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Topic: Oncomelania

	EID V3N3, Emerging and Reemerging Helminthiases and the Public Health of China
		Aggressive campaigns to control schistosomiasis among the peasants in Hunan Province and elsewhere in South China were a cornerstone of Chairman Mao's "patriotic health campaigns" (3).
		During the 1950s and 1960s, entire populations in schistosomiasis-endemic areas were mobilized against Oncomelania snails and recruited to drain rivers and ditches; millions of people were treated with anthelminthics (3).
		The lethal dose of bromoacetamide is 1 ppm for Oncomelania snails -- approximately one tenth that required when pentachlorophenate, a traditional molluscicide, is used (35).
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/eid/vol3no3/hotez.htm (4558 words)

	[No title]
		Elimination of oncomelanias by medicine in combination with soil-burying---as to the oncomelanias in the river banks, ditches and low-lying lands, if possible, adopting the measures of building dykes to oncomelania-breeding belt, creating new river banks/ditches/low-lying lands and leveling up the old ones, and burying with soil, while adopting the measure of eliminating oncomelanias with medicine.
		Where serious oncomelania situation is found, and the situation has reached the norm for starting first-grade emergency handling predetermined scheme for unexpected outbreak of schistosomiasis epidemic situation, the elimination of oncomelanias shall be performed according to the requirements of first-grade emergency handling requirements.
		In any town where oncomelanias are found in the same year, the competent administrative departments of the district/county where the town is located shall conduct an inspection on the management of the water use and faeces of the peasants’households, and conduct rectification when any problem is found.
	www.shanghai.cn /shanghai/node8059/Rules&Laws/node15381/userobject6ai1451.html (1864 words)

	Schistosomiasis
		Schistosoma japonicum is found primarily in amphibious snails of the genus Oncomelania.
		Oncomelania species copulate daily, but this behavior is not essential for continuous reproduction.
		In the case of Oncomelania spp., prolonged drought (i.e., draining water from its aquatic niche for several weeks) leads to dehydration and death.
	www.medicalecology.org /water/schistosomiasis/schistosomiasis.htm (5011 words)

	Three Gorges Probe - Three Gorges Dam news service (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In 2003, the areas where oncomelania were discovered expanded 268 million square meters compared with the figure in 2002 and among the 20 surveillance areas nationwide, 17 reported oncomelania.
		Zhou said the spread of oncomelania led to the rebound of the disease in certain areas where the transmission of schistosomiasis had already been put under control or cut down.
		In the mid-1990s, schistosomiasis patients were reported at some places which traditionally were not schistosomiasis-infected areas and in recent five years, 38 counties and cities where the transmission of schistosomiasis had been contained or intercepted reported obvious increase of cases, Zhou said.
	www.threegorgesprobe.org /TgP/print.cfm?ContentID=10415 (507 words)

	Lv,Y
		Oncomelania hupensis hupensis of the study group was marinated in different concentration liquor of niclosamide which was confected with water for 24 hours or 48 hours, then LC50 of niclosamide by which Oncomelania hupensis hupensis was killed and amount calculated.
		The influencing factors of the mortality of Oncomelania hupensis hupensis in the study group was statistically analyzed by 2 test and by multiple logistic regression using SPSS 13.0 statistical software.
		The effect of Oncomelania hupensis hupensis killed by niclosamide was markedly reduced along with the reduction of drug concentration.
	lib.bioinfo.pl /auth:Lv,Y (2713 words)

	SNAILS RULE -- RESPECT SNAILS
		Some 350 snail species are estimated to be of possible medical or veterinary importance.
		The amphibious Oncomelania snails, which may live for several years, have separate sexes.
		Oncomelania snails can survive periods of drought because they possess an operculum capable of closing the shell opening.
	www.freewebs.com /snailgroup/biology.htm (726 words)

	DEVELOPMENT GATEWAY_ China to Curb Snail Fever
		Efforts should also be made to provide clean water for farmers and change night soil disposal methods to curb the spread of the disease.
		While carrying out water conservancy and afforestation projects, local governments should clean up the environment to kill the oncomelania snails, which are the intermediate hosts of the flukes.
		She also called on scientists to continue their research and increase international exchange and cooperation so as to make breakthroughs in the prevention and control of the disease in three to five years.
	www.chinagate.com.cn /english/10101.htm (375 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Oncomelania snail (the intermediate host)-infested areas have been reduced to 3.64 billion m2 in the lakes region and mountainous territories in Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces.
		The discovery of a new triculine-transmitted schistosome species may be easily overlooked since Oncomelania (transmitting S. japonicum) is frequently sympatric with triculine snails and a schistosome infection could erroneously be identified as schistosomiasis japonica.
		Impact of the Three Gorges Super Dam on Human Transmission Superimposed on the preexisting coevolutionary forces driving schistosomes and snails is a human-made intervention of enormous scale.
	ftp.cdc.gov /pub/EID/vol3no3/ascii/hotez.txt (4513 words)

