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Topic: Open Polar Sea

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	Inner earth mysteries (3)
		The idea of an open polar sea took a long time to dispel, but we now know that there is no iceless ocean beyond 80°N. However, polynyas, temporary areas of ice-free water, occur in both the Arctic Ocean and the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica, and are not yet fully understood.
		They frequently encountered large stretches of open water, and the weather conditions together with the wildlife and its direction of travel sometimes made them suspect there might be land in the region of the north pole.
		Lamprecht suggests that the land in question may lie on the inward-curving surface of a polar opening, and that from Peary or Macmillan's vantage point the lower (inverted) image was blocked by the sharp curvature, even though it was seen from locations over 100 miles apart.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/dp5/inner3.htm (10275 words)

	Open Polar Sea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Open Polar Sea was a hypothesis that an ice-free ocean surrounded the North Pole.
		The theory that the north polar region might be a practical sea route goes back to at least the 16th century when it was suggested by Robert Thorne.
		The Open Polar Sea theory was debunked gradually by the failure of the expeditions in the 1870s and 1880s to navigate the polar sea.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Open_Polar_Sea (638 words)

	Mediterranean Sea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mediterranean Sea is a part of the Atlantic Ocean almost completely enclosed by land, on the north by Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by Asia.
		The Mediterranean Sea is connected to the Atlantic Ocean by the Strait of Gibraltar on the west and to the Sea of Marmara and Black Sea, by the Dardanelles and the Bosporus respectively, on the east.
		The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of 1,500 m and the deepest recorded point is 5,150 m (in the Ionian Sea).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mediterranean_Sea (1225 words)

	Everything you ever wanted to know about sea ice, but were afraid to ask. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Sea ice is a thin, fragile, solid layer that forms in the Polar Oceans.
		Sea ice floats because it is less dense in the solid phase than it is in the liquid phase.
		The oceanic processes of greatest significance in the Polar seas are those related to the presence of ice and include its thickness, compactness and type, its motion, the presence and energetics of ice-margin phenomena such as bands and eddies, and the penetration of oceanic swell into the ice pack.
	southport.jpl.nasa.gov /polar/iceinfo.html (560 words)

	Geological Society of America - GSA Today - v. 10, no. 3, March 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Sea ice is a key element in understanding climate change because it acts as a thermal and physical barrier, reducing heat and gaseous exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere.
		During the past 27 years, sea ice has been observed and studied in detail by means of satellite sensors that record the radiation emitted from the ocean and sea ice (Gloersen et al., 1992).
		Sea ice, as the reflective interface and thermal and physical barrier between the ocean and the atmosphere, strongly influences climate-governing energy fluxes across this boundary.
	www.geosociety.org /pubs/gsatoday/gsat0003.htm (3700 words)

	The Bear Facts About the Polar Bear
		Mother polar bears can be so protective of their young that they have been known to rear up and leap at helicopters carrying research scientists.
		Polar Bear I.Q. Success at hunting seals may not be measured on a standard I. test, but scientist Alison Ames considers it a sign of the polar bear's brain power.
		Polar bears are often seen along open leads, where they hunt seals, as well as on the pack ice.
	www.polarbearsalive.org /facts3.php (1458 words)

	intro (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Sea ice is a high latitude phenomenon that influences climate by modifying exchanges between the atmosphere and ocean and by redistributing heat and freshwater.
		The sea ice in the Northern Hemisphere extends into the middle latitudes due to the effect of continentality and maintains a persistent and thick cover over most of the Arctic Ocean basins even though half of all north polar ice melts during the warmer months.
		The accurate detection of sea ice formation and distribution characteristics are necessary to understand the role sea ice plays in influencing the oceanic and atmospheric controls upon regional climates and oceanic circulation.
	seis.natsci.csulb.edu /rmorris/seaice/intro.htm (491 words)

	The Race to the White Continent
		The polar sea was an open sea, according to Barrington.
		The sealer James Weddell's farthest south—achieved in his eponymous sea, a sea clear of ice—led him to believe that the remaining miles to the pole would be ice-free.
		Stowed in the open hull of these craft, perfect for their purpose, lay the simple but effective hunting gear: There were harpoons—irons—for the initial spearing and lances for the final killing.
	partners.nytimes.com /books/first/g/gurney-race.html (3086 words)

