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Topic: Onchocerciasis

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	Onchocerciasis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Onchocerciasis or river blindness is the world's second leading infectious cause of blindness.
		The first was the Onchocerciasis Control Program (OCP), which was launched in 1974 and at its peak covered 30 million people in eleven countries.
		In 1992 the Onchocerciasis Elimination Programme for the Americas (OEPA) was launched.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/River_blindness (671 words)

	oncho (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Onchocerciasis is caused by the helminth Onchocerca volvulus, a round worm (nematode) of the class secernentea, the subclass spiruria, the order spirurida, the superfamily filarioidea, and the family onchocercidae.
		Onchocerciasis is found primarily in the equatorial countries of sub-Saharan Africa, Yemen, Central America and South America, especially those in Tropical Africa between 15 degrees north and 13 degrees south.
		Onchocerciasis is most prevalent in the fertile, arable communities neighboring rapidly flowing rivers that provide breeding grounds for the flfly.
	www.austin.cc.tx.us /microbio/2993c/oncho.html (2596 words)

	onchocerciasis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Onchocerciasis is an eye and skin disease caused by a worm (filaria) known scientifically as onchocerca volvulus.
		The distribution of onchocerciasis is linked to the location of flflies which are naturally found close to the fast-running streams and rivers in the inter-tropical zones.
		Onchocerciasis is also found in six countries in Latin America and in Yemen in the Arabian Peninsula, where the disease is believed to be exported by the slave trade.
	www.v2020.org /eye_disease/onchocerciasis.asp (306 words)

	Disease fact sheet: Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Onchocerciasis or river blindness is a parasitic disease with an insect vector that breeds in water.
		Onchocerciasis or river blindness is a parasitic disease caused by Onchocerca volvulus, a thin parasitic worm that can live for up to 14 years in the human body.
		Onchocerciasis is found in 36 countries in Africa as well as in Guatemala, southern Mexico, some areas of Venezuela, small areas in Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador, and in the Arabian peninsula.
	www.worldwaterday.org /2001/disease/oncho.html (687 words)

	eMedicine - Onchocerciasis : Article by Deborah Eezzuduemhoi, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Onchocerciasis is more likely to lead to blindness in Africa than in Latin America, and it is 7 times less frequently blinding in the forested areas than in the Savannah (nonforested) areas.
		Commonly involving the temporal retina, onchocerciasis tends to spare the macula; as a result, central visual acuity is maintained until late in the disease.
		Onchocerciasis is a chronic disease that affects rural populations.
	www.emedicine.com /oph/topic709.htm (4206 words)

	The Carter Center River Blindness (Onchocerciasis) Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Onchocerciasis, or river blindness, is a parasitic disease transmitted by the bite of small fl flies that breed in rapidly flowing streams and rivers; hence the common name "river blindness." Since 1996, The Carter Center has been a leader in the fight to eliminate river blindness in Africa and the Americas.
		Onchocerciasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by the bite of small fl flies that breed in rapidly flowing streams and rivers; hence the common name of the disease, "river blindness." The parasites, which are small thread-like worms, cause intense itching, skin discoloration, rashes, and eye disease.
		During the Conference on the Eradicability of Onchocerciasis, held at The Carter Center in January 2002, it was concluded that onchocerciasis is not globally eradicable using current tools due to major barriers to eradication in Africa.
	www.cartercenter.org /healthprograms/showdoc.asp?programID=2&submenu=healthprograms (1182 words)

	Onchocerciasis (River Blindness)
		Onchocerciasis is the second leading infectious cause of blindness in the world and currently affects 18 million people, primarily in Africa.
		Onchocerciasis can be treated with medication (ivermectin), but yearly treatment is necessary throughout the theoretical lifespan of the adult parasite (up to 15 years).
		The objective now is to determine the optimal means for administering the recombinant antigens and to identify the immune mechanisms induced by these antigens in mice that lead to the killing of challenge infections.
	www.niaid.nih.gov /newsroom/FocusOn/BugBorne01/onchoc.htm (396 words)

