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Topic: Onnagata

	Viewing Japanese Prints: "Onnagata"
		The actor Yoshizawa Ayame (1673-1719) was one of the greatest onnagata who ever lived and surely one of the most influential, for it was he who defined, for generations of female impersonators, the essence of the onnagata style, both on and off the stage.
		Onnagata eventually became, ironically, the arbiters of female style among the urban population, and their skill at onnarashisa ("female likeness") represented a model for feminine expression and behavior that women found compelling, and which they sometimes emulated.
		Onnagata excelled at performing as keisei ("castle topplers," courtesans of the highest ranks, although the term was not used to designate any specific grade of prostitute).
	optometry.berkeley.edu /~fiorillo/texts/topictexts/faq/faq_onnagata.html (0 words)

	Amazon.com: "learn about kabuki onnagata" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In short, the onnagata is a cross-dressed male actor in the Japanese kabuki theatre.
		The banning of women from the stage and resultant stylization of the onnagata changed the social context of kabuki, raising the onnagata performance and the theatrical form to a higher status (still, however, eclipsed by the elite noh theatre).
		Such influence was made possible because the traditional onnagata was inextricably entwined and engaged within the arcane maze of social rules and linkages which continue to define the kabuki world as a microcosm of ancient Japanese culture.
	www.amazon.com /gp/richpub/syltguides/fullview/34EIWBBM13W5L (0 words)

	Melissa Mariano's J115 Final Project
		Two factors must be considered when assessing the threat that onnagata, otokoyaku,and eventually Ranma, pose to gender norms: if and how they challenge the "superior male, inferior female" mentality and the degree to which they challenge gender fixity as determined by their level of transformation into the other gender.
		Onnagata embrace a desire for complete movement from male to female, while otokoyaku suggest less fluidity by retaining their original gender in spite of their gender-bending roles onstage.
		Furthermore, this lesser degree of transformation in otokoyaku than in onnagata is reinforced by the word etiology; for while -gata indicates “becoming” a member of the opposite gender so as to act as a model, -yaku merely indicates putting on a role and performing a duty, rather than becoming the opposite gender.
	www.stanford.edu /~mmariano/GatuYaku.html (745 words)

	Onnagata (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		“Onnagata” mot à mot “style-femme” est le terme désignant un homme qui interprète un rôle féminin pour exprimer de manière stylisée le cur de la femme.
		Le plus célebre Onnagata contemporain est certainement Tamasaburo.
		Cependant, au Théâtre du Temps, à Paris, Junji Fuseya a créé une technique d'Onnagata français, et le travail de Mark Rylance au Théâtre du Globe, à Londres, à la manière des pièces élisabéthaines, s'approche parfois de très près de l'esprit Onnagata.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/fr/wikipedia/o/on/onnagata.html (174 words)

	Arendt: "Crept Into Her Soul"
		Both roles of onnagata and otokoyaku aim at achieving the ideal gender for the audience, composed mainly of women, to emulate.
		The onnagata is an ideal version of ryosai kenbo while the otokoyaku teaches the actions of males, providing a better understanding for the females in their role as wife.
		Especially in early centuries when the onnagata had to remain a female in his private life, the actors felt the pressures of the two worlds and often became alcoholics.
	www.anthropology.emory.edu /EA/arendt.html (5417 words)

	The Graduate School : 06IsakaMorinaga
		The early foundation of the onnagata gender lay in the mutual imitation between women and onnagata, whence the social role of onnagata as the paragons of womanhood.
		That was the time when onnagata managed to transform themselves from important partakers to the dominant participants in the circulation of femininity, and the complicity of the onnagata discourse during that time turns out, albeit with hindsight, to illustrate the future direction of gender economy in Japan.
		This is because the struggles of onnagata at the time resulted in the establishment of a dichotomy, natural femininity of "actresses" versus artistic/artificial femininity of male onnagata, and women onnagata could belong to neither modern category.
	www.grad.umn.edu /faculty-staff/funding/dean/FSR/examples/06IsakaMorinaga.html (1949 words)