	A Journey to the Earth's Interior: Chapter V. Further Arctic Exploration
		Unlike the others, however, that which I have ventured to call an open sea has been traveled for many miles along its coast, and was viewed from an elevation of five hundred and eighty feet, still without a limit, moved by a heavy swell, free of ice, and dashing in surge against a rock-bound shore.
		He also makes special note of the fact that while the boundaries of the Open Polar Sea are all within the line of perpetual frost, the sea itself is open and all the serious attempts of polar explorers have had to reckon with this fact.
		The polar ice of the external surface would be sufficient to cover the whole pole as well as the region which we speak of as the ice basin, if the polar region were solid.
	www.sacred-texts.com /earth/jei/jei08.htm (5077 words)

	The Weather Factory - Ice and Icebergs
		But despite the seemingly mundane whiteness of it, on the open ocean there is a floating landscape of pack ice and mountainous icebergs as diverse as any landscape on the planet.
		Sea ice is dynamic: Like a plant or animal, it grows in stages, with different names for different stages.
		As they are stirred through the sea surface, the crystals give the water a greasy appearance, hence the name "grease ice." Another form that sea ice takes as it grows is shuga, composed of small chunks of ice that undulate on the surface of the water in a sheet.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/savageseas/weather-side-ice.html (720 words)

	TWENTY THOUSAND LEAGUES UNDER THE SEA JULES VERNE LIBRARY / JULES VERNE ART GALLERY / NAUTICAL & MILITARY / AUCTIONS / ...
		The family of the totipalmates was represented by the sea swallows, which caught the fish from the surface, and by numerous phaetons, or lepturi; amongst others, the phaeton with red lines, as large as a pigeon, whose white plumage, tinted with pink, shows off to advantage the flness of its wings.
		The shells were a little open; the captain came near and put his dagger between to prevent them from closing; then with his hand he raised the membrane with its fringed edges, which formed a cloak for the creature.
		Near them rolled some sea bream, half phosphorescent, a kind of sparus, which the Egyptians ranked amongst their sacred animals, whose arrival in the waters of their river announced a fertile overflow, and was celebrated by religious ceremonies.
	www.twentythousandleaguesunderthesea.com /verne2.htm (19338 words)

	Calculating Sea Ice Concentration from ESMR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		In the polar regions, the atmospheric contribution to the effective temperature is small because the atmospheric humidity and the water vapor content are very low; therefore, T
		The satellite is exposed to solar heating as it approaches the north polar region but not in the south polar region.
		The crucial element in the generation of the nomogram is the proper placement of the concentration values on the right-hand scale, corresponding to a field of view with exclusively multiyear ice and open water.
	nsidc.org /data/docs/daac/nsidc0009_esmr_seaice/arctic_ice_concentration.html (890 words)

	Polar Warming
		And actually, that's basically what it is. But according to hollow Earth investigators, openings into the inner cavity are located in the polar regions, and warm air from the interior shapes an environment, in certain polar areas, amazingly different from anything which we probably imagine.
		The water inside the polar orifices, warmed by the inner sun, would naturally form a very strong current as it met the cooler waters of the outside polar regions.
		It is not possible to explain Polar warming as being due to convection currents which bring warm air from the equatorial regions along stratospheric altitudes.
	www.holloworbs.com /polar_warming.htm (2044 words)

	Hollow World - Pittsburg, PA - Feb. 9, 1896
		In January, 1824, he petitioned the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, praying that body to pass a resolution approving that of his theory, and to recommend him to Congress for an outfit suitable to the enterprise, but consideration of it was indefinitely postponed.
		The planes of these openings are parallel to each other, but form an angle of 12 degrees with the equator, so that the highest part of the north plane is directly opposite the lowest part of the south plane.
		The shell of the earth is about 1,000 miles thick, and the edges of this shell at the opening are called verges, and measure from the regular concavity within to the regular convexity without, 1,500 miles.
	ku-prism.org /polarscientist/hollowworld/feb91896hw.html (2198 words)