	Annual Report 1997
		Three different clinical forms of onchocerciasis within the communities were identified and were used as the basis for a number of research projects.
		The prevalence of onchocerciasis in the four villages was between 40 and 86 %.
		The association between the various clinical forms of onchocerciasis and the presence of intestinal helminths was investigated by means of stool survey checking for the presence of adult worms.
	www.bni.uni-hamburg.de /bni/bni2/english/annualrep/1997/jb12.html (832 words)

	Ockhams Razor - 21/7/2002: River Blindness - A Good News Stories
		Onchocerciasis is a parasitic disease that only affects humans and is transmitted by biting fl flies.
		Onchocerciasis was first recognised by western medicine in the 1820s, although the inhabitants of west and sub-Saharan Africa have known about it for centuries, if not millennia.
		The life cycle and manifestations of onchocerciasis were not fully understood until the 1930s and ‘40s, but there was still no way to treat the disease.
	www.abc.net.au /rn/science/ockham/stories/s610567.htm (2171 words)

	UN Chronicle: River blindness: protection for 54 cents a year - Onchocerciasis Control Program
		Onchocerciasis is a debilitating and often blinding disease endemic to tropical areas of Africa, as well as of Central and South America.
		The objective of the OCP has been to eliminate onchocerciasis both as a major public health problem and as a serious constraint to human settlement and socio-economic development in the participating countries.
		By eliminating onchocerciasis in African countries, the OCP and APOC are greatly improving the quality of life of millions of people.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1309/is_1_35/ai_54259216 (1519 words)

	3.8 Onchocerciasis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Onchocerciasis or river blindness is endemic in 30 countries in Africa and also occurs in small foci in six Latin American countries and in Yemen.
		However, the increased numbers of patients needing treatment, many of whom are living in areas of conflict, and the duration of treatment (at least 20 years), are raising concern whether the problem will be brought under control by 2010.
		In Latin America, the Onchocerciasis Elimination Programme in the Americas (OEPA) is successfully using ivermectin distribution in six countries in Central and South America.
	www.v2020.org /Toolkit/contents/3.8.htm (319 words)

	eMedicine - Onchocerciasis : Article by Michael A Forgione, Jr, MD
		Onchocerciasis is a chronic infection with clinical manifestations that develop years after initial infection.
		Onchocerciasis is transmitted by the bite of fl flies of the genus Simulium.
		Dadzie KY, Remme J, Rolland A: Ocular onchocerciasis and intensity of infection in the community.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic1667.htm (3048 words)

	Human Onchocerciasis and Tetanus Vaccination: Impact on the Postvaccination Antitetanus Antibody Response -- Cooper et ...
		Onchocerciasis is a leading cause of severe eye and skin disease and is the target of international control efforts.
		Onchocerciasis in Ecuador: infection in children in the Santiago Basin focus, province of Esmeraldas.
		Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to BCG and rubella vaccinations and to recall antigens in onchocerciasis patients.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/67/11/5951 (5114 words)

	Onchocerciasis research - KIT Biomedical Research - KIT (Royal Tropical Institute)
		Onchocerca volvulus is a tissue-dwelling nematode and the causative agent of onchocerciasis or river blindness.
		Onchocerciasis is spread via the bites of infected Simulium (flfly or buffalo fly) vectors.
		Using this microsatellite PCR we found that worms from Sierra Leone formed a very homogenous group with respect to the locus studied, whereas worms from Cameroon were more diverse at this particular locus and worms from Tanzania displayed a very heterogeneous allele pattern.
	www.kit.nl /biomedical_research/html/onchocerciasis.asp (407 words)