	Kabuki A vibrant and exciting traditional theater
		These plays were known for their realistic portrayal of the lower fringes of society but they tended toward sensationalism, using violence and shocking subjects along with elaborate stage tricks to draw in an increasingly jaded audience.
		The ideal for the onnagata is not to imitate women but to symbolically express the essence of the feminine.
		The onnagata are such an integral pan of the kabuki tradition that their replacement by actresses is extremely unlikely.
	www.us.emb-japan.go.jp /jicc/spotkabuki.htm (2107 words)

	Metropolis - Big in Japan: Utada Hikaru
		More than any other onnagata he can convince an audience of his seeming gender transformation, but because audiences tend to concentrate solely on his beauty, they often fail to recognize the amount of skill and artistry involved in making what he does look simple.
		He is unique among the onnagata in that he appears as a woman alongside actresses in Shakespearean and other non-Kabuki performances, on stage, in film, and in experimental drama by non-Japanese directors.
		The onnagata's task is to portray a stylized beauty, and so the actor's real age is inconsequential, and there is nothing incongruous about a 70-year old actor portraying an 18-year old maiden.
	metropolis.co.jp /biginjapanarchive299/275/biginjapaninc.htm (532 words)

	KABUKI: MALES ONLY STAGE
		As the prohibition was enforced for two and a half centuries, onnagata art achieved a high level of perfection.
		Kabuki was ready to leave actresses out when the prohibition was lifted as onnagata was deeply rooted to this kind of stage performance.
		Actors —contrary to the old times- are playing different roles, except onnagata, whose secret is that female beauty, logic, behavior and psychology are seeing through males eyes.
	www.cubanow.net /global/loader.php?&secc=5&item=1569&cont=show.php (1183 words)

	Onnagata (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		From 1652 until the 19th century, men playing onnagata were not supposed to wear wigs that covered the shaved part of their head (usually young men shaved their forelock as part of a coming-of-age ceremony).
		This was supposed to keep very young boys from performing in Kabuki, and also to keep the young men from being too attractive.
		The spirit of the cherry tree (who is also the ghost of the Heian poetess Ono no Komachi), is threatened with a large axe by a rival poet, Otomo no Kuronushi.
	eee.uci.edu /clients/sbklein/images/EDOTHEATER/kabuki/pages/onnagata.htm (0 words)

	facts JPN-kabuki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The players of the kabuki drama in its primitive stage were principally women, and with the increasing popularity of kabuki, many of the actresses began to attract undue attention from male admirers.
		Moreover, the art of onnagata had become such an integral part of kabuki that, if deprived of this element, the traditional quality of kabuki could be lost forever.
		The secret of the onnagata's beauty as presented on the stage lies perhaps in the fact that it is a feminine beauty which has been created not naturally but artificially through the eyes of men objectively looking at the behavior and psychology of the opposite sex.
	asnic.utexas.edu /asnic/countries/japan/kabuki.html (2947 words)

	Kabuki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		All the onnagata, or women’s roles in Kabuki, are played by male actors after long and arduous training.
		The performance traditions of onnagata are passed down from generation to generation, and families of actors are associated with various roles.
		Onoe Umenosuke, a master of the onnagata role in kabuki, will be conducting a free performance and demonstration at John Carroll University’s Kulas Auditorium on October 9, 2003 at 7 p.m.
	www.jcu.edu /pubaff/newsreleases/Kabuki.htm (254 words)

	Japanese Culture - Entertainment - Kabuki Theater
		The actors who play female roles are known as onnagata or oyama (such as National Living Treasure Nakamura Jakuemon, left, born in 1920).
		While early onnagata were required to maintain their feminine persona and dress even in their private lives, this practice was abolished in the Meiji Restoration of 1868.
		Standard male kabuki roles include the handsome lover, the virtuous hero or the evil samurai; for an onnagata, roles include the high-ranking samurai lady, the young maiden or the wicked woman.
	www.japan-zone.com /culture/kabuki.shtml (0 words)