	POLAR BEARS
		Polar bears, or their tracks, have been reported almost as far north as the pole; however, scientists believe few bears frequent areas north of 82 north latitude.
		The majority of polar bears are found near land masses around the edge of the polar basin.
		In summer, sea ice melts along the coastlines, and pack ice (floating sea ice, or floes, not connected to land) moves north.
	www.seaworld.org /infobooks/PolarBears/pbhabitat.html (695 words)

	The Heat Is Online
		The other models all produce an Arctic Ocean in summer akin to the "open polar sea" that was sought by oceanographers and explorers in the mid-1800's.
		Sea ice naturally melts in summer and reforms in winter but for the first time on record, this annual rebound did not occur last winter.
		Sea ice floats on the surface of the Arctic Ocean and its neighbouring seas and normally covers an area of some 7 million sq km during September - about the size of Australia.
	www.heatisonline.org /contentserver/objecthandlers/index.cfm?id=5572&method=full (2720 words)

	Ship Information
		POLAR SEA was especially designed to operate in both polar regions.
		POLAR SEA accommodates two Coast Guard HH-65 Dolphin helicopters which can be carried during polar deployments for science and logistics support.
		POLAR SEA is equipped to function as a major scientific platform with five internal laboratories and accommodations for as many as thirty-five scientists and technicians.
	www.uscg.mil /pacarea/polarsea/ship_information.htm (266 words)

	XI: The Open Polar Sea: Filling the Needs of a Nation
		Kane's account of the Open Polar Sea as a utopia surrounded by the harsh reality of the Arctic is the embodiment of the nation's romantic idealism as well as of its psychological need of a place of peace and safety in a time of turmoil.
		An examination of Kane's Open Sea as a psychological need, a public creation, a scientific theory, and as the small hole in the ice that it actually was, helps explain the spirit of the times.
		What is important to remember is that all of this celebration of the Open Polar Sea was based on the testimony of one man who knew that his friend and captain, who was deathly sick at the time, desperately wanted there to be an open sea in the middle of the Arctic.
	www.ekkane.org /sawin/raisng11.htm (1218 words)

	Northern Sea Ice Extremes
		The effect of this heat at northern latitudes has prompted some scientists to study the impact that climate has on polar sea ice, and the effect any resulting change may have on the atmosphere and global climate change.
		Their study is one of the few to examine, in detail, the atmospheric response to sea ice during the summer months.
		When sea ice melts during the summer, solar radiation is able to reach the water’s surface and be absorbed, causing the ocean to warm and store heat in its upper layers.
	www.arsc.edu /science/northernsea.html (745 words)

	Icebergs
		The Polar opening of the hollow portion, where rivers as wide as 30 miles drain from the Northern tip of the inner continents.
		As both polar regions are not solid but communicate with a warmer region, we have ice from the "outside" (surface of earth) forming a barrier, continuing round the rim of the opening.
		What we do know is that there exists an open polar sea in the Arctic which has a huge volume of frozen fresh water floating in it, and we say this water comes from the interior.
	www.holloworbs.com /Icebergs.htm (3227 words)

	distrib (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Controls which influence the distribution of sea ice in the polar regions include the changing influx of solar radiation due to the tilt of Earth's rotational axis, the distributions of land and water masses, and atmospheric and oceanic forcing.
		The distinction between sea ice area and sea ice extent is the percentage of open water within the ice pack.
		Sea ice area is the area of sea ice alone, whereas sea ice extent includes the open water that occurs within the ice pack.
	seis.natsci.csulb.edu /rmorris/seaice/distrib.htm (1259 words)

	THE HOLLOW GLOBE
		Some inexplicable reason prevented those parties from pursuing where the road lay open before them, and has prevented their successors from finding any open pathway, and the great geographical enigma of our globe still remains unsolved, waiting for a Columbus to solve it.
		The defenders of the igneous theory of the interior of the earth describe the same as an immense bombshell, filled brimful with intensely molten lava, surrounded by a crust from twenty-five to sixty miles in thickness.
		This etherealized essence is the offspring of the Electro-magnetic fluid, and frequently displays its glories in the polar regions of this hemisphere and is known as the Aurora Borealis.
	www.professorfringe.com /he_theories/hollow_globe.htm (2829 words)