	NIAID Schistosomiasis Resource Center
		Romaine lettuce is a good variety to use, but the leaves should be stripped from the rib and washed before use.
		Alternatively, Romaine leaves wilted by heat also can serve as a food source for juvenile snails, although care should be taken with the amount given, since bacterial growth in the container can quickly become a problem.
		Five to seven pairs of adult Oncomelania snails are placed in one petri dish containing mud that is placed along the periphery, and a small quantity of Nostoc.
	www.schisto-resource.org /sop.htm (1766 words)

	SciDev.Net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Scientists found the worm in China's southern regions and distributed along China's Yangtze River, but the worm could spread to northern regions if the temperature of 15.2 degrees centigrade for the worm to grow is reached in those areas.
		The researchers found that an increase in the length of time environmental conditions were ideal for the growth of both the Oncomelania snail and the Schistosome worm.
		In the most affected regions, the time period in which daily average temperature were no lower than 15.2 degrees centigrade increased by up to 15 days.
	www.scidev.net /gateways/index.cfm?fuseaction=readitem&itemid=3548&item=News&language=1&rgwid=5 (440 words)

	China sets targets to curb snail fever
		Efforts should also be made to provide clean water for farmers and change the way night soil is disposed to curb the spread of the disease.
		While carrying out water conservancy and afforestation projects,local governments involved should clean up the environment to kill oncomelania, which has been blamed for spreading the disease.
		She also called on scientists to go on with the research and increase international exchange and cooperation so as to make breakthroughs in the prevention and control of the disease in three to five years.
	chinadaily.com.cn /english/doc/2004-05/23/content_334344.htm (346 words)

	EPAT: Decentralized Irrigation for Rice and Other Crops
		For example, in China, surveys in the early 1950s showed that roughly two-thirds of schistosomiasis cases occurred in less densely-settled, hilly and marshland areas, where animal reservoirs were an important factor in transmission (Mao and Shao 1982).
		This is unlike the flood plains where the snails inhabited rivers, lakes, and large canals rather than rice fields (Wright 1973).
		The snails' original homes in Leyte were probably swamps, sluggish streams, and flood plain forests that people converted to rice fields without constructing drainage or irrigation systems, plowing, or weeding.
	www.wisc.edu /epat/.pop-env/.schis/.format/.decent.html (1717 words)

	[No title]
		We studied the micro- and ultramicro- hepatical structure of Oncomelania snails.
		The results showed that the hepatical glandulous tubes were composed of simple columnar epithelis and cellular polarity was quite strong, cellular organs were well developed, rough endoplasma recticulium distributed around cellular nucleus in the shape of polylayer and platelayer.
		The shape of mitochondrion had ellipse and rhabditi form, and Golgi's body and lysosome were in the upper of the nucleus.
	www.actazool.org /paperdetail.asp?id=1064&volume=47&number=1&bgpage=19&endpage=26&year=2001&month=2 (110 words)

	People's Daily Online -- Shanghai making efforts to prevent outbreak of schistosomiasis
		Shanghai exterminated the infection of the disease in 1985 and since then it has had no report of cases of acute schistosoma infection and local originated cases for many years.
		However, danger of the outbreak of the disease exists as oncomelania, the most popular host for the parasite worm, can still be found in Shanghai.
		By the end of last year, 19 confirmed cases and many suspected cases of the disease had been found in Shanghai, all exported from other places.
	english.peopledaily.com.cn /200406/20/eng20040620_146902.html (280 words)

	Snail scare
		"The danger of an epidemic still remains as oncomelania (a species of snail), the most popular host for schitosomia, can be still found in Shanghai," said Pan Handing, a leading expert on "snail fever" who works with the Schistosomiasis Professional Committee of the China Endemic Diseases Society.
		"The oncomelania found in Shanghai have not been found to be carrying schistosomia, which can cause schistosomiasis," said Pan Handing.
		The Shanghai Municipal Government has an emergency plan to prevent an outbreak of the disease spreading to the city from neighbouring provinces.
	app1.chinadaily.com.cn /star/2004/0624/fo6-1.html (953 words)

	China sets targets to curb snail fever
		Efforts should also be made to provide clean water for farmers and change the way night soil is disposed to curb the spread of the disease.
		While carrying out water conservancy and afforestation projects,local governments involved should clean up the environment to kill oncomelania, which has been blamed for spreading the disease.
		She also called on scientists to go on with the research and increase international exchange and cooperation so as to make breakthroughs in the prevention and control of the disease in three to five years.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /english/doc/2004-05/23/content_334344.htm (346 words)

	A protocol for geographically randomized snail surveys in schistosomiasis fieldwork using the global positioning system ...
		This protocol differs from traditional surveys in its ability to accurately map and measure the spatial distribution of snail habitat.
		The protocol was used to map irrigation ditches, the primary habitat for Oncomelania hupensis, in two residence areas in Sichuan Province, China.
		From the 7,450 meters of mapped ditches, snail surveys were performed at 203 random sites along the ditch network.
	www.ajtmh.org /cgi/content/abstract/64/1/98 (240 words)

	Quinone derivatives as molluscicides - Patent 4092433
		Thus, a single snail can be the ancestor of many millions of new snails per year.
		For example, snails of the genre Oncomelania, Australorbis and Bulinus are schistosome intermediate hosts.
		Likewise, snails of the genre Lymnaea are intermediate hosts for the liver fluke worm.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4092433.html (2017 words)

