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Naturalistic fallacy

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	Naturalistic fallacy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Moore's argument in Principia Ethica is (among other things) a defence of ethical non-naturalism; he argues that the term "good" (in the sense of intrinsic value) is indefinable, because it names a simple, non-natural property.
		Moore's argument for the undefinability of “good” (and thus for the fallaciousness of the “naturalistic fallacy”) is often called the Open Question Argument; it is presented in §13 of Principia Ethica.
		An important response to the open question argument by contemporary ethical naturalists (e.g., Peter Railton) is to understand a claim like "The Good is pleasure" as an a posteriori identity claim on a par with "Water is H2O".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Naturalistic_fallacy (1260 words)

	George Edward Moore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Moore's argument for the indefinability of “good” (and thus for the fallaciousness of the “naturalistic fallacy”) is often called the Open Question Argument; it is presented in §13 of Principia Ethica.
		Moore argued that once arguments based on the naturalistic fallacy had been discarded, questions of intrinsic goodness could only be settled by appeal to what he (following Sidgwick) called "moral intuitions:" self-evident propositions which recommend themselves to moral reflection, but which are not susceptible to either direct proof or disproof (PE § 45).
		Not surprisingly, not everyone inclined to skeptical doubts found Moore's method of argument entirely convincing; Moore, however, defends his argument on the grounds that skeptical arguments seem invariably to require an appeal to "philosophical intuitions" that we have considerably less reason to accept than we have for the common sense claims that they supposedly refute.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/George_Edward_Moore (1817 words)

	What is open theism?
		Open Theism holds that the future is not knowable.
		The concept of Open Theism is, therefore, not scriptural.
		While Open Theism is an explanation for the relationship between God's foreknowledge and human free will - it is not the Biblical explanation.
	www.gotquestions.org /open-theism.html (384 words)

	Idealism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He pre-empts Stove's GEM by arguing that Kant's argument for his trancendental idealism rests on a tautology and/or begging the question, and therefore is an invalid, improper argument.
		But, in a move similar to the open question argument, it also seems clear that there is a difference between "yellow" and "the sensation of yellow".
		Arguments advanced by Nietzsche (prior to Moore), Rusell (just after Moore) and 80 years later Stove put a nail in the coffin for the "master" argument supporting idealism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Idealism (4880 words)

	The Virginia Coalition for Open Government - Shenandoah Publishing House v. Fanning
		The presumption of openness may be overcome only by an overriding interest based on findings that closure is essential to preserve higher values and is narrowly tailored to serve that interest.
		The records and papers of every court shall be open to inspection by any person and the clerk shall, when required, furnish copies thereof, except in cases in which it is otherwise specially provided.
		There is no question that the press and the public jointly possess a common-law right to inspect and copy judicial records and public documents.
	www.opengovva.org /content/view/164/5 (2197 words)

	Open Theism Information Site
		questions Here we encourage readers to seek answers to the common questions we know you have, as well as send comments and observations.
		I became convinced by philosophical argument that comprehensive divine foreknowledge is inconsistent with genuine free will for human beings, and for a while I was attracted to the doctrine of divine timelessness.
		First, a core belief of the open view is that God has freely decided to be, for some things, conditioned (affected) by his creatures.
	www.opentheism.info /pages/questions/who/who_02.php (2123 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The argument Moore used to prove that “good” was non-natural is a reduction ad absurdum argument, which has earned itself its own name, the open question argument.
		Moore therefore concludes that the second question is open and accuses all who fail to recognize this as falling into the “naturalistic fallacy”.
		His argument took the form of a reduction ad absurdum argument, in which a premise is stated, and then shown to be false, usually by contradiction.
	www.users.drew.edu /wkruzek/philo104_paper1.doc (1967 words)

	Open Letter Online: Politics & Activism : : The Queer Question : A Declaration of Independence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In each of the pre-Hawaii cases, the justices of the respective courts (none of whom dissented) seem somewhat astonished at even having to consider the question of whether the limitation of marriage to opposite-sex couples is constitutionally flawed.” She added, “Legalizing gay marriage is often thought of as the next frontier for gay rights law.
		But the argument is largely false at the level of this Court, for many justices have shown considerable independence in crucial cases, no matter who appointed them.
		Public life must remain an open question or it ceases to be democratic.
	www.openletteronline.com /cgi-openletteronline/aget3.cgi?num=152&type=print (5746 words)

	Closing the Question About the Open Question Argument: Charles W. Johnson (2003) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		OQA is forceful, and the Naturalistic Fallacy is to be avoided, they do not actually tell us what Moore thinks that they do.
		OQA shows us this: we can always intelligibly re-open the ethical question, but the question that is being re-opened is not the question of what it is for things within a category to be good; it is a question of what the morally dominant category in a given situation is. #
		OQA then would rest only in the fact that there are other categories under which we can re-open the question.
	charleswjohnson.name /essays/closing-the-question-about-the-open-question-argument (8723 words)

