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Topic: Operant conditioning

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Pavlovian conditioning

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Classical conditioning

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Reinforcement

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	Operant conditioning - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Operant conditioning is distinguished from Pavlovian conditioning in that operant conditioning deals with voluntary behavior explained by its consequences, while Pavlovian conditioning deals with involuntary behavior triggered by its antecedents.
		Operant conditioning, sometimes called instrumental conditioning or instrumental learning, was first extensively studied by Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949), who observed the behavior of cats trying to escape from home-made puzzle boxes.
		Reinforcement and punishment, the core ideas of operant conditioning, are either positive (adding a stimulus to an organism's environment), or negative (removing a stimulus from an organism's environment).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Operant_conditioning (1385 words)

	Educational Psychology Interactive: Operant Conditioning
		operant conditioning are Edward Thorndike, John Watson, and B.
		Where classical conditioning illustrates S-->R learning, operant conditioning is often viewed as R-->S learning since it is the consequence that follows the response that influences whether the response is likely or unlikely to occur again.
		They result from combining the two major purposes of operant conditioning (increasing or decreasing the probability that a specific behavior will occur in the future), the types of stimuli used (positive/pleasant or negative/aversive), and the action taken (adding or removing the stimulus).
	chiron.valdosta.edu /whuitt/col/behsys/operant.html (1628 words)

	Learning - MSN Encarta
		The experiment also suggested that classical conditioning accounts for some cases of phobias, which are irrational or excessive fears of specific objects or situations.
		Unlike classical conditioning, in which the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli are presented regardless of what the learner does, operant conditioning requires action on the part of the learner.
		Some of the earliest scientific research on operant conditioning was conducted by American psychologist Edward L. Thorndike at the end of the 19th century.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761556088_3/Learning.html (1166 words)

	Genetik und Neurobiologie
		We use the term "operant conditioning" to describe one type of associative learning in which there is a contingency between the response and the presentation of the reinforcer.
		Such instrumental or operant conditioning is opposed to Pavlovian or "classical conditioning", where producing a response has no effect on US presentations.
		In the behavior group, we have developed a general model of operant behavior, which joins a description of some more features of operant conditioning.
	genetics.biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de /behavior/learning/operant.html (170 words)

	Results in
		Operant conditioning holds that human learning is more complex than the model developed by Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) and involves human intelligence and will operating (thus its name) on its environment rather than being a slave to stimuli.
		According to operant conditioning, the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated depends to a great degree on the amount of pleasure (or pain) that behavior has caused or brought about in the past.
		Receiving the food, then, in the language of operant conditioning, is considered the reinforcer while hitting the lever becomes the operant, the way the organism operates on its environment.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2699/is_0005/ai_2699000572 (610 words)

	Free Essay Classical Conditioning vs Operant Conditioning
		Conditioning is the acquisition of specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well-defined stimuli.
		Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which the likelihood of a behavior is increased or decreased by the use of reinforcement or punishment.
		If an animal was conditioned to behave in a certain manor, but then their reinforcement was stopped, that animal may still have a reaction to the stimulus at a much later date.
	www.echeat.com /essay.php?t=26781 (870 words)

	Conditioning - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In psychology - refers to one of two types of learning: Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning.
		In mathematics - the conditioning of a matrix is expressed by its condition number.
		In probability theory - the adoption of conditional probabilities based on observed events.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Conditioning (147 words)

	Operant Conditioning and its Application to Instructional Design (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Operant conditioning is the foundation on which B.F. Skinner explored human behavior.
		Similar to classical conditioning, operant conditioning studies the response of the learner following a stimulus; however, the response is voluntary and the concept of reinforcement is emphasized.
		According to Burton, operant conditioning is based on "a functional and interconnected relationship between the stimuli that preceded a response (antecedents), the stimuli that follow a response (consequences), and the response (operant) itself" (1981, p.
	chd.gse.gmu.edu /immersion/knowledgebase/strategies/behaviorist/OperantConditioning.htm (2114 words)

	Classical and Operant Conditioning in Psychology 101 at AllPsych Online
		Therefore, the bell is considered the conditioned stimulus (CS), and the salivation to the bell, the conditioned response (CR).
		The term "Operant" refers to how an organism operates on the environment, and hence, operant conditioning comes from how we respond to what is presented to us in our environment.
		The classic study of Operant Conditioning involved a cat who was placed in a box with only one way out; a specific area of the box had to be pressed in order for the door to open.
	allpsych.com /psychology101/conditioning.html (725 words)

