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Topic: Oncotic pressure

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Hydrostatic pressure

	Hydrostatic & oncotic pressures
		This pressure is determined by the interstitial fluid volume and by the compliance of the tissue, which is related to the ability of the tissue volume to increase.
		Normally, when oncotic pressure is measured, it is measured across a semipermeable membrane – i.e., a membrane that is permeable to fluid and electrolytes but not to large protein molecules.
		The oncotic pressure of the interstitial fluid depends on the interstitial protein concentration and the reflection coefficient of the capillary wall.
	www.cvphysiology.com /Microcirculation/M012.htm (674 words)

	Fluid Physiology: 2.4 Colloid Osmotic Pressure
		It is referred to as colloid osmotic pressure (or sometimes as the oncotic pressure).
		Oncotic pressure can be easily measured in the laboratory with instruments called oncometers.
		Measurement in an oncometer shows the actual plasma oncotic pressure is about 25 mmHg which is equivalent to a plasma protein concentration of 1.3 mmol/kg.
	www.anaesthesiamcq.com /FluidBook/fl2_4.php (814 words)

	ISF-Plasma Exchange
		The hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries is lower than that of the arteries, and decreases along the length of the capillary as blood flows through.
		This pressure is known as the Colloid Oncotic Pressure (often shortened to the Oncotic Pressure).
		The decrease in hydrostatic pressure results in a diminution in the region where fluid is lost from the plasma, and an expansion in the region where fluid returns back to the plasma.
	physioweb.med.uvm.edu /bodyfluids/isf-plas.htm (1035 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Oncotic pressure
		In blood plasma, the dissolved compounds have an osmotic pressure.
		The difference between the osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins (colloidal osmotic pressure) in blood plasma and that exerted by tissue fluid proteins is called the oncotic pressure.
		Because large plasma proteins can't easily cross through the capillary walls, their effect on the osmotic pressure of the capillary interiors will, to some extent, balance out the tendency for fluid to leak out of the capillaries.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Oncotic_pressure (166 words)

	Pressure in Capillaries
		Pressure in the capillaries is balanced by two forces and regulates movement between blood and tissue.
		Oncotic pressure balances this by maintaining fluid inside the capillaries.
		Poiseuille's Law shows the dependance of the rate of flow on the difference in these two forces.
	www.unc.edu /~rgpatel (51 words)

	Autonomic nervous control of venous pressure and secretion in submandibular gland of anesthetized dogs -- Lung 275 (2): ...
		perfusion pressure), caused an increase in the hilar venous pressure
		in the hilar venous pressure, hilar venous pulse pressure, and
		in hilar venous pressure caused by the concomitant increase in
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/275/2/G331 (6757 words)

	Capilary Fluid_Exchange
		The hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) within the capillaries is not constant and depends on the arterial pressure, the venous pressure, and the precapillary (artery and arteriolar) and postcapillary (venules and small veins) resistances.
		However, this small oncotic pressure plays an important role in fluid exchange across the capillary wall because the plasma proteins are essentially confined to the intravascular space; whereas, the electrolytes that are responsible for the major fraction of plasma osmotic pressure are practically equal in concentration on both sides of the capillary endothelium.
		In the normal steady state, arterial pressure, venous pressure, postcapillary resistance, interstitial fluid hydrostatic and oncotic pressures, and plasma oncotic pressure are relatively constant, and change in precapillary resistance is the determining factor with respect to fluid movement across the wall for any given capillary.
	omaha.physiol.arizona.edu /Physiology485/Gore/Lecture21a/Gore.L21a.html (3010 words)

	RxPG :: View topic - oncotic pressure??? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		albumin contrinutes maximum to oncotic pressure because it has..
		oncotic pressure is not the property of mass but concentration (quantity).
		mass is fixed,so to be a immportant contributor of oncotic pressure it has to have low mol.
	www.rxpgonline.com /modules.php?name=Forums&file=viewtopic&printertopic=1&t=5908&start=0&postdays=0&postorder=asc&vote=viewresult&popup=1 (65 words)

