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Topic: Ontological

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	Foundation of Ontological Philosophy
		But the causes in ontological explanation are the basic substances and the basic relationship among them, and since things are explained ontologically by showing how they are constituted by substances, ontological explanations do not depend on laws of nature.
		That is spatiomaterialism, and combined with the truth of the laws of physics, it entails the ontological necessary truths by which all the theories in less general branches of science are reduced to a simple ontological theory.
		As an ontological theory, spatiomaterialism must be able to account for (in the sense of explaining the possibility of) everything found in the world, including not only all the objects in space, but all their properties, relations and how they change.
	www.twow.net /ObjText/OtbF.htm (2867 words)

	20th WCP: Hegel and Kant on the Ontological Argument
		The ontological argument can be exposed in a syllogistic way: everything I conceive as belonging clearly and distinctly to the nature or essence of something can be asserted as true of something.
		According to Kant, the refutation of the ontological argument entails the refutation of the cosmological argument.
		Therefore, Kant's refutation of the ontological argument would in fact ignore, Hegel would say, that existence is stated as a predicate of the infinite being only and not of a hundred thalers or some other finite being.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Mode/ModeDeLo.htm (1608 words)

	Philosophy of Religion .info - Arguments for the Existence of God - The Ontological Argument
		The ontological argument was first formulated in the eleventh century by St Anselm in his Proslogium, Chapter 2.
		The earliest critic of the ontological argument, though, was a contemporary of Anselm, the monk Gaunilo of Marmoutiers.
		Kant argued against the ontological argument on the grounds that existence is not a property of objects but a property of concepts, and that whatever ideas may participate in a given concept it is a further question whether that concept is instantiated.
	www.philosophyofreligion.info /ontological.html (717 words)

	Descartes' Ontological Argument (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Descartes often compares the ontological argument to a geometric demonstration, arguing that necessary existence cannot be excluded from idea of God anymore than the fact that its angles equal two right angles, for example, can be excluded from the idea of a triangle.
		Descartes does not conceive the ontological argument on the model of an Euclidean or axiomatic proof, in which theorems are derived from epistemically prior axioms and definitions.
		Since the ontological argument ultimately reduces to an axiom, the source of an objection according to Descartes' diagnosis is the failure of the objector to perceive this axiom clearly and distinctly.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/descartes-ontological (7444 words)

	20th WCP: Getting Rid of the Mind Body Problem: Ontological Relativism and the Pragmatic Notion of Metaphysical Truth
		Ontological absolutism commits to an epistemological notion of identity: It claims that it is a matter of fact out of which different single entities the world is built up, given some level of ontological fine-grainedness.
		Ontological absolutism accords with this idea: It claims that our theories are true of the absolute world only if their ontologies are, that is only if our ontologies correspond to really real things.
		Pragmatic dualism, based on ontological relativism and combined with the pragmatic notion of metaphysical truth, does not only help us to get rid of the mind body problem, but it is also a thoroughly coherent, conceptually unproblematic and metaphysically interesting position.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Mind/MindMech.htm (2071 words)

	What is an Ontology?
		Practically, an ontological commitment is an agreement to use a vocabulary (i.e., ask queries and make assertions) in a way that is consistent (but not complete) with respect to the theory specified by an ontology.
		The Knowledge Level is a level of description of the knowledge of an agent that is independent of the symbol-level representation used internally by the agent.
		Ontological commitments are agreements to use the shared vocabulary in a coherent and consistent manner.
	www-ksl.stanford.edu /kst/what-is-an-ontology.html (865 words)

	Ontological Arguments (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Ontological arguments are arguments, for the conclusion that God exists, from premises which are supposed to derive from some source other than observation of the world — e.g., from reason alone.
		Intimations of a defensible mereological ontological argument, albeit one whose conclusion is not (obviously) endowed with religious significance.
		For many positive ontological arguments, there are parodies which purport to establish the non-existence of god(s); and for many positive ontological arguments there are lots (usually a large infinity!) of similar arguments which purport to establish the existence of lots (usally a large infinity) of distinct god-like beings.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/ontological-arguments (8603 words)

	The Ontological Argument
		Having presented the argument from dreaming—the sceptical argument that we are not justified in believing that there exists an external world on the basis of sense-perception because one might have the same sense-perceptions in a dream—Descartes rescues himself from scepticism on the basis of his belief in God.
		Gaunilo objected to the ontological argument on the ground that it seemed possible to use its logic to prove the existence of any perfect thing at all.
		This argument, he suggested, is clearly fallacious, and so the ontological argument for the existence of God, which relies on precisely the same logic, must be fallacious too.
	www.spiritofchennai.com /religion/re/theontologicalargument.htm (674 words)