	Court rules executions public
		Thus, their argument hinges on interpreting section 8, to provide for an "implicit" right to access to government activities and involves an additional step in logic.
		Apparently, the import of their argument is that the First Amendment requires the state to admit the public to the Oregon State Penitentiary in order to view all stages of an execution process.
		Aside from questions that might arise concerning the facts surrounding the process of adopting a rule--questions not raised in this case--judicial review under ORS 183.400 is limited to the face of the rule and the law pertinent to it.
	www.open-oregon.com /ExecutionAccess.htm (5360 words)

	David Hume (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This argument against founding morality on reason is now one in the stable of Moral anti-realist arguments; Humean philosopher John Mackie argued that, for Moral facts to be real facts about the world and, at the same time, intrinsically motivating, they would have to be very weird facts.
		There are several arguments suggested by Hume's essay, all of which turn on his conception of a miracle: namely, a violation of the laws of nature by God.
		Supposing the design argument worked, it could not (in and of itself) establish a robust theism; one could easily reach the conclusion that the universe's configuration is the result of some morally ambiguous, possibly unintelligent agent or agents whose method bears only a remote similarity to Human design.
	david-hume.iqnaut.net (3449 words)

	Open Questions: Cosmology
		Around 1920 it was still an open question as to whether the whole universe consisted of the stars which were easily identifiable by telescopes of the time and other objects at roughly the same distance.
		It is designed for research into the early history of the universe and such questions as the origin of stars and galaxies, the large scale strucure of the universe, and the the nature of dark matter.
		The answers to the most important open questions in cosmology will probably be found in the study of high-energy particle physics.
	www.openquestions.com /oq-cosmo.htm (8593 words)

	SEP: Moore's Moral Philosophy
		On the contrary, the question whether moral judgements are intrinsically motivating is not one on which he expressed clear views or apparently thought very important.
		He did not notice, however, that this definition again seemed to open him to an open-question argument, since it reduced the claim that it is good to contemplate beauty to the tautology that it is good to contemplate what it is good to contemplate.
		They also, their proponents claimed, give a better explanation of the open-question argument, since they find a distinctive emotive or action-guiding force in moral concepts and judgements that is not present in non-moral ones.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/moore-moral (7321 words)

	[No title]
		But there is implicit in Sander’s argument the notion that there is a true–or "totally Open Source"–project, and I wonder.
		This is a significant change; Open Source as such will become more a logical business strategy and method in which businesses seek the attention and interests of globally distributed developers than a cowboy culture in which hobbyists develop really neat hacks.
		But Open Source as such is fast becoming a big business and, as they say, the paradigm has shifted.
	www.openoffice.org /editorial/ec9Mar.html (662 words)

	The Virginia Coalition for Open Government - FOI Advisory Council Opinion AO-03-06
		However, other provisions in the Rules of both houses provide the foundation for an argument that a quorum of a joint committee of conference is comprised of a majority of conferees from each house, rather than a simple majority of all conferees.
		As noted above, the question to what constitutes a quorum of a joint committee of conference is open to debate, as a quorum of such a committee is not defined in FOIA or the Rules of the respective houses.
		However, this argument is specific to joint committees of conference and the Rules governing them, and so reference to standard practices of other public bodies and standard rules of interpretation may be misplaced.
	www.opengovva.org /index.php?option=com_content&id=818&task=view&Itemid=3 (1286 words)

	Moore’s open-question argument:
		These questions take the form “Is (Are) X(s) Y(s)?” The “is” involved is the “is” of identity, not the “is” of predication. A question is open if see it as meaningful to answer this question in the negative. If a question is not open, then it is closed.
		It is not an open question whether bachelors are unmarried men.
		To show C1 is false, you must show that there a case where it is not an open question whether Xs are Ys, but where “X” clearly has a different meaning from “Y.”
	www.st-andrews.ac.uk /~ea10/Moore.htm (550 words)

	SEP: Moral Naturalism
		But what the Open Question Argument is supposed to rule out is that "good" and "N" pick out not two distinct but coextensive properties but one and the same property in virtue of semantic equivalence.
		Frankena's argument has met with the response that the core premise of the Open Question Argument is not the fact that the questions Moore calls attention to are open but that they seem open to competent users of moral concepts.
		The question then becomes one of whether the best explanations of our moral judgements and beliefs invoke the supposedly natural moral properties and facts those beliefs are claimed to take for their objects or whether instead they speak merely of prosaically nonmoral natural properties gilded perhaps by our internal sentiments.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/naturalism-moral (14060 words)

	Brian Hutchinson - G. E. Moore's Ethical Theory: Resistance and Reconciliation - Reviewed by Philip Stratton-Lake, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		But, Hutchinson argues, this does not mean that each individual must make up their own mind on evaluative questions; at least not if this is thought to imply some sort of relativism.
		Hutchinson claims that there is a sense in which Moore is simply begging the question, because he is merely inviting us to see that two properties are different.
		According to Hutchinson, Mooreâs argument is not an argument at all.
	ndpr.nd.edu /review.cfm?id=1093 (1858 words)