	Tamasaburo Bando - Filmography - Movies - New York Times
		Bando is unique in that he has consistently applied his onnagata techniques to classical Western theatrical roles such as Desdemona, Lady Macbeth, and Medea.
		He is also one of the few onnagata to regularly work in film, both as an actor and a director.
		His first film role was in Masahiro Shinoda's 1980 Demon Pond, in which he played a dual role as a shy, humble village wife and a flamboyant mythical creature known as the Dragon Princess.
	movies2.nytimes.com /gst/movies/filmography.html?p_id=129045 (314 words)

	Japanese Visual Culture
		This difficult and meticulous control was touched off with a slight hint of maleness, either a forcefulness of voice or a slight showing of the male form.
		Oshima then talks about a master of the form, Kikunojo I who helped define the onnagata role and became the first performer to act the part of the woman both on and off stage in order to maintain his skill.
		The article is an art history piece and so the woodblock paintings he uses to illustrate his point are a large part of the writing.
	w00.middlebury.edu /ID085A/STUDENTS/Edo/oshima.html (336 words)

	Kabuki Theater
		One of the major developments in acting was a direct result of this banning of women from the stage, in that men obviously had to play female roles and the onnagata, the female role specialist, was born.
		Onnagata have produced a highly stylised version of femininity which seeks to represent a female type, and they have many methods to reduce their physical size on stage, as well as the refined movements and an extremely distinctive falsetto voice which are a very male view of women.
		One large category of sewamono plays deals with double suicide, and it is in these pieces that wagoto are seen to their best advantage, since the portrayal of intense emotion exemplifies this style.
	www.artelino.com /articles/kabuki_theater.asp (1264 words)

	Shochiku Grand Kabuki - Chikamatsu-za by Verinha Ottoni ©
		Another point of this particular art is that it is hereditary and the actors are generally referred to by their forenames in the Japanese surname-forename word order.
		And it was also quite common for an onnagata actor to wear female clothing in the street.
		But the legendary Ganjiro says, "There are 2 types of onnagata: one who turns straight back into man when he is offstage; and the other who keeps up the feminine side in daily life.
	www.verinhaottoni.com /diary/cultural/theatre/037.html (2068 words)

	Japan Links - Kabuki
		The result was the development of the onnagata, the male who plays the female role.
		The skills of these performers have led many in Japan to believe that the onnagata are able to portray women as realistically as a woman.
		Certainly to the uninitiated, it is virtually impossible to tell that the female on the stage is not a woman.
	www.ric.edu /pamental/japan/kabuki.html (384 words)

	Dolls and actors
		This is a photo of Tamasaburo Bando, a Kabuki actor who specializes in onnagata (women's roles).
		John Fiorillo has an essay online explaining briefly the history and role of the onnagata, specifically with relation to woodblock prints.
		In an essay, "The Keisei as a Meeting Point of Different Worlds: Courtesan and the Kabuki Onnagata" (keisei means "castle-toppler" and refers generally to beautiful public women), Mark Oshima describes the onnagata's art: "Today's onnagata still employ these physical techniques to reshape the male body to suggest a female one.
	web.clas.ufl.edu /users/jshoaf/Jdolls/actdolls.htm (606 words)

	Past Special Events: Onnagata: The Making of a Woman
		The Ark, 316 South Main Street, Ann Arbor, MI A special performance, Onnagata: The Making of a Woman, will bring a rare, behind-the-scenes look into the world of Japanese kabuki to Ann Arbor on Tuesday, October 7 at 7 p.m.
		Though this traditional form of Japanese theater, founded early in the 17th century, was created by a woman, since early on all roles have been taken by men.
		Men who play the roles of women are referred to as onnagata female role specialists.
	www.umich.edu /~iinet/cjs/events/onnagata.html (0 words)

