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	Opera buffa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Opera buffa (Comic opera), also known as Commedia per musica (musical comedy), or Dramma giocoso per musica (musical dramatic comedy), is a form of opera.
		One of the functions of opera at the time was to bring some of the technique and aesthetic of serious music--oratorio, cantata, and other forms--into something more "accessible" by musicians and listeners, a process as culturally significant in 18th century Italy as it is today in other countries.
		The genre declined in the 19th century, and it is often considered that Verdi's Falstaff, in 1893 was the last of the Opera buffa.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Opera_buffa (1218 words)

	opera. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Officially, French opera began in 1669 with the establishment of the Académie royale de Musique, which was taken over by Jean Baptiste Lully in 1672 after the bankruptcy of its founders.
		The ballad opera eventually led to the singspiel, the German comic opera with spoken dialogue, which was to reach its highest development in the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
		These operas, although somewhat limited in melodic invention, fused in their plots the natural and the supernatural and paved the way for the grandiose music dramas of Richard Wagner, who also wrote his own librettos.
	www.bartleby.com /65/op/opera.html (3517 words)

	Opéra comique - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For the London opera house associated with the premieres of several Gilbert and Sullivan operettas, see Opera Comique.
		Opéra comique is a French style of opera that is a partial counterpart to the Italian opera buffa.
		Unlike opera buffa however, opéra comique generally uses spoken dialogue instead of recitative.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Opera_comique (108 words)

	Opera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In the most traditional type of opera, there are two modes of singing: recitative, which is similar to ordinary declamation, and aria, which refers to sung solo passages.
		In these early Baroque operas, broad comedy was blended with tragic elements in a mix that jarred some educated sensibilities, sparking the first of opera's many reform movements, which came to be associated with the poet Pietro Metastasio, whose librettos helped crystallize opera seria's moralizing tone.
		Comedy in Baroque opera was reserved for opera buffa, in a separately developing tradition that owed a lot to commedia dell'arte.
	www.icyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/o/op/opera.html (1303 words)

	Opera
		Traditional opera consists of two modes of singing: recitative, the dialogue and plot-driving passages often sung in a non-melodic style characteristic of opera, and aria, during which the movement of the plot often stops and the music and the singers focus on one topic using full voice.
		Comedy in Baroque opera was reserved for opera buffa, in a separately developing tradition that partly derived from the commedia dell'arte.
		The bel canto opera movement flourished in the early 19th century and is exemplified by the operas of Rossini, Bellini, and Donizetti.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/o/op/opera.html (1637 words)

	The Story of Italian Opera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The first opera of which music has survived was performed in 1600 at the wedding of Henry IV of France and Marie de Medici at the Pitti Palace in Florence.
		Romantic opera, which placed emphasis on the imagination and the emotions began to appear in the early 19th century, and because of its arias and music, gave more dimension to the extreme emotions which typified the theater of that era.
		Opera had become a marriage of the arts, a musical drama, full of glorious song, costume, orchestral music and pageantry; sometimes, without the aid of a plausible story.
	www.pirandello.com /opera.html (1046 words)

	What is Opera / Opéra de Québec
		Operas were first written in court circles in Italy, to celebrate the wedding of Marie de' Medici with King Henri IV of France.
		Opera developed quickly and, in Italy, soon became closely associated with bel canto, the art of singing, and the cult of the solo singer.
		The term opera semiseria was used, beginning in the mid 19th century, for a type of opera that combined elements of both opera seria and opera buffa, and often featured a struggle between the twin worlds of the aristocracy and the peasantry.
	www.operadequebec.qc.ca /english/demystifier/questce.htm (566 words)

	Learn more about Opera in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The word opera means simply "works" in Latin, the plural of opus suggesting that it combines the arts of solo and choral singing, declamation, dancing, and so forth, in a staged spectacle.
		Opera did not remain confined to court audiences for long; in 1637 the idea of a "season" (Carnival) of publicly-attended operas supported by ticket sales emerged in Venice.
		French opera was influenced by the bel canto of Rossini and other Italians (though sung in French).
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /o/op/opera.html (1240 words)

