cause, occurs whenever what is not a cause is inserted in the argument, as though the refutation depended upon it.
		By a sophistical refutation and syllogism I mean not only a syllogism or refutation which appears to be valid but is not, but also one which, though it is valid, only appears to be appropriate to the thing in question.
		Sophistic refutations on the other hand, even though they prove the contradictory of his thesis, do not make clear whether he is ignorant: for sophists entangle the scientist as well with these arguments.
	classics.mit.edu /Aristotle/sophist_refut.1.1.html (5870 words)

	[No title]
		All, then, are engaged in refutation; for they take a hand as amateurs in the same task with which dialectic is concerned professionally; and he is a dialectician who examines by the help of a theory of reasoning.
		These, then, are the types of sophistical refutations: and that it belongs to the dialectician to study these, and to be able to effect them, is not difficult to see: for the investigation of premisses comprises the whole of this study.
		What, then, we have to beware of, is not being refuted, but seeming to be, because of course the asking of amphibolies and of questions that turn upon ambiguity, and all the other tricks of that kind, conceal even a genuine refutation, and make it uncertain who is refuted and who is not.
	classics.mit.edu /Aristotle/sophist_refut.mb.txt (11812 words)

	Rhetoric: On Sophistical Refutations
		Refutations that depend on the definition of a refutation must, according to the plan sketched above, be met by comparing together the conclusion with its contradictory, and seeing that it shall involve the same attribute in the same respect and relation and manner and time.
		As to refutations that depend on begging and assuming the original point to be proved, suppose the nature of the question to be obvious, one should not grant it, even though it be a view generally held, but should tell him the truth.
		Now these refutations fall into the province of other solutions as well: for ‘both’ and ‘all’ have more than one meaning, so that the resulting affirmation and denial of the same thing does not occur, except verbally: and this is not what we meant by a refutation.
	rhetoric.eserver.org /categories/history/classical/on_sophistical_refutations.html (13532 words)

	NON-CONTRADICTION.COM - Aristotle and Aristotelianism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		It is evident also how one should solve those refutations that depend upon the division and combination of words: for if the expression means something different when divided and when combined, as soon as one's opponent draws his conclusion one should take the expression in the contrary way.
		Refutations that depend on the definition of a refutation must, according to the plan sketched above, be met by comparing together the conclusion with its contradictory, and seeing that it shall involve the same attribute in the same respect and relation and manner and time.
		As to refutations that depend on begging and assuming the original point to be proved, suppose the nature of the question to be obvious, one should not grant it, even though it be a view generally held, but should tell him the truth.
	www.non-contradiction.com /ac_works_b6.asp (14590 words)

	International Catholic University: 32.11
		In fact, even sophistic is a tool of speculative science because, by avoiding fallacies and by defending ourselves from the fallacies of others, we move ourselves closer to the goal of having speculative knowledge.
		Sophistic arguments are those that appear to reason to a conclusion from probable premisses but reason badly, or those which truly reason to a conclusion but from premisses that only appear to be probable.
		In general, the sophist looks for an accidental characteristic, has his opponent grant that characteristic as accidental, but then appears to refute his opponent because he takes that characteristic as if it were essential.
	home.comcast.net /~icuweb/c03211.htm (4044 words)

	Aristotle's Organon: On Sophistical Refutations - Section 2
		With a view then to refutation, one resource is length-for it is difficult to keep several things in view at once; and to secure length the elementary rules that have been stated before' should be employed.
		A strong appearance of having been refuted is often produced by the most highly sophistical of all the unfair tricks of questioners, when without proving anything, instead of putting their final proposition as a question, they state it as a conclusion, as though they had proved that 'Therefore so-and-so is not true'
		It is evident also how one should solve those refutations that depend upon the division and combination of words: for if the expression means something different when divided and when combined, as soon as one's opponent draws his conclusion one should take the expression in the contrary way.
	www.gibson-design.com /philosophy/Aristotle-Organon-6-sophist_refut.2.2.htm (5298 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		So that it is not the case that because the things spoken of are unjust, the victory goes to him who speaks unjust things: for he speaks of things that are just to speak of, though absolutely, i.e.
		Secondly, one should say that the point was granted under the impression that he intended not to use it as a premiss, but to reason against it, in the opposite way from that adopted in refutations on side issues.
		Now these refutations fall into the province of other solutions as well: for 'both' and 'all' have more than one meaning, so that the resulting affirmation and denial of the same thing does not occur, except verbally: and this is not what we meant by a refutation.
	www.textfiles.com /etext/FICTION/sophistr.txt (13301 words)