	Filaria Journal \| Full text \| Impact of ivermectin on onchocerciasis transmission: assessing the empirical evidence ...
		With the closing down of the Onchocerciasis Control Program (OCP) in West Africa at the end of 2002, all subsequent onchocerciasis control will be transferred to the participating countries, and will almost entirely be based on periodic mass treatment with ivermectin using the strategy of Community Directed Treatment with Ivermectin (CDTI) [ 5 ].
		A detailed analysis plan was developed during the annual internal operational research meeting of the OCP in March 2001, and the Center for Decision Sciences in Tropical Disease Control of the Erasmus University Rotterdam was contracted to undertake the analysis and the corresponding ONCHOSIM simulations.
		Onchocerciasis is considered a public health problem when the CMFL exceeds 5–10 mf/s.
	www.filariajournal.com /content/2/1/8 (12447 words)

	African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology - Vol. 5, No. 2 (2004)
		Onchocerciasis is a chronic parasitic disease with a wide range of cutaneous and ocular manifestations.
		It is caused by the tissue nematode, Onchocerca volvulus, and it is transmitted by the bite of a female fl fly, Simulium damnosum.
		Onchocerciasis is a serious public health and socio-economic problem with 95% of all cases being found in Africa south of the Sahara.
	www.ajol.info /viewarticle.php?id=12985 (367 words)

	CEH No.38 Onchocerciasis: Impact of Interventions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Onchocerciasis, more commonly known as ‘river blindness’, is a parasitic, blinding disease, endemic in 30 African and six Latin American countries.
		This was the philosophy behind the creation of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP) in West Africa, which was planned by WHO from 1972 to 1974, with joint input from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and the World Bank.
		The possibility of eliminating onchocerciasis as a public health and socio-economic obstacle to development, is perhaps the first victory in sight for the ‘VISION 2020’ Global Initiative.
	www.jceh.co.uk /journal/38_1.asp (1003 words)

	Filaria Journal \| Full text \| Clinical picture, epidemiology and outcome of Loa-associated serious adverse events ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Thus, we shall not consider the ivermectin toxicosis related to overdose and passage of ivermectin through the blood-brain barrier [ 1 ], nor the uncommon cases of serious reactions, such as severe symptomatic postural hypotension or asthma attacks, reported from areas where loiasis is not endemic [ 2, 3 ].
		These authors compared the plasma ivermectin concentration in two groups of 10 onchocerciasis patients, one receiving a standard dose of ivermectin with 750 ml of beer (corresponding to an average of 400 mg alcohol per kg body weight), and the other the same dose of ivermectin with 750 ml water.
		However, it is interesting to keep in mind that the incidence of the "classical" side effects of ivermectin in onchocerciasis patients does not seem to be related to the plasma concentration of ivermectin [ 45 ] and/or the dose received [ 46, 47 ].
	dx.doi.org /10.1186/1475-2883-2-S1-S4 (9700 words)

	Bulletin of PAHO 27(1), 1993
		Epidemiologists involved in onchocerciasis control need to classify communities by their disease risk and priority for ivermectin treatment ( 2).
		In Guatemala, transmission of onchocerciasis is known to occur in three circumscribed zones designated "western," "central," and "eastern" ( 5, 6).
		Ramfrez Pérez J. Human onchocerciasis foci and vectors in the American tropics and sub tropics.
	www.ciesin.org /docs/001-486/001-486.html (1183 words)

	Task Force: Mectizan Donation Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Onchocerciasis (or river blindness) is a serious health and economic problem for people in sub-Saharan Africa, in parts of Latin America and on the Arabian Peninsula.
		Of those with onchocerciasis, it is thought that at least 335,000 are blind and many more have impaired vision.
		Additionally, onchocerciasis is treated with one annual dose of Mectizan® making it possible to set broad public health goals in controlling the disease, reducing its spread, preventing blindness, and providing symptomatic relief from the chronic dermatitis and relentless itching that are common manifestations of the disease.
	www.taskforce.org /mechome.html (453 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - onchocerciasis
		Onchocerciasis, or river blindness, ranks second only to trachoma as an infectious cause of blindness in the world.
		Search Amazon.com for books about your topic, "onchocerciasis"
		Exclusively for MSN Encarta Premium Subscribers--quickly search thousands of articles from magazines such as Time, Newsweek, The Atlantic Monthly, and Smithsonian.
	encarta.msn.com /onchocerciasis.html (105 words)