	Dolls and actors
		This is a photo of Tamasaburo Bando, a Kabuki actor who specializes in onnagata (women's roles).
		John Fiorillo has an essay online explaining briefly the history and role of the onnagata, specifically with relation to woodblock prints.
		In an essay, "The Keisei as a Meeting Point of Different Worlds: Courtesan and the Kabuki Onnagata" (keisei means "castle-toppler" and refers generally to beautiful public women), Mark Oshima describes the onnagata's art: "Today's onnagata still employ these physical techniques to reshape the male body to suggest a female one.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/jshoaf/Jdolls/actdolls.htm (606 words)

	Kabuki
		Spectators, who had become familiar with an accustomed to the reality and the sensual charms of women performers, had, so to speak, tasted of forbidden fruit (Inoura 193)." The shogunate accused women kabuki actors of being prostitutes and said that Kabuki actresses were at the center of a society of wrongdoers (Hare 6).
		The onnagata become believable not through natural elements but through their behavior and their way of thinking that perfectly portrays females ("Kabuki: Traditional" 5).
		Men soon achieved the level of skill required to play a female, and therefore when the ban against actresses was lifted in 1879, actresses were unessential and the art of onnagata and kabuki plays became fiercely united ("Kabuki: Traditional" 1).
	www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us /History/Japan/02/bresn/bresn.htm (1476 words)

	Kabuki History: The Genroku Period
		Beneath came the waka-onnagata, or young onnagata, the villains and the comic actors.
		The art of the onnagata was perfected in this period by the actor Yoshizawa Ayame.
		Through Ayame's efforts, onnagata began to receive stronger roles in plays while retaining their claim to Kabuki dance.
	park.org /Japan/Kabuki/about/history/genroku.html (856 words)

	Bad Moves entry
		The onnagata [male actors in the kabuki theatre who play female roles] justify their perpetual monopoly by saying they believe that women are too close to femininity to capture its essence…
		I have not, for example, considered the possibility that the onnagata have some good reasons for thinking that women are closer to femininity than men are to masculinity.
		The onnagata, if they are at all interested in defending their practices rationally, would either have to accept the inconsistency or explain why it is not an inconsistency after all.
	www.butterfliesandwheels.com /badmovesprint.php?num=47 (667 words)

	Franklin & Marshall - Onnagata: The Making of a Woman
		Onnagata appeared after the government banned women from the kabuki stage in 1629.
		He attended the local public schools and as a high school student was enamored by the performance of the kabuki actor ONOE Kikugoro in the historical television drama, “Minamoto no Yoshitsune,” and decided to become a kabuki “onnagata” (actor specializing in female roles).
		Upon graduating from high school in 1968, he went to Tokyo and joined the troupe led by ONOE Baiko (a Living National Treasure).
	www.fandm.edu /x5861.xml (0 words)

	onnagata
		To save you this time and cost, CDC has licensed existing advertisements developed by more than onnagata related activity).
		Maternal and Child Health onnagata SAMMEC estimates the number of annual smoking-attributable deaths and years of potential life lost, smoking-attributable expenditures, and productivity losses for adults in the hope they might quit onnagata Effective interventions for increasing cessation success rates include.
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	hometown.aol.com /RitaJedd2051/onnagata.html (0 words)

	Info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		FEMALE-ROLE ACTORS (onnagata) COMPARED WITH BEAUTIFUL WOMEN (bijin)
		The ban on women performers, first enforced in 1629 to discourage licentiousness, meant that female roles, frequently intended to represent the most beautiful courtesans, had to be taken by male actors.
		It can be seen in all the female-role actor portraits in this exhibition.
	www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk /gallery/japan/gallery/textG.htm (0 words)

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