	Operas and Composers: A Pronunciation Guide
		: opera in five acts by Glinka; first performed in St. Petersburg in in 1842; characters are taken from Russian folklore; this opera serves as a prototype for the fantasy operas of Rimsky-Korsakov and Stravinsky.
		: opera in four acts by Verdi; first performed in Rome in 1853; one of Verdi's most popular operas; the story is set in 15th century Spain and deals with gypsies, mistaken identity, mother's love, and other staples of opera lore.
		opera in two acts by Mozart; first performed in Vienna in 1791; the last opera of Mozart's opera; more properly called a Singspiel because of its German text; the story is both a fairy tale and a story full of religious truths.
	patriciagray.net /Operahtmls/works.html (2732 words)

	opera buffa -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Opera buffa plots centre on two groups of characters: a comic group of (usually) five male and female personages and a pair (or more) of lovers.
		Opera is a drama sung to the accompaniment of an orchestra.
		The opera, which features a group of highwaymen, pickpockets, and thieves, is a parody of the Italian operas of Gay's day as well as a critique of the social and political corruption prevalent during the period.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9057188 (992 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - opera seria
		Opera Seria (Italian "serious opera"), type of opera distinct from opera buffa, or comic opera.
		Opera Buffa (Italian "comic opera"), type of humorous opera distinct from opera seria, or “serious opera.” Opera Buffa was lighter in style, often...
		Opera, drama in which the text is set to music and staged.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /opera_seria.html (120 words)

	Serious and Comic Opera in Eighteenth-Century Italy
		The immediate precursor to the opera buffa, which arose in the late seventeenth century in Italy, was the musical drama known as the intermezzo.
		The opera buffa, like the intermezzo, always featured a leading role in the bass voice, which was practically unheard of in opera seria; on the other hand, castrati were almost never seen in opera buffa.
		This later form of opera buffa was to become extremely important in terms of its influence on the Italian opera scene, and most specifically its influence on opera seria.
	www.nthuleen.com /papers/M52opera.html (2059 words)

	Viva La Voce (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Opera can most easily be described as a play that is sung - instead of speaking their lines the actors sing them, in most cases with great emotion.
		Opera is usually performed in a language other than English, though in most opera houses supertitles are provided in English so that you can follow along, because the Opera was originally performed that way and using the original language allows for a better depth of emotion.
		Within Italian opera there is the style of opera seria, which has themes of a serious or lofty character; and opera buffa which is comedy.
	www.vivalavoce.com /?nid=11&sid=167684 (415 words)

	Cornerstones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In light of the changing times, it is significant that Italian opera buffa, so popular in the latter third of the 18 th century, was coming to a close during Donizetti's lifetime.
		When Austrian emperor Joseph II took the reigns of power in 1780, he made opera buffa the preferred genre in his theaters, which yielded some of the greatest works by Antonio Salieri, Vicente Martín y Soler and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
		Like opera itself, commedia dell'arte was introduced abroad as the Italian nobles families began to marry into the royal house of France and their culture came along with them.
	www.operaworld.com /cornerstones/elixir/elixvienna.htm (1879 words)

	Learning Center \| NYC Opera
		Her scena of terror is one of the emotional peaks of the opera, and is followed by an extended finale in which the remainder of the characters join Sandrina in a scene of mounting confusion that leads to the descent into madness of Sandrina and her estranged lover Belfiore.
		With its dramatic combination of aristocratic and lower class characters, and its stylistic combination of opera seria and opera buffa, La finta giardiniera conforms to a genre that came to be known as opera semi-seria.
		The semi-serious characters provide the mediation between the opera seria aristocrats and the middle- and working-class opera buffa characters, allowing characters with buffa social status to aspire to serious emotions, and seria characters to relinquish their hierarchical straitjackets.
	www.nycopera.com /learning/resource/articles/article005.aspx?detect=yes (1433 words)

	Opera Buffa in Mozart's Vienna - Cambridge University Press
		Among the topics examined are the relationship of Viennese opera buffa to French theatre; Mozart and eighteenth-century comedy; gender, nature and bourgeois society on Mozart’s buffa stage; as well as close analyses of key works such as Don Giovanni and Le nozze di Figaro.
		Goldoni, opera buffa, and Mozart’s advent in Vienna Daniel Heartz; 2.
		The sentimental muse of opera buffa Edmund J. Goehring; 6.
	www.cup.cam.ac.uk /catalogue/print.asp?isbn=0521572398&print=y (475 words)

	Opera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Opera stems from the courts of Renaissance rulers, who vied with each other in the magnificence of their private and public spectacles.
		The music of Metastasian opera seria was as ritualized as its plots: characters invariably exited the stage at the end of their arias, and the arias were neatly classified according to the mood they illustrated (rage aria, lament, avowal of love, and so on).
		The greatest weakness of opera seria was also its greatest glory: the long da capo arias repeatedly brought the drama to a halt, and yet the opportunities they provided for singers attracted a wide public to this most aristocratic of genres.
	www.russia-in-us.com /Music/Opera/opera.html (2986 words)