	Online NewsHour Forum: Open Season -- February 2000
		The argument is that in more open primaries moderate independent voters and moderates in the other party can "sincerely" crossover and vote for a candidate that they prefer more than the candidates in their own party.
		For example, open primaries differ in the degree to which voters can "secretly" choose in which party's primary to vote -- in Wisconsin voters are given all the parties' ballots and discard those not used (pure-open), while in Iowa voters must declare which party's primary they are choosing when they vote (semi-open).
		Thus, the effect of more open primaries on the policy positions taken by candidates is still an "open" question.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/forum/february00/open_primary5.html (1161 words)

	Conformance Statement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		While it is not required that each question be answered at this time, all questions must have answers before the response is submitted to The Open Group for review and publication.
		Questions on this system should be addressed to the Conformance Statement manager at The Open Group.
		The questions in the rest of this section apply only if the answer to Question 7 is YES.
	www.opengroup.org /public/csq/csqdata/blanks/UB1.html (1394 words)

	Conformance Statement
		Questions in Section 1.2 that relate to transactions must be answered for all implementations, whether or not they claim XA compliance.
		It conceptually pads the shorter string with blanks to be the same length as the longer string, and compares the entire length of the longer string or until it finds a character position with a mismatch.
		The TM must supply an open string, as specified in the response to the previous question.
	www.opengroup.org /csq/csqdata/blanks/DR1.html (5384 words)

	Philosophical Dictionary: O proposition-Ousia
		As formulated by Anselm, the ontological argument begins with a notion of "that than which nothing greater can be conceived." Anything that satisfies this concept must exist in reality as well as in thought (since otherwise it would be possible to conceive something greater—one that really exists); hence, god exists.
		Descartes endorsed a different version of this argument, and Spinoza also relied upon it, but Kant rejected it because of the unintelligibility of comparing the relative greatness of real and merely possible beings.
		Questions, comments, and suggestions may be sent to: the Contact Page.
	www.philosophypages.com /dy/o.htm (1272 words)

	Contemporary Ethical Theory - Second Exam
		Discuss the question of the morality of capital punishment from the perspective of a universal prescriptivist.
		Gewirth takes some pains in his argument in "Epistemology of Human Rights" to defend his inference from "I must have freedom and well-being" to "I have rights to freedom and well-being." Explain and critically discuss his defense of this inference.
		Gewirth takes some pains in his argument in "The Justificatory Argument for Human Rights" to defend his inference from "I must have freedom and well-being" to "I have rights to freedom and well-being." Explain and critically discuss his defense of this inference.
	www.uark.edu /campus-resources/rlee/contsp01/exam2q.html (4512 words)

	Psychology at The Open University : The undergraduate psychology courses : Social Psychology: Critical Perspectives on ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		One of the most exciting questions we face in our everyday lives is how to understand ourselves and other people.
		The course is likely to contribute to your personal development by encouraging you to reflect on your own life in the light of social-psychological evidence.
		You'll also be supported in undertaking a piece of independent research and thereby have the opportunity to consolidate and deepen your understanding and skills at all stages of the research process.
	www.open.ac.uk /programmes/psychology/p7_6.shtml (402 words)

	Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		I argue that the open question argument and Frege’s puzzle (understood as a reductio of Millianism) are variants of the same argument.
		Once the parallel is appreciated, much of the standard commentary on the open question argument and its role in the case for nonnaturalism is inadequate.
		Not only do we learn something about the open question argument, but so too do we learn something about Frege’s puzzle: I argue that both are unsound for the same general reason.
	www.kalderon.demon.co.uk /research.html (686 words)

	[No title]
		Frankena Frankena thinks that Moore’s argument for the naturalistic fallacy, insofar as it is considered a “fallacy”, must beg the question.
		Mackie Agrees that the Open Question Argument is forceful, but does not think it demonstrates what Moore or Hare think it does.
		This means: The Open Question is explained by the question opening up which set of requirements are in question.
	www.people.fas.harvard.edu /~rippon/tutorial/3_naturalistic_fallacy_II.doc (471 words)

	[No title]
		The “Open Question Argument” (§13) — Whatever we say good is, it remains an open question whether that is itself good.
		Hare Offers a slightly different form of the Open Question argument from Moore (and also puts it to a different purpose: Moore uses it as evidence of intuitionism, Hare uses it as evidence of prescriptivism).
		This argument applies not only to moral uses of good, but to other uses of value-words as well.
	www.people.fas.harvard.edu /~rippon/tutorial/2_naturalistic_fallacy.doc (423 words)

	FARMWORKERS IN OREGON
		While regulations apply to all workers, regardless of residency status, undocumented and even legal alien workers’ willingness to file complaints or answer inspectors’ questions is profoundly affected by their distrust of government agencies and fear of deportation or loss of employment.
		There is a question as to whether the state should encourage both types of housing with public support.
		Although most employers believe themselves to be fair, open, and decent (farmers frequently mention the loyalty of their workers and warm personal relationships) it is important to recognize and guard against patronizing behavior.
	www.open.org /~lwvor/Farmworkers2.htm (12717 words)

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