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Topic: Oocyte

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Oocyte maturation and spawning in starfish

Oocyte, overview

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	Oocyte Summary
		Primary oocytes in humans are found in the ovarian cortex and soon become surrounded by other ovarian cells to form primary non-fluid filled follicles.
		An oocyte or ovocyte is a female gametocyte or germ cell involved in reproduction.
		Oocytes are rich in cytoplasm which contains yolk granules to nourish the cell early in development.
	www.bookrags.com /Oocyte (647 words)

	SART - Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology
		In this situation, oocytes from another woman (the donor) are fertilized with the patient’s (the recipient) husband’s sperm, and the resultant embryos are placed in the recipient’s uterus.
		In general, stimulation of the oocyte donor’s cycle is brought about using a similar regimen of drugs that a woman using her own oocytes for in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer is commonly given.
		As with oocyte donation, the best statistics occur when the embryos are transferred during a fresh cycle, requiring that the women and her gestational surrogate be synchronized as with oocyte donation.
	www.sart.org /Guide_DonorOocyteTherapy.html (2198 words)

	Oocyte Cryopreservation - Stopping the Biological Clock with Egg Freezing
		Although both sperm and embryo cryopreservation have become commonplace, oocyte preservation or the freezing of unfertilized oocytes (or eggs) for similar applications in women has not historically delivered the acceptable success rates necessary to drive adoption across the board.
		Unlike sperm and embryos, oocytes did not survive the freeze/thaw aspects of the egg freezing process well primarily because the egg is the largest cell in the human body and comprised mostly of water.
		Oocyte Preservation provides the ability to preserve unfertilized oocytes, a profound development in the field of reproductive medicine.
	www.extendfertility.com /oocyte-cryopreservation.htm (1592 words)

	OOCYTE SHARING. Center for Applied Reproductive Science. Dr. Samuel Thatcher.
		The remaining oocytes in the ovary remain oocytes immature, or degenerate, and not suitable for IVF.
		With oocyte sharing the donor oocyte is fertilized by the male partner of the oocyte (embryo) recipient.
		This is related to the age of the oocyte donor and not the recipient.
	www.ivf-et.com /tlc/fact_oocyte.html (1456 words)

	Drosophila tissue and organ development: Oogenesis and the oocyte
		Microtubules linking spindle poles to the oocyte surface have been implicted in the rotation and anchoring of the meiotic apparatus in Xenopus oocytes and in other organisms, but this does not seem to be the case in the Drosophila oocyte, since the meiotic spindles lack astral microtubels.
		The microtubule array of mitosis II observed between the twin spindles at metaphase, anaphase and telophase might be an intermediate between the anastral poles of the meiotic I spindles and the astral poles of the mitotic spindles in early embryos.
		A model for assembly of the Drosophila oocyte meiosis II spindle is suggested: gamma-Tubulin is first recruited or relocalized, possibly as gamma-TuRC, to the midbody of the meiosis I spindle, where it functions to nucleate microtubules for formation of the meiosis II central spondle poles.
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/aimorph/oocyte2.htm (13228 words)

	Recent Advancements In Oocyte Cryopreservation
		Once the efficiency of the oocyte cryopreservation process is established, dramatic clinical applications may be considered which may not only markedly alter the "standard of care" for current infertility patients, but may also extend new treatment options to altogether new groups of patients.
		The entire AOD process is logistically difficult to coordinate, results in the inefficient use of the valuable, limited commodity of donor oocytes, lends itself to the chronic stockpiling of excess embryos and requires that the entire cost of the therapy be borne by one couple.
		Oocyte cryopreservation may offer the oncology patient an opportunity to "bank" her eggs prior to initiation of her treatment.
	www.dcmsonline.org /jax-medicine/2000journals/may2000/oocyte.htm (1740 words)

