| | CSIRO European Lab - Scotch and Illyrian thistles (Site not responding. Last check: ) |
 | | The mature larvae construct a pupal chamber and, at this stage, a single larva may have destroyed all the seeds in a 3 cm diameter flowerhead. |
 | | Adults emerge from estivation in September and are active, mate and lay eggs at the base of the main leef vein of the Onopordum rosettes through the winter. |
 | | Two adults spring generations lay eggs on the leaf of the Onopordum rosette.The larvea join the bud, eat the colar and destroy a part of the root, then leave the plant for pupating on dry leaf or on the soil. |
| www.csiro-europe.org /onopordum.html (589 words) |