	ACVC 2001 - Fluid Therapy for the Companion Animal
		Oncotic pressure between the intravascular and interstitial space is maintained because of this.
		Decreased oncotic pressure can also be caused by an increased vascular permeability (allowing protein molecules to leak through) due to sepsis, immune mediated disease, or neoplasia.
		Plasma is the ideal colloid to increase oncotic pressure and assist with hypoprotienemia and "leaky" vessel disorders.
	www.vin.com /VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00448.htm (1474 words)

	Key Articles
		high oncotic pressure will dehydrate such tissue provided that the magnitude of the pressure is higher than the imbibition pressure of the deturgescent stroma.
		There are several commercially available eye drops that are able to wet hydrophobic surfaces, have high oncotic pressure and/or contain nutrients which thus are expected to be efficacious and may be called lacrophilic.
		The magnitude of the oncotic pressure of various, commercially available, artificial tear substitutes have been directly measured by the means of a Wescor Colloid Osmometer.
	www.dry-eye-institute.org /vitapo.html (3300 words)

	NEJM -- The hyperlipidemia of the nephrotic syndrome. Relation to plasma albumin concentration, oncotic pressure, and ...
		Although hyperlipidemia is a common feature of the nephrotic syndrome, the distribution of cholesterol among the plasma lipoproteins and the mechanism of the enhanced hepatic synthesis of lipoprotein lipids are not well understood.
		We studied the distribution of cholesterol among the plasma lipoproteins, as well as the relation between total cholesterol and plasma albumin concentration, oncotic pressure, and viscosity in 20 consecutive adult patients with uncomplicated nephrotic syndrome.
		Enhanced hepatic synthesis of lipoprotein lipids may be stimulated by a decreased plasma albumin concentration or oncotic pressure but does not appear to be due to changes in plasma viscosity.
	content.nejm.org /cgi/content/abstract/312/24/1544 (417 words)

	Oncotic pressure and edema formation in hypoalbuminemic HIV-infected patients with proteinuria.
		To evaluate the contributions of serum globulin to the total oncotic pressure and the presence or absence of edema in HIVN, we randomly selected 27 patients with proteinuria greater than 2.5 g/24 hr and serum albumin less than 3.1 g/dL from patients presenting to the nephrology outpatient clinic at the University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital.
		Oncotic pressures for albumin (alpha), globulin (beta), and total protein c) were calculated using the following formula: COPpl = alpha(2.8c + 0.18c2 + 0.012c3) + beta(0.9c + 0.12c2 + 0.004c3).
		The globulin oncotic pressures may account for some of the differences in total oncotic pressures, being significantly higher for those patients without edema in group 1B compared with group 2A (7.1 +/- 0.9 mm Hg v 3.9 +/- 0.4 mm Hg, respectively; P < 0.05).
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1998/mar/M9831123.html (765 words)

	RxMed: Pharmaceutical Information - PLASBUMIN 5
		The rapid rise in blood pressure, which may follow the administration of a colloid with positive oncotic activity, necessitates careful observation to detect and treat severed blood vessels which may not have bled at the lower blood pressure.
		Below a serum oncotic level of 20 mmHg (equal to a total serum protein concentration of 5.2 g/100 mL) there is evidence which suggests that the risk of complications increases.
		The aim should be to maintain the plasma albumin concentration in the region of 2.5±0.5 g/100 mL with a plasma oncotic pressure of 20 mmHg (equivalent to a total plasma protein concentration of 5.2 g/100 mL).
	www.rxmed.com /b.main/b2.pharmaceutical/b2.1.monographs/CPS-%20Monographs/CPS-%20(General%20Monographs-%20P)/PLASBUMIN%205.html (1397 words)