	CryoSat To Open Artic Night
		The 350 kg CryoSat, which is expected to be launched into a near-polar orbit in 2002, will be dedicated to a two year study of polar sea ice.
		If the sea ice is melting and thinning, this should show up in the data returned by the satellite.
		Although Arctic sea ice has not so far been studied in detail, it is a particularly important factor in models of the global environment - much more so than Antarctic sea ice, which shrinks back to the coasts every summer because it is much thinner and largely restricted to inshore waters.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/cryosat-99a.html (708 words)

	Reunion Hall - USCGC Polar Sea
		I was an RM2 not TC2 on Polar Sea from 89-92.
		I was on the Polar Sea from Jan. 1996 to Aug. 1998.
		To T. Richardson...I believe the POLAR SEA was stuck during the winter of 80-81, as it was on Deep Freeze '80 during the winter of 79-80.
	www.fredsplace.org /reunion/cutter/2380.shtml (8274 words)

	The Antarctic Sun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		The icebreaker Polar Sea was within sight yesterday, and was expected to reach Hut Point late last night after a two-month journey from Seattle.
		The Polar Sea and its 130-person crew left Seattle Nov. 4, stopping off the coast of Hawaii for supplies and in Australia for fuel and recreation before reaching Antarctic waters Dec. 18.
		Similar to its sister ship the Polar Star, which was in Antarctica last year, the 399-foot Polar Sea is equipped with a science library and five science labs that support experiments and research.
	www.polar.org /antsun/oldissues2000-2001/2000_1231/icebreaker.html (378 words)

	Hollow Planets / Book / Chapter 15
		If a Polar Hole exists, and if it is small enough and if it lies some distance away from commonly travelled routes then indeed it could be hidden by Governments if they so chose by simply removing it from maps and satellite photographs.
		Dr Kane, one of America's earliest polar explorers, undertook a daring voyage in the 1850's by attempting to break through the ice barrier into the Open Polar sea.
		His crews sighted large expanses of open water north of Greenland and this helped to fuel the idea of an Open Polar sea.
	www.hollowplanets.com /hpch15.asp (652 words)

	Navy Report Shows Polar Ice Cap Shrinking Fast (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		The polar ice cap has been shrinking so fast that regular ships may be steaming through the Northwest Passage each summer by 2015, and along northern Russia even sooner, according to a new U.S. Navy report.
		Ice melting in the Arctic should not affect sea levels (it is already displacing its weight in water)...it is ice on land (the Antarctic) melting that would affect sea levels.
		Polar icebergs are breaking off into the sea in ever larger chunks.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/644627/posts (2489 words)

	New York City International Polar Weekend \| American Museum of Natural History
		The search for Franklin also kindled interest in an old idea—the theory of the open Polar Sea, sustained not only by wild-eyed optimists and enthusiasts of the Franklin search but also by serious scientists who felt that it offered the key to a climate model of the world.
		The family-friendly "The Polar Bear and the Beat" needs everyone's help as the polar bear searches for his lost rhythm of life and learns that the smallest things are sometimes the most important.
		Polar seas seem like a hostile place to live, yet many populations of large animals thrive in this difficult environment supported by bountiful plankton that grow in spring and summer.
	www.amnh.org /programs/specials/polar/?src=p_h (2186 words)

	The Book of Earths: Earth a Hollow Sphere
		Each sphere was widely open at its poles, and the north polar opening of the outer sphere whose convex surface man inhabits, he believed to be about four thousand miles in diameter.
		The southern polar opening he estimated to be half again as large.
		It is even possible, he suggests, that, "near the Verges of the polar openings, and perhaps in many other parts of the unfathomable ocean, the spheres are water quite through (at least all except the mid-plane-spaces or cavities), which being the case, light would probably be transmitted through the spheres."
	www.sacred-texts.com /earth/boe/boe33.htm (3194 words)

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