	[No title]
		Last week we examined the development of experiments and theories of intstrumental learning, culminating in Skinner's operant conditioning procedure and his theory that instrumental learning could be explained in terms of response-reinforcer associations whose validity was signalled by discriminative stimuli.
		This week I want to look at conditioning procedures in more detail and then, just as we did with classical conditioning, consider some factors determining the effectiveness of operant conditioning and what is learned during operant conditioning.
		In discussing classical conditioning we were often considering associations made to aversive events and we did not draw much of a distinction between these and appetitive events such as food presentation.
	www.dur.ac.uk /robert.kentridge/comp7.html (3054 words)

	Canines of America - Operant Behavior Training
		Operant conditioning is how we teach dogs to respond to our commands.
		Special cases include free operant (Sidman), in which the completion of one response leaves the organism in a position to emit the next.
		With operant behavior, whether responses occur in the future depend upon the nature of the contingency.
	canines.com /library/solutions/operant.shtml (380 words)

	Operant Conditioning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Operant conditioning is a behaviourist theory, postulated by Skinner (1957).
		An operant is an action by an organism (an animal, or child or adult) which results in an outcome.
		Skinner believed that language was taught to child according to the principles of operant conditioning.
	bowland-files.lancs.ac.uk /chimp/langac/LECTURE4/4operant.htm (335 words)

	Unit 3 Module 2 Operant Conditioning
		A central concept of operant conditioning is that any given behavior is dependent upon the consequences of that behavior.
		Contrast the environment of an animal in reflex conditioning with that of an animal in operant conditioning.
		In operant conditioning, on the other hand, the animal is usually free to roam within its immediate environment.
	online.sfsu.edu /~psych200/unit3/32.htm (4347 words)

	Operant Conditioning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Operant conditioning, also called instrumental conditioning, is a method for modifying behavior (an operant) which utilizes contingencies between a discriminative stimulus, an operant response, and a reinforcer to change the probability of a response occurring again in that situation.
		This method is based on Skinner's three-term contingency and it differs from the method of Pavlovian conditioning.
		Using the operant conditioning technique of shaping, you speak the command to "shake" (the discriminative stimulus) and then wait until your dog moves one of his forepaws a bit (operant response).
	www.psychology.uiowa.edu /Faculty/wasserman/Glossary/opcondition.html (161 words)

	B. F. Skinner Foundation - Documents - A Brief Survey of Operant Behavior
		In operant conditioning, behavior is also affected by its consequences, but the process is not trial-and-error learning.
		Operant reinforcement not only shapes the topography of behavior, it maintains it in strength long after an operant has been formed.
		Operant behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences for the individual.
	www.bfskinner.org /Operant.asp (1413 words)

	Operant vs. Classical Conditioning
		This type of conditioning is sometimes referred to as respondent conditioning or Pavlovian conditioning as a result of Dr.
		Operant Conditioning: Operant conditioning is a set of principals that describe how an animal learns to survive in its environment through reinforcement (consequences).
		Within Operant Conditioning there are four possible consequences to behavior.
	www.dogmanners.com /conditioning.html (631 words)

	Genetik und Neurobiologie
		Nevertheless, one of the most widespread applications of conditioning has been in the treatment of phobias and other behavior problems and the case of Little Albert is often cited as the first experiment in this field.
		At the same time as this work was appearing in the USA the Polish psychologists Konorski and Miller began the first cognitive analyses of classical conditioning - the forerunners of the work of Rescorla, Wagner, Dickinson and Mackintosh.
		Skinner developed the basic concept of operant conditioning, claiming that this type of learning was not the result of stimulus-response learning - for Skinner the basic association in operant conditioning was between the operant response and the reinforcer, the discriminative stimulus served to signal when this association would be acted upon.
	genetics.biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de /behavior/learning/behaviorism.html (1571 words)