	Chapter 4
		The first is that dilution of plasma albumin from the retained sodium chloride results in a reduction in plasma oncotic pressure and, at the level of the glomerular capillaries, this increases glomerular filtration (by alteration of local Starling's capillary forces), and hence tends to limit the amount of renal sodium retention.
		It is self-evident that when plasma protein, and particularly plasma albumin, falls, then plasma oncotic pressure must also fall, and with it the forces tending to limit the inward flow of fluid to the interstitial compartment under the normal influence of the capillary hydrostatic pressure.
		This is probably because with increasing interstitial pressure, the water and electrolyte elements of the oedema can reach a new equilibrium across the capillary wall to facilitate their reabsorption, but the same cannot occur with the larger protein molecules.
	www.medicine.utas.edu.au /teaching/boyd/book/ch4.html (4223 words)

	[No title]
		The pressures in the microvasculature of the visceral pleura are much lower than in the vasculature of the parietal pleura because: 1.) The capillaries in the visceral pleura have a very large capillary network and 2.)The visceral pleura capillaries drain into the lower pressure pulmonary veins.
		The pleural pressure (Ppl) is equal to the alveolar pressure minus the elastic recoil pressure of the lung.
		During no-flow situations, the pleural pressure is equal and opposite to the elastic recoil pressure of the lung.
	www.uhmc.sunysb.edu /som/students/2003/Lectures/pulm/pulm17.doc (2134 words)

	Sect. 7, Ch. 4: Renal Perfusion Pressure and Vascular Resistance
		Renal blood flow, like blood flow through any organ, is defined by the pressure difference between the arterial and venous ends of the vascular bed, and by the vascular resistance of that bed.
		The major contributions to this decrease are a 40 mm Hg decrease across the afferent arteriole and a 42 mm Hg decrease across the efferent arteriole as the blood enters and leaves the renal glomerulus.
		The oncotic pressure of the plasma entering the efferent arteriole is greater than the systemic arterial oncotic pressure and the peritubular capillary hydraulic-oncotic pressure gradient favors fluid reabsorption and facilitates reabsorption of large volumes of the filtrate from the tubules.
	www.lib.mcg.edu /edu/eshuphysio/program/section7/7ch04/7ch04p26.htm (310 words)

	Hypoalbuminemia as a Cause of Pleural Effusions -- Eid et al. 115 (4): 1066 -- Chest
		pressure and a fall in the plasma oncotic pressure.
		pulmonary capillary pressure and venous hypertension are well-recognized
		hydrostatic pressure and a reduction in oncotic pressure is
	www.chestjournal.org /cgi/content/full/115/4/1066 (2070 words)

	Quiz 2 Answers
		Normally, the greatest force for filtration (movement of water from the capillary to the tissue) is the capillary hydrostatic pressure; and the largest force for absorption (movement from the tissue to capillary) is the plasma oncotic pressure.
		Pressures in lymphatics and veins are low and may cycle such that at times the upstream pressure could be greater than the downstream pressure.
		Venous pressure in the lower limbs is normally reduced when walking by the action of the skeletal muscle pump.
	www.iuvascular.com /Unthank/Teach/Quiz2Answers.html (516 words)

	[No title]
		The venous pressure distal to congestion approximates the cuff pressure.
		Pressure was maintained for 4 minutes to reach a steady state.
		The intercept with the pressure axis of the flow-pressure graph is Pi which approximates the net oncotic pressure gradient for microvascular filtration and defines the threshold for edema formation.
	www.nymc.edu /fhp/centers/syncope/SPG.htm (978 words)

	Starling forces that oppose filtration after tissue oncotic pressure is increased -- Hu et al. 279 (4): 1724 -- AJP - ...
		The arrow points to the effective oncotic pressure, demonstrating that the effective oncotic pressure with tissue loading is nearly indistinguishable from the control.
		is the colloid osmotic pressure in capillary) in Tables 1 and 2 in the absence of tissue albumin.
		) = 50 mg/ml, and the corresponding oncotic pressure (
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/279/4/H1724 (8368 words)