	Antibody Review - Oocyte Markers
		An oocyte, ovocyte, or rarely oÃ¶cyte is a female gametocyte or germ cell involved in reproduction.
		The oocyte is produced in the ovary by an ancestral cell called an oogonium and gives rise to the ovum (the egg) which can be fertilized.
		an oocyte marker which stains the cytoplasm of all oocytes, has critical role in early mammalian development, and may be involved in the determination of the animal pole of the oocyte and in the establishment of the inner cell mass and trophoblast in the preimplantation stage embryo.
	www.antibodybeyond.com /reviews/cell-markers/oocyte-marker.htm (1011 words)

	Oocyte - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The division of an oogonium by mitosis creates two diploid primary oocytes which are kept in a prolonged prophase I, known as the Dictyate stage, ready to continue meiosis when puberty begins.
		As part of ovulation, primary oocytes undergo the first meiotic division, which sees homologous chromosomes pair during prophase and split from one another during anaphase.
		The oocyte divides in meiosis II into one ootid and the second polar body.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oocyte (373 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| New insight into the role of phosphodiesterase 3A in porcine oocyte maturation
		In rat oocytes, a cAMP-degrading activity sensitive to cilostamide (PDE3-specific) is increased 2-fold prior to resumption of meiosis, strongly suggesting that cAMP degradation is actively regulated in the oocyte and that regulation of PDE3A is part of the mechanism controlling resumption of meiosis [21].
		Nuclear maturation in the oocyte and rupture of the follicle are triggered by an ovulatory surge of gonadotropins in vivo.
		The transition of oocytes from intermediate to mature stage at 24 and 30 hours is not compromised, since similar percentages of treated and untreated oocytes reach the mature stage at 30 hours (figure 4C).
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-213X/6/47 (6829 words)

	HANNA - Xenopus oocyte expression system
		Oocytes are surgically removed from mature, female Xenopus laevis frogs under general anesthesia.
		Ovarian tissue contains immature and mature oocytes, as well as connective tissue from which the oocytes must be freed.
		Isolated oocytes are enveloped in a tough follicle cell layer.
	www.uoguelph.ca /~bhanna/Xenopus-oocyte.html (261 words)

	bioethics.net :: RETRACTED: Oocyte and Somatic Cell Procurement for Stem Cell Research:
		Women seeking to donate their oocytes for stem cell research were required to advance successively through three independent informed consent processes prior to their being allowed to donate.
		After verifying that the volunteer (i) understood the purpose of the research and the risks associated with oocyte donation, (ii) was not under the coercive influence of others, and (iii) was not under the illusion that the research was of a therapeutic nature, the researcher obtained the volunteer’s informed consent and signature.
		Like the multi-stage oocyte donation consent procedure, the somatic cell donation consent procedure called for an independent interview by at least one IRB member to clarify each volunteer’s understanding about his or her involvement in the study.
	www.bioethics.net /journal/j_articles.php?aid=878 (2578 words)

	The Xenopus Oocyte (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Oocytes are precursors to mature egg cells and are stored in the ovarian lobes of the adult female frog.
		Stage V and VI oocytes are used for electrophysiological experiments and are harvested by survival surgery or after euthanization of the frog.
		The oocyte is electrically coupled to the follicle cells by gap junctions, so that electrical events in the follicle cells can be measured by recording from the oocyte membrane.
	faculty.plattsburgh.edu /donald.slish/Oocyte1.html (212 words)

	Oocyte Sensitivity to Serotonergic Regulation during the Follicular Cycle of the Teleost Fundulus heteroclitus -- ...
		Follicle-enclosed oocytes from 1.1 to 1.7 mm in diameter, with
		The incidence of resumption of meiosis (oocyte maturation) was
		Pharmacology of the serotonergic inhibition of steroid-induced reinitiation of oocyte meiosis in the teleost Fundulus heteroclitus.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/59/1/53 (6215 words)