	Operant Conditioning
		In operant conditioning, an animal must first make a response; that response is usually preceded by a discriminative stimulus, and sometimes followed by a reinforcer.
		Operant conditioning occurs when the association of response and reinforcer causes the animal to make the response again later in a similar situation.The discriminative stimulus signals the animal that a response at a given time is likely to be reinforced.
		So, operant conditioning can be defined as a procedure in which a response followed by a stimulus recurs.
	peace.saumag.edu /faculty/Kardas/Courses/GPWeiten/C6Learning/Operant.html (357 words)

	features of operant conditioning
		Observing the animal while being trained in a Skinner-Box, it becomes clear, that it has to learn the nature of the operant - this is known as response differentiation.
		According to Skinner, operant conditioning is not based on stimulus-response (S-R) associations, but rather on response-reinforcer (R-R) associations.
		In these circumstances then conditioning is really being controlled by the contiguity of response and reinforcer not their contingency.
	www.brembs.net /operant (2203 words)

	what is operant (instrumental) conditioning? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		We use the term operant (or instrumental) conditioning to describe one type of associative learning in which there is a contingency between a behavior (BH) and the presentation of a biologically significant event (the "reinforcer", outcome or unconditioned stimulus: US).
		Such instrumental or operant conditioning is different from Pavlovian or "classical conditioning", where the US presentations are independnt from the behavior of the animal, but instead is contingent upon environmental events.
		Martin Heisenberg and Reinhard Wolf have developed a general model of operant behavior, which joins a description of some more features of operant conditioning.
	www.brembs.net /learning/operant.html (240 words)

	Operant Behavior
		As we saw, Pavlovian conditioning is the process by which inborn reflexes, including those reactions that we usually consider emotions, spread to new situations and settings.
		Operant conditioning, on the other hand, is what we learn to do to satisfy these motivational states.
		Operant behavior involves voluntary behavior that is emitted by the organism is controlled by its consequences (hence the term consequated).
	employees.csbsju.edu /tcreed/pb/operant.html (2026 words)

	TIP: Theories
		The distinctive characteristic of operant conditioning relative to previous forms of behaviorism (e.g., Thorndike, Hull) is that the organism can emit responses instead of only eliciting response due to an external stimulus.
		Skinner (1957) tried to account for verbal learning and language within the operant conditioning paradigm, although this effort was strongly rejected by linguists and psycholinguists.
		Operant conditioning has been widely applied in clinical settings (i.e., behavior modification) as well as teaching (i.e., classroom management) and instructional development (e.g., programmed instruction).
	tip.psychology.org /skinner.html (514 words)

	Operant conditioning: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		These two types of conditioning are also distinguished because they are conceptually different, EHandler: no quick summary.
		In operant conditioning, reinforcement is the presentation of a stimulus contingent on a response which results in an increase in response strength (as evidenced...
		Autoshaping (sometimes called "sign tracking") is any of a variety of experimental procedures used to study classical conditioning in pigeons....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/o/op/operant_conditioning.htm (1513 words)

	Operant Conditioning and Clicker Training (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Operant conditioning is not a solution to any behavior problem, it's just a way of looking at things that will often help you find a solution to a behavior problem.
		The key principle of operant conditioning is that birds (indeed, all creatures) will tend to repeat behaviors that are rewarding, and will tend to give up behaviors that not rewarding.
		In classical conditioning, the animal is conditioned (is taught) to respond to its environment.
	www.natew.com /birds/articles/BehaviorModification.html (1153 words)

	Classical and Operant Conditioning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The difference between the two conditionings is that with classical the conditioned behaviour is triggered by a particular stimulus, the dog is affected by something that occurs before the behaviour (involuntary action).
		"Operant conditioning" means learning to perform operant behaviours, these operant behaviours (actions) for example can be walking, running, jumping, barking, lifting a paw, lying down, a kangaroo hop.
		Because classical conditioning usually involves involuntary reactions, (the dog startling to the firecracker) usually inhibits or over-rides operant conditioning.
	www.k9events.com /ccandoc.htm (293 words)

	ClickerSolutions Training Articles -- A Beginner's Guide to Operant Conditioning
		Conditioned reinforcers are things that are paired with a primary reinforcer to the point where they have the same meaning as the primary reinforcer.
		In clicker training, the clicker is a conditioned reinforcer, because it has been paired with a primary reinforcer to the point that the click means the same thing to the dog that the presentation of food would.
		Conditioned reinforcers are good to use in animal training because they often get a reward/reinforcement to the animal faster than you would be able to with the primary reinforcer.
	www.clickersolutions.com /articles/2001/ocguide.htm (1372 words)

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