	Tissue pressure and its measurement - Compartmental Syndromes.
		The hydrostatic pressure of water at the bottom of the beaker [analogous to PT(H)] is equal to the height of water in the beaker (H).
		Although the method of Ryder et al may be clinically useful for measuring subcutaneous tissue pressure, it is impractical for the measurement of intramuscular pressure in a X traumatized limb because it would require the cannulation of a deep intramuscular vein and repeated raising and lowering of the limb relative to the heart.
		The pressure increment from saline infusion is unlikely to be a problem clinically, however, for two reasons: saline is absorbed three times more rapidly than plasma, 2 and three days of pressure monitoring would be necessary to infuse the volume of 2 cc.
	www.orthop.washington.edu /uw/compartmental/tabID__3371/ItemID__142/PageID__288/Articles/Default.aspx (2572 words)

	HDCN: Review of abstract by Guardia et al. Contribution of globulins to plasma oncotic pressure and the ...
		Contribution of globulins to plasma oncotic pressure and the presence of edema in HIV patients with proteinuria
		The authors conclude that relatively higher oncotic pressures related to plasma globulins may delay the onset of edema in HIV infected patients.
		Because interstitial oncotic pressure also falls with hypoalbuminemia, resulting in a less dramatic drop in the difference between capillary plasma and interstitial oncotic pressure (DP in the Starling equation), low plasma proteins may not necessarily result in edema.
	www.hdcn.com /ab/5asnguar.htm (280 words)

	[No title]
		When fluid accumulation is due to an increased capillary hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure, the relative protein concentration compared with that in the serum is low and this fluid is called a transudate.
		Capillary hydrostatic pressure can be increased by increasing the pressure within the capillary or decreasing the pressure surrounding the capillary since the transvascular pressure produces the net effect.
		Oncotic pressure reductions will have the same effect and can be seen in marked malnutrition or nephrotic syndrome causing hypoalbuminemia.
	medocs.ucdavis.edu /imd/420c/eSyllabus/effusion.htm (3643 words)

	Oncotic pressures opposing filtration across non-fenestrated rat microvessels -- Adamson et al. 557 (3): 889 -- The ...
		are the hydrostatic pressures in the capillary lumen
		Intercept on the pressure axis indicates the effective oncotic pressure and shows that when interstitial albumin is present at the same concentration as in the perfusate the effective oncotic pressure is greatly different from the expected value of zero (line of Starling prediction).
		The effective oncotic pressure difference determining fluid balance in filtering microvessels is greater when calculated using the oncotic pressure in the subglycocalyx region rather than the mixed interstitial fluid.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/557/3/889 (9044 words)

	Drying out waterlogged legs - peripheral edema: includes the answer to a question on simple healthy exercises for the ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Oncotic pressure, mounted by circulating blood proteins, draws water into the capillaries from the interstitial space.
		When hydrostatic pressure overpowers the opposing oncotic force, fluid is pushed out of the capillaries and into the interstitial spaces, where it accumulates.
		Abnormally high hydrostatic pressure is also a problem for people with congestive heart failure, which is the most serious common cause of swollen legs.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1585/is_n3_v22/ai_19037055 (921 words)

	Oncotic Pressure in Solid Tumors Is Elevated -- Stohrer et al. 60 (15): 4251 -- Cancer Research
		pressures of the tumor interstitial fluid and plasma are similar.
		Oncotic pressure in blood plasma, subcutis, and interstitial fluid of human colon adenocarcinomas LS174T after different sampling times in vivo, in tumor tissue of dead mice (60-min sampling) and in the fluid of chronic wicks (simultaneously implanted with the tumors; significantly different from 30-min sampled acute wicks and interstitial fluid of dead tumors;
		Oncotic pressures in plasma and in interstitial fluid of the
	cancerres.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/60/15/4251 (4072 words)

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