	Molecular Phylogeography of Oncomelania Lindoensis (Gastropoda: Pomatiopsidae), the Intermediate Host of Schistosoma ...
		Molecular Phylogeography of Oncomelania Lindoensis (Gastropoda: Pomatiopsidae), the Intermediate Host of Schistosoma Japonicum in Sulawesi -- Woodruff et al.
		Oncomelania lindoensis from Lake Lindu, Sulawesi, was characterized
		Oncomelania from Sulawesi were originally described as subspecifically
	mollus.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/short/65/1/21 (352 words)

	Fish as Biocontrol Agents of Vectors and Pests of Medical and Agricultural Importance
		After multiplication, cercariae are released from the snails, which when they come into contact with humans, penetrate the skin and migrate to abdominal blood vessels.
		They dry out when water levels fall and plant shelter is lacking.
		Oncomelania snails are amphibious and prefer floodplain forests, swamps, waterlogged grasslands, stream, rice fields, irrigation canals, road ditches and borrow pits.
	www.iirr.org /aquatic_resources/p1c13.htm (1856 words)

	[No title]
		The three snail genera, Biomphalaria, Bulinus and Oncomelania each transmit a different species of Schistosoma.
		Apparently, within this system there is also a great deal of parasite strain specificity for snail species.
		Oncomelania snails are amphibious, and therefore environmental risk factors for japonicum schistosomiasis differ markedly from those of the other parasite species, whose intermediate hosts are strictly aquatic, even though they survive periods of drought for periods up to twelve months, a phenomenon known as aestivation.
	sleekfreak.ath.cx:81 /3wdev/CD3WD/HEALTH/WHOW02E/B21_6.HTM (1340 words)

	[No title]
		Influence of Streptomyces violaceoruber on the enzyme-histochemistry in Oncomelania hupensis
		the Mg -ATPase, CHE, NOS, LDH and SDH in the liver, centric ganglions, head-foot muscles and ctenidia of Oncomelania hupensis were characterized by enzyme-histochemistry technology and changes of them were observed closely.
		Results show that the activity of Mg -ATPase in the liver, centric ganglions, head-foot muscles and ctenidia decreased noticably or disappeared after snails were immersed in the liquid with Streptomyces violaceoruber for 36 hours.
	www.actazool.org /paperdetail.asp?id=4724&volume=52&number=1&bgpage=null&endpage=null&year=2006&month=null (259 words)

	Parasitology - FUTEF (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It may grow or reproduce asexually, but there is no exchange of genetic material between individuals.
		Littorinimorpha is an important taxonomic infraorder of snails that includes the genus Oncomelania.
		Snails in this genus, such as Oncomelania hupensis and Oncomelania nosophora, are part of the life cycle of the schistosoma blood fluke and th...
	futef.com /q/cats:[Parasitology] (373 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| A cross-sectional study of the prevalence of intensity of infection with Schistosoma ...
		The three major focal points of disease transmission are located on the regions of the Visayas and Mindanao [2].
		Unlike other species of schistosomes, animal reservoirs are thought to contribute significantly to the transmission and maintenance of life cycle of S.
		Rice farming and annual rainfall patterns in these endemic areas maximize contact among humans, animal reservoirs and freshwater infested with Oncomelania snails which in turn increase the risk of infection [2,3].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2458/6/61 (4935 words)

	Mollusks And Man - A Medical Perspective - Part One
		The adult worms are less than an inch in length and live in the small blood vessels of abdominal and pelvic viscera where major damage to the liver, urinary tract and intestine can ensue.
		Disease transmission occurs in cercaria-infested waters that allow selective snail hosts, Biomphalaria, Bulinus, Tricula (etc.), and Oncomelania respectively, to prosper.
		Control of schistosomiasis is largely a matter of improving sanitation, since human excreta bearing parasite eggs must be excluded from waters which harbor host snails and which contact human skin.
	www.jaxshells.org /mollusks.htm (916 words)

	expert (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Zhang Xudong et al, 1999, A study of the groeth role of Poolar on the seasonal river beaches of Changjiang River, Journal.
		Wu gang and Zhang Xudong et al, 1999, Relationships between oncomelania breeding and beach vegetation in the Middle and Lower Reaches of The Yangtze River, Acta ecologica sinca, 19(1): 118~121.
		Zhang Xudong et al, 1999, Relationships between the surviving oncomelania and beaches environmental factors, Acta ecologica sinca, 19(2): 265~269
	www.forestry.ac.cn /newcaf/english/famous/professor_s.cfm?pp=180 (204 words)

	Peoples in Middle and Southeast China＿Virtual Science Museum of China
		The spiral shell is the big oncomelania growing in the local small mountain streams.
		First, fry the clean oncomelania with lard; pour it into a jar when it is hot, cooked and fragrant enough.
		At the same time, put the baked fragrant pig tube bones (big bones of bone marrow) into the jar too.
	www.kepu.com.cn /english/nationalitymse/mao/200312240057.html (450 words)

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