	Apollos.ws - Ontological Argument
		I have shown, that none of the objections are satisfactory disproofs of the Ontological Argument.
		Derived from the Greek word "ontos" which means "being," the ontological argument tries to show that a proper understanding of what it means for God to be or exist will demonstrate that he must exist.
		Both types of arguments have their peculiar weaknesses: the ontological arguments require a possibility premiss, while the argument from religious experience requires that the veridicality of the experience be proved.
	www.apollos.ws /ontological-argument (1091 words)

	On the Impossibility of Successful Ontological Arguments
		Ontological arguments are arguments that purport to demonstrate the existence of God from a priori considerations.
		Rather, the present argument aims at showing that ontological arguments in general, given the intrinsic nature of their conclusion, are of an impossible nature.
		What the argument entails is the impossibility for an ontological argument to provide a definitive proof of God's existence on a priori grounds, namely a line of reasoning yielding absolute certainty.
	www.univ-corse.fr /~franceschi/ontarg-en.htm (3150 words)

	Understanding the Ontological Argument
		The ontological argument for the existence of God was first structured in the Proslogion of Saint Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury (1033-1109 A.D.); though it was actually Immanuel Kant, an 18th century German philosopher, who first called the argument “ontological.” Ontology is a branch of metaphysics concerned with the nature and relations of being.
		Both Anselm and the ontological argument (in the symbolic logic approach) would have us believe that God (perfection) is not contingent, and that He either exists in all possible worlds or none of them.
		Of the two ontological arguments, this response is perhaps most useful in arguing for premise 3 in the reductio ad absurdum approach.
	www.angelfire.com /mn2/tisthammerw/rlgnphil/ontological.html (6692 words)

	Ontological Argument Revisited by Two Ottoman Muslim Scholars
		With this line of reasoning then, we can claim that the inference of the ontological argument is a legitimate and inevitable deduction from the premises as in the correct syllogisms, not a question begging one.
		Now, the ontological argument would be correct if existence was taken as a single reality as in the sufi and Ishraq schools, not a secondary quality.
		The second point above is the one that misled the proponents of the ontological argument whereas the first point should have opened their eyes (to see the incorrectness of the ontological argument).
	www.muslimphilosophy.com /ip/Ontol101.htm (2912 words)

	The ontological argument from Anselm to Godel
		The world an ontological arguer calls actual is special only in that the ontological arguer resides there - and it is no great distinction for a world to harbor an ontological arguer.
		Think of an ontological arguer in some dismally mediocre world - there are such ontological arguers - arguing that his world alone is actual, hence special, hence a fitting place of greatest greatness, hence a world wherein something exists than which no greater can be conceived to exist.
		We may reasonably assume, then, that the notebook pages on the ontological proof were written in the late summer and early fall of 1954 and were completed at any rate by May 1955.
	www.formalontology.it /ontological_proof.htm (3682 words)

	Ontological Argument \| TheResurgence
		The most influential formulation of this argument (though he did not use the term ontological) is found in the first three chapters of the Proslogium of Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109).
		The ontological argument, therefore, expresses for Anselm the heart of the Christian worldview.
		So the cogency of the ontological argument as an apologetic for the Christian faith depends on the cogency of the Biblical system of values, its notion of perfection.
	theresurgence.com /john_frame_2006_ontological_argument (2355 words)

	[No title]
		If the basic ontological and epistemological beliefs above are equally basic, and if each taken by itself does logically result in ontological materialism or idealism, respectively, and if each of these conspicuously leaves out a fundamental and indispensable feature of human existence or common sense, then clearly the basic beliefs must be reconciled.
		Just how that might work need not even be specified; but with ontological undecidability we now can make a specification, namely by ruling out Kant's double order of objects while preserving both the fundamental realistic sense of things in themselves and the epistemological realism of phenomenal experience.
		Anselm developed the ‘ontological argument’, which states that man has always had, in his heart of hearts, the idea of the existence of a perfect being.
	www.lycos.com /info/ontological-argument--existence.html (726 words)

	CADRE-Ontological Argument
		Physicists also know his famous cosmological model in which time-like lines close back on themselves so that the distance past and the distant future are one and the same.
		Peter Suber is an Agnostic or Atheist but he demonstrates the OA is valid in certain formulations, however he may not think it is sound.
		Since they were raised with a strong traditional Islamic education which taught rich philosophical and theological heritage of Islam, their accounts for the ontological argument are quite interesting.
	christiancadre.org /topics/ontological.html (1381 words)