	Oocyte Recovery Systems
		However, precise recovery with minimal trauma to oocytes and ovaries is essential to optimize the chances of success.
		Wallace Oocyte recovery systems are designed to maximize the number of oocytes retrieved, whilst minimizing operating time and patient discomfort.
		Smaller needles have been found to have no significant effect upon the number of oocytes collected or subsequent fertilizing capacity of those oocytes, but they cause significantly less pain to the patient when general anesthesia is not used.
	www.attiehmedico.com /pages/Companies/wallace/oocyte_recovery_systems.htm (286 words)

	Egg Donation - Oocyte Donation - Gestar Group
		The oocyte donation treatment offers the possibility of pregnancy for women whose sterility was thought to be irreversible.
		Oocyte donors are given the same pharmacological treatment as the women treated with IVF and oocyte recipients endometrium must be prepared for the implantation of the fertilized eggs.
		The oocyte recipients must be under 51 years old, have a stable couple, undergo a psychological interview and a medical study suitable to their age.
	www.grupogestar.com.ar /eng/ovodonacion.htm (226 words)

	Identification and Analysis of Mutations in bob, Doa and Eight New Genes Required for Oocyte Specification and ...
		ORB to the oocyte (Fig 3A' and B').
		In dying chambers, ß-galactosidase sometimes "flows" into the center of the egg chamber from the follicle cells (C), ORB is quite punctate in the oocyte (C'), and the DNA is condensed and fragmented (C'').
		ORB is faint and incompletely trafficked to the oocyte (A'), the nurse cell chromosomes still exhibit the distinct polytene morphology characteristic of earlier stages, and the karyosome is incompletely condensed (A'', arrow, inset).
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/164/4/1435 (6649 words)

	A macaque model for studying mechanisms controlling oocyte development and maturation in human and non-human primates ...
		Representative oocytes recovered from (a) monkeys treated with follicle stimulating hormone and human chorionic gonadotrophin (metaphase II stage), (b) monkeys treated with follicle stimulating hormone alone (germinal vesicle stage), and (c) excised ovaries of non-stimulated monkeys (germinal vesicle stage).
		Alak, B.M. and Wolf, D.P. (1994) Rhesus monkey oocyte maturation and fertilization in vitro: roles of the menstrual cycle phase and of exogenous gonadotrophins.
		Bavister, B.D. (1987) Oocyte maturation and in vitro fertilization in the rhesus monkey.
	humrep.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/14/10/2544 (6807 words)

	CVMBS - ERL Oocyte Transfer Services - Colorado State University
		After oocytes are collected, they are generally incubated in a culture medium so that they mature to the stage where they are capable of undergoing fertilization.
		The oocyte transfer procedure involves placement of a donor mare's oocyte (eggs) into a recipient mare's oviduct (fallopian tube).
		The recipient mare is artificially inseminated with the desired semen prior to oocyte transfer: therefore, fertilization and embryo development occur within the reproductive tract of the recipient mare.
	www.cvmbs.colostate.edu /bms/ERL/erl_oocserv.htm (394 words)

	UC Davis Fertility Center - Oocyte Donation Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Pregnancy normally takes place when the sperm travel through the vagina and uterus to meet the ovum (egg) while it is in one of the fallopian tubes.
		Prior to oocyte donation both the recipient couple and the donor sign consent forms to clarify their understanding about who is the legal parent of any child conceived from oocyte donation and in vitro fertilization.
		The Donor Oocyte Program is directed by a board-certified reproductive endocrinologist assisted by a staff of fertility specialists, including physicians, scientists, technicians, nurses, counselors, and care coordinators.
	www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu /fertility/oocyte_donation (932 words)

	Human Oocyte and Embryo Cryopreservation
		Formation of donor “egg banks” to facilitate and lessen the cost of oocyte donation for women that are unable to produce their own oocytes.
		Cryostorage of women's own oocytes was originally reported in the case of three births over a decade ago by two centers (Chen, 1988; Van Uem et al, 1987).
		The most plentiful source of oocytes potentially is ovarian tissue itself, containing as it does many thousands of primordial follicles in healthy cortical tissue.
	www.ivf.com /boston.html (3644 words)