	Pathogenesis of Onchocercal Keratitis (River Blindness) -- Hall and Pearlman 12 (3): 445 -- Clinical Microbiology ...
		Immunity to onchocerciasis: identification of a putatively immune population in a hyperendemic area of Ecuador.
		Interleukin-5 and the post-treatment eosinophilia in patients with onchocerciasis.
		Onchocerciasis and immunity in humans: enhanced T cell responsiveness to parasite antigen in putatively immune individuals.
	cmr.asm.org /cgi/content/full/12/3/445 (5089 words)

	The Onchocerciasis (Riverblindness) Programs - Visionary Partnerships
		Currently, OCP staff, which is 97 percent African, provides technical and logistical support to participating countries to ensure that they are capable of continuing residual onchocerciasis control activities within the framework of the their own national health system.
		Eliminate onchocerciasis as a public health problem throughout the entire continent of Africa, where 99 percent of the world's cases occur.
		Two of the hallmarks of the success of the onchocerciasis programs have been the unusually effective collaboration through the establishment of wide-ranging, diverse partnerships and a comprehensive regional approach in addressing the disease.
	www.worldbank.org /afr/findings/english/find174.htm (1048 words)

	Comparison between the Skin Snip Test and Simple Dot Blot Assay as Potential Rapid Assessment Tools for Onchocerciasis ...
		of onchocerciasis, and the unknown duration of circulation of
		Molecular cloning and characterization of recombinant parasite antigens for immunodiagnosis of onchocerciasis.
		A simple dot blot assay adaptable for field use in the diagnosis of onchocerciasis: preparation of an adult worm antigen fraction which enhances sensitivity and specificity.
	cdli.asm.org /cgi/content/full/9/5/1014 (4430 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Macrofilaricides and onchocerciasis control, mathematical modelling of the prospects for ...
		We used ONCHOSIM, a microsimulation mathematical model of the dynamics of onchocerciasis transmission, to explore the potentials of a hypothetical macrofilaricidal drug for the elimination of onchocerciasis under different epidemiological conditions, as characterized by previous intervention strategies, vectorial capacity and levels of coverage.
		Macrofilaricides have a substantially higher potential for achieving onchocerciasis elimination than ivermectin, but high coverage levels are still key.
		Onchocerciasis, or river blindness, is caused by infection with the filarial parasite Onchocerca volvulus.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2458/1/12 (3464 words)

	Onchocerciasis: Africa's victory over river blindness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Fortunately for her, she was able to receive a free dose of the drug Mectizan, donated by the US pharmaceutical company Merck, in time to prevent the disease from reaching its mature stage, when irreversible blindness can occur.
		In recent decades, onchocerciasis has struck some 18 million people worldwide, and accounts for nearly a tenth of all cases of blindness.
		Such a breakthrough could help speed the work of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control, which was launched in 1996 to combat the disease in 14 less-severely affected countries in Central and East Africa, and hopes to complete its work by 2010.
	www.un.org /ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol17no1/171heal1.htm (1551 words)

	eMJA: Stemming the tide of river blindness: the early years of ivermectin
		It was tested and found to be effective against onchocerciasis, but 2%–3% of those treated died and so it was not widely used.
		In 1978, a Japanese scientist collected a fungus species that was to revolutionise the treatment of onchocerciasis from beside a golf course in Kawano, Japan — I have been told it was from beside the fifth fairway.
		Obviously, many people were involved in the ivermectin story, but it has been a great thrill to be one of them and to have been a part of what must be one of the most significant breakthroughs in tropical medicine in the past 25 years.
	www.mja.com.au /public/issues/179_11_011203/tay10553_fm.html (2822 words)

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