	Mereological Ontological Arguments and Pantheism
		However, the identification of mereological ontological arguments--given only the briefest of treatments in my book[11]--suggests that this general criticism is not quite right.
		For, in many cases, ontological arguments will also have a third reading on which they are neither question-begging, nor invalid, but on which the entity whose existence they establish is a being of no religious significance.
		Consequently, there is some reason to think that Premise 4 of our mereological ontological argument cannot properly be motivated by an appeal to unrestricted mereological composition: the principle of unrestricted mereological composition doesn't capture--and, indeed, is plausibly at odds with--one of the principle intuitions of many theists and pantheists.
	www.infidels.org /library/modern/graham_oppy/panth.html (4705 words)

	Ontological Arguments for the Existence of God
		The ontological argument for the existence of God is unique among arguments for God's existence in a number of ways.
		The soundness of the ontological argument is almost universally rejected, although the reasons that support this skeptical conclusion are not always clear.
		As I see it, the challenge for making the ontological argument succeed is to provide either a definition of God that is not question-begging or an understanding of existence and predication that is different from the one given by Kant/Russell.
	apologetics.johndepoe.com /onto.html (3402 words)

	Philosophical Apologetics- The Ontological Argument
		The ontological argument for God's existence is an attempt to prove God's existence solely from the idea or concept of God.
		Second, Norman Malcolm's version of Anselm's second ontological argument leaves the realm of logical necessity since he admits he cannot prove that the concept of a necessary Being is not an impossible being.
		Hartshorne utilized the ontological argument to prove the existence of a panentheistic God (a God whose body is the world).
	www.biblicaldefense.org /Writings/ontological_argument.htm (1593 words)

	Ontological Undecidability
		The fashion in which the argument for ontological undecidability is presented is deliberate and intentional, and the paper is done this way for practical and for theoretical reasons.
		In Kant, as in Descartes, the ontological belief still has its mediaeval priority over the epistemological belief, and the meaning of that as well as the evidence of it is found clearly enough in the unknowable existence of the things in themselves.
		With ontological undecidability we have halted, at least for theoretical purposes, any movement towards the subject or towards the object that does not pay the other its due, which is the kind of credit that Jung gave to Kant himself.
	www.friesian.com /undecd-1.htm (7752 words)

	EJAP 5:2: Gibson, "Quine on Matters Ontological"
		One is 'Cat', or, on the analogy of the ontologically innocent 'It's raining', 'It's catting'.
		[6] However, the central ontological role that Quine assigns to the variable of classical quantification is rendered otiose for theories having finite and denumerable universes of discourse: "Once the size [of the universe of discourse] is both finite and specified...
		Everything to which we concede existence is a posit from the standpoint of a description of the theory-building process, and simultaneously real from the standpoint of a description of the theory that is being built.
	ejap.louisiana.edu /EJAP/1997.spring/gibson976.html (2655 words)

	The Ontological Argument
		The Ontological Argument is an argument for the existence of God.
		If the Ontological Argument were valid, we could prove the existence of a lot of things which just don't exist.
		If the Ontological Argument was sound, you could use that general argument for to prove the existence of anything you want.
	www.unc.edu /~theis/phil20/ontological.html (980 words)

	Ontological Argument [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		In contrast, the ontological arguments are conceptual in roughly the following sense: just as the propositions constituting the concept of a bachelor imply that every bachelor is male, the propositions constituting the concept of God, according to the ontological argument, imply that God exists.
		The ontological argument, then, is unique among such arguments in that it purports to establish the real (as opposed to abstract) existence of some entity.
		As is readily evident, each version of the ontological argument rests on the assumption that the concept of God, as it is described in the argument, is self-consistent.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/o/ont-arg.htm (6211 words)

	Bogus ontological arguments
		Ontological arguments such as the above can be quite compelling, but only if you accept the basic premises that they are based on.
		A believer will have no trouble doing this (as they support what he already believes), and will reasonably consider the arguments to be strong evidence in favour of their beliefs.
		A non-believer, however, will not find them to be very convincing arguments for either the existence of a God of any sort or the basic rationality of theistic belief, as the success of the argument depends on you believing in God in the first place.
	www.abarnett.demon.co.uk /atheism/ontology.html (5777 words)

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