	Regulation of human and mouse oocyte maturation in vitro with 6-dimethylaminopurine -- Anderiesz et al. 15 (2): 379 -- ...
		MPF is a proteinaceous factor in the oocyte cytoplasm.
		Gougeon, A. and Testart, J. (1986) Germinal vesicle breakdown in oocytes of human atretic follicles during the menstrual cycle.
		Trounson, A., Wood, C, and Kausche, A. In vitro maturation and the fertilisation and developmental competence of oocytes recovered from untreated polycystic ovarian patients.
	humrep.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/15/2/379 (6273 words)

	oocyte maturation
		By contrast, during meiosis of female germ cells (oocytes), the replicated (4n) chromosomes undergo two successive 'reductive' divisions – separating first a set of chromosomes (2n) in the first polar body and second a set of replicated chromosomes after fertilisation – to generate a haploid set (1n) in the egg.
		The observation that mouse oocytes lacking the mos gene fail to arrest at metaphase II and spontaneously complete the second meiotic division (9, 10) indicates that Mos is both necessary and sufficient for entry into metaphase II arrest, especially given that naturally occurring (endogenous) Emi1 fails to cause this arrest in the absence of Mos.
		The mechanisms that regulate the arrest and resumption of meiosis in oocytes are complex but may hold the key to controlling undesirable cell division in other cell types.
	www.vetscite.org /publish/items/000552 (1834 words)

	Hydration of rainbow trout oocyte during meiotic maturation and in vitro regulation by ...
		Hydration of rainbow trout oocyte during meiotic maturation and in vitro regulation by 17,20{beta}-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one and cortisol -- Milla et al.
		Oocyte chorion was removed using a pair of forceps and the combined
		In vivo oocyte hydration in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus); proteolytic liberation of free amino acids, and ion transport, are driving forces for osmotic water influx.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/209/6/1147 (4985 words)

	Drosophila oocyte localization is mediated by differential cadherin-based adhesion : Abstract : Nature
		During follicle biogenesis, DE-cadherin is expressed in germline (including oocyte) and surrounding follicle cells, with the highest concentration of DE-cadherin being found at the interface between oocyte and posterior follicle cells.
		By analysing the behaviour of the oocyte in follicles with a chimaeric follicular epithelium, we find that the position of the oocyte is determined by the position of DE-cadherin-expressing follicle cells, to which the oocyte attaches itself selectively.
		On the basis of these data, we propose that in wild-type follicles the oocyte competes successfully with its sister germline cells for contact to the posterior follicle cells, a sorting process driven by different concentrations of DE-cadherin.
	www.nature.com /doifinder/10.1038/26493 (352 words)

	The mammalian oocyte orchestrates the rate of ovarian follicular development -- Eppig et al. 99 (5): 2890 -- ...
		The dashed line indicates that oocytes from 12-day-old mice were transferred back to the somatic cell environment of follicles at the primordial stage to produce "12/0" follicles in the experiments reported here.
		Oocytes in secondary follicles are in mid-growth stage and are incompetent to resume meiosis or undergo fertilization and
		as Gdf9 and Bmp15 in mouse oocytes (26).
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/99/5/2890 (4211 words)

	Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Regulates Oocyte Growth by Modulation of Expression of Oocyte and Granulosa Cell Factors ...
		OGC and oocyte diameters were measured on d 3 of culture to determine granulosa cell proliferation and oocyte growth in vitro in the presence of several experimental treatments.
		D, The effect of an increased KL-1/KL-2 ratio on oocyte growth in the presence and absence of FSH (0.05 ng/ml) was investigated using exogenous KL-1 (10 ng/ml).
		Schroeder AC, Eppig JJ 1989 Developmental capacity of mouse oocytes that undergo maturation in vitro: effect of the hormonal state of the oocyte donor.
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/146/2/941 (5913 words)

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