	Quillin - "'An assiduous frequenter of the Italian opera': Shelley’s Prometheus Unbound and the opera ...
		The fantastic magic of the opera consists altogether in the luxurious competition of the different means, and in the perplexity of an overpowering superfluity.
		Neither is it any disadvantage to us that the opera is conveyed in a language which is not generally understood; the text is altogether lost in the music, and the language the most harmonious and musical.
		In the course of the opera, it is not the revolt of servants against master that brings about the comic resolution, but the very convention of comedy itself that love conquers all.
	www.rc.umd.edu /praxis/opera/quillin/quillin.html (5474 words)

	[No title]
		Opera seria was serious, formal and complex with lots of flashy singing.
		This was comic opera, full of the shifty characters you'd meet on the city street and the bumpkins you'd encounter in the countryside.
		Rossini started writing operas when he was 14, and was internationally famous by 1813, when he was barely of legal age.
	www.azstarnet.com /public/packages/reelbook/153-4048.htm (1375 words)

	opera buffa - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about opera buffa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Type of humorous opera with characters taken from everyday life.
		The form began as a musical intermezzo in the 18th century and was then adopted in Italy and France for complete operas.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /opera+buffa (101 words)

	Mozart
		Previous scholars, not having studied the operas of Mozart's leading contemporaries, were unable to recognize the conventional gestures and procedures on which Mozart's works depend.
		Mozart's operas and those of his contemporaries relied heavily on conventions, clearly understood at the time, that recurred from one work to the next--conventions of plot, characterization, formal structure, musical gesture, and so on.
		The piece seems to reflect a kind of cold insensitivity on the part of the character who sings it, by reason of its musical style, full of elaborate passagework, Donna Anna's apparent lack of sympathy for her fiancé (to whom she is singing), and its odd placement in terms of the story.
	www.trincoll.edu /comm/facresearch/pplplatoff.html (1732 words)

	Comic opera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Comic Opera is drived from short entertaining scenes (typically with funny servants) that were played between the acts of serious opera.
		These were found in operas before the mid 17th century.
		The comic opera, or Italian Opera Buffa, is an outgrowth of these scenes and developed as a completely independent genre.
	www.music.vt.edu /musicdictionary/textc/Comicopera.html (83 words)

	Glossary of Terms
		opera in five acts by Meyerbeer; first performed in Paris in 1865; set in Portugal in the first years of the Inquisition.
		opera in prologue and one act by Richard Strauss; combines elements of opera seria and opera buffa; first performed in 1912.
		folklore; this opera serves as a prototype for the fantasy operas of Rimsky-Korsakov and Stravinsky.
	www.uky.edu /~cecilia/MUSIC/Moore/glossary.htm (2744 words)

	Early Italian Opera: The Cities of Italian Opera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The home of opera began in the court of the wealthy, and that place was the Medici court in Florence.
		Most notable for the opera buffa, or comic opera, that developed at the beginning of the 18th century, Neapolitan opera was successful only within the boundary of the city.
		Neapolitan opera was well-received by the people only because of its reality to everyday life in Naples and because of the rise of the "dialect comedies" in the theatres, which stressed local plot settings to emphasis the humor.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /htdocs/Blair/Courses/MUSL243/itcitypg.htm (581 words)

	New Book Releases: MTO 4.5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Mozart's comic operas are among the masterworks of Western civilization, and yet the musical environment in which Mozart and his librettist Lorenzo da Ponte wrote these now-popular operas has received little critical attention.
		Opera buffa (Italian-language comic opera) persistently entertained audiences at a time when Joseph II was striving for a German national theater.
		She argues that opera buffa, like mainstream film today, projects a social world both recognizable and distinct from reality.
	mto.societymusictheory.org /issues/mto.98.4.5/bks.4.5.html (461 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Opera Buffa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		MSN Encarta - Search Results - Opera Buffa
		Opera Buffa (Italian "comic opera"), type of humorous opera distinct from opera seria, or “serious opera”.
		Rossini's operas were the last and best in the Italian opera buffa (comic opera) style.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Opera_Buffa.html (114 words)

	Telegraph \| Arts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		At 32, with 39 operas to his name including not only comic operas but Otello and Semiramide, and the kind of adulation a pop star might expect today, Rossini gave up composing all but small-scale pieces and led a nomadic existence between France and Italy.
		Servadio advances several reasons, chief of which was that he suffered from the most acute form of melancholic depression and that he had tormenting gonorrhoea as a result of his libidinous early adventures in brothels.
		I was bred for opera buffa, as you know all too well.
	www.arts.telegraph.co.uk /arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2003/03/02/boser02.xml&sSheet=/arts/2003/03/02/bomain.html (826 words)

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