	ARISTOTLE - On Sophistical Refutations - In Three Webpage Parts - Part One -FULL TEXT - ATHENAEUM LIBRARY OF PHILOSOPHY
		For they choose if possible plainly to refute the other party, or as the second best to show that he is committing some fallacy, or as a third best to lead him into paradox, or fourthly to reduce him to solecism, i.
		Now refutations may be true as well as false: for whenever it is possible to demonstrate something, it is also possible to refute the man who maintains the contradictory of the truth; e.
		For the matter of that, the false refutations likewise belong to the number of the infinite: for according to every art there is false proof, e.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /aristotle_sofistical-ref01.htm (5886 words)

	ARISTOTLE - On Sophistical Refutations - In Three Webpage Parts - Part Two - - FULL TEXT - ATHENAEUM LIBRARY OF ...
		For false diagrams of geometrical figures are not contentious (for the resulting fallacies conform to the subject of the art)-any more than is any false diagram that may be offered in proof of a truth-e.
		Of the refutations, then, that depend upon ambiguity and amphiboly some contain some question with more than one meaning, while others contain a conclusion bearing a number of senses: e.
		Whenever, then, the many senses lie in the conclusion no refutation takes place unless the sophist secures as well the contradiction of the conclusion he means to prove; e.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /aristotle_sofistical-ref02.htm (4637 words)

	ON SOPHISTICAL REFUTATIONS
		They should also break off their argument and cut down their other lines of attack, while in answering, if a man perceives this being done beforehand, he should put in his objection and have his say first.
		Others also solve it as they solve the refutation of the view that 'what a man has, he has received': for A gave only one vote; and certainly B, they say, has only one vote from A.
		Others, again, proceed by demolishing straight away the proposition asked, and admitting that it is quite possible to have what one has not received; e.g.
	www.brainfly.net /html/books/brn0051.htm (14726 words)

	ON SOPHISTICAL REFUTATIONS
		sophists are bound to study the class of arguments aforesaid: for it
		this is the ground of a refutation dependent on the consequent.
		For a refutation is the proof of the contradictory of a given
	www.en8848.com.cn /fiction/classic/A/200510/1322.html (17514 words)

	0674994418 - Aristotle on Sophistical Refutations on Coming-To-Be and Passing-Away on the Cosmos by E.S. Forster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		0674994418 - Aristotle on Sophistical Refutations on Coming-To-Be and Passing-Away on the Cosmos by E.S. Forster
		Aristotle on Sophistical Refutations on Coming-To-Be and Passing-Away on the Cosmos
		On Sophistical Refutations : On Comin to Be Passing Away - On the Cosmos v.
	www.biblio.com /isbnsearch.php?isbn=0674994418 (173 words)

	On Sophistical Refutations - 150,000 eBooks - eBookMall
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	Sophistical Refutations by Aristotle
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		These are five in number, refutation, fallacy, paradox, solecism, and fifthly to reduce the opponent in the discussion to babbling- i.e.
	www.4literature.net /Aristotle/Sophistical_Refutations (821 words)

	Aristotle On False Reasoning: Language And The World In The Sophistical Refutations; Author: Schreiber, Scott G.; ...
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		Aristotle On False Reasoning: Language And The World In The Sophistical Refutations
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	On Sophistical Refutations - Details for: Philosophy: Philosophers: A: Aristotle: Works: On Sophistical Refutations
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	www.ufoseek.com /Philosophy/Philosophers/A/Aristotle/Works/On_Sophistical_Refutations_L171525 (76 words)

	On Sophistical Refutations, by Aristotle; translated by G. R. T. Ross
		On Sophistical Refutations, by Aristotle; translated by G. Ross
		On youth and old age, on life and death, on breathing
		For physicians of culture and refinement make some mention of natural science, and claim to derive their principles from it, while the most accomplished investigators into nature generally push their studies so far as to conclude with an account of medical principles.
	etext.library.adelaide.edu.au /a/aristotle/youth (9721 words)

	On Sophistical Refutations - ARISTOTLE - 150,000 eBooks - Download Now!
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