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Topic: Operating system kernel

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Operating system

Disk swapping

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Memory management

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	Linux (kernel) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		At the time, the GNU Project had created many of the components required for a free operating system, but its own kernel, GNU Hurd, was incomplete and unavailable.
		The BSD operating system had not yet freed itself from legal encumbrances.
		Unlike traditional monolithic kernels, device drivers are easily configured as modules, and loaded or unloaded while running the system.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Linux_kernel (3275 words)

	Modern Operating System Design
		Because operating systems vary in their complexity, purpose, and services provided, it is necessary to provide a simple definition of the term: ``an operating system is a program that acts as an intermediary between the user of a computer and the computer hardware'' [3].
		While microkernel and monolithic kernel designs offer easy implementation models (both have been used in successful, mature operating systems), it is often the case that an operating system is designed in a way that does not directly match the pattern of monolithic or microkernel.
		The Linux kernel architecture is illustrated in Figure 7; in this diagram, it is important to note that all operating system functionality is executed in privileged mode.
	www.xtrj.org /ssm12/modern_operating_system_design.htm (2565 words)

	Operating system - Computing Reference - eLook.org
		system> (OS) The low-level software which handles the interface to peripheral hardware, schedules tasks, allocates storage, and presents a default interface to the user when no application program is running.
		The OS may be split into a kernel which is always present and various system programs which use facilities provided by the kernel to perform higher-level house-keeping tasks, often acting as servers in a client-server relationship.
		The operating system loader, BIOS, or other firmware required at boot time or when installing the operating system would generally not be considered part of the operating system, though this distinction is unclear in the case of a rommable operating system such as RISC OS.
	www.elook.org /computing/operating-system.htm (164 words)

	Operating Systems Notes
		The core of the operating system is the kernel, a control program that functions in privileged state (an execution context that allows all hardware instructions to be executed), reacting to interrupts from external devices and to service requests and traps from processes.
		Operating systems generally accomplish these goals by running processes in low privilege and providing service calls that invoke the operating system kernel in high-privilege state.
		An operating system transforms the physical world of devices, instructions, memory, and time into virtual world that is the result of abstractions built by the operating system.
	www.personal.kent.edu /~rmuhamma/OpSystems/Myos/osIntro.htm (582 words)

	Towards a Verified, General-Purpose Operating System Kernel
		Coyotos kernel, a successor to the EROS system [13].
		The EROS system is unusual in having a rigorous notion of consistency, an existing formal system model (with a successful paper verification [14]), and a well-defined notion of ``unit of operation'' (it is an interrupt-style kernel).
		Coyotos is the successor to the EROS system.
	www.coyotos.org /docs/osverify-2004/osverify-2004.html (6540 words)

	Operating system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Older operating systems which are still used in niche markets include the Windows-like OS/2 from IBM; VMS from Hewlett-Packard (formerly DEC); Mac OS, the non-Unix precursor to Apple's Mac OS X; and AmigaOS, the first GUI based operating system with advanced multimedia capabilities available to the general public.
		An operating system is conceptually broken into three sets of components: a user interface (which may consist of a graphical user interface and/or a command line interpreter or "shell"), low-level system utilities, and a kernel--which is the heart of the operating system.
		In some operating systems the shell and the kernel are completely separate entities, allowing you to run varying combinations of shell and kernel (eg UNIX), in others their separation is only conceptual.
	www.freedownloadsoft.com /info/operating-system.html (1014 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Operating system
		As well as the kernel, an operating system is often distributed with system software that manages a graphical user interface (although Windows and Macintosh have integrated these programs into the operating system), as well as utility programs for tasks such as managing files and configuring the operating system.
		Like the term "operating system" itself, the question of what exactly the "kernel" should manage is subject to some controversy, with debates over whether things like file systems should be included in the kernel.
		Mainframe operating systems, such as IBM's z/OS, and embedded operating systems such as VxWorks, eCos, and Palm OS, are usually unrelated to Unix and Windows, except for Windows CE, Windows NT Embedded 4.0 and Windows XP Embedded which are descendants of Windows, and several BSDs, and Linux distributions tailored for embedded systems*.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Operating_system (3330 words)

	Anatomy of a Unix System
		As the name implies, the kernel is the core of the operating system.
		Kernel functions, such as allocation of memory and CPU, are performed without being explicitly requested by user processes.
		The operating system uses a portion of the hard disk as virtual memory, and swaps data between the hard disk and physical memory.
	www.uwsg.iu.edu /usail/concepts/system.html (996 words)

	Operating system (and kernel) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Kernel is the central module of an operating system.
		It is the part of the operating system that loads first, and it remains in main memory.
		Because it stays in memory, it is important for the kernel to be as small as possible while still providing all the essential services required by other parts of the operating system and applications.
	users.utu.fi /anslev/studies/OE/node4.html (92 words)

	Operating System Design/Kernel - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks
		Kernels usually implement some hardware abstraction (a set of instructions universal to all devices of a certain type) to hide the underlying complexity from the operating system and provide a clean and uniform interface to the hardware, which helps application programmers to develop programs that work with all devices of that type.
		An operating system kernel is not strictly needed to run a computer.
		This was the normal operating method of many early computers, which were reset and reloaded between the running of different programs.
	en.wikibooks.org /wiki/Operating_System_Design/Kernel (434 words)

	Simple Memory Protection for Embedded Operating System Kernels
		Kernel memory protection is provided by making these pages accessible only when the CPU has entered supervisor mode and that happens only when an interrupt occurs or a system call is made.
		The kernel map is an array of kernel map entries where each entry represents a region that is entered in the kernel map.
		The system maps the pages associated with the operating system kernel into the page tables of every process and uses the user/supervisor transition to implement system calls in a manner that is analogous to the use of the kernel map in the Roadrunner design.
	www.cornfed.com /prot/index.html (4374 words)

	AgentScape Operating System: Kernel and System Services
		Their functionality is essential for AOS operation, but their operation is relative independent of the AOS kernel and therefore implemented as separate processes.
		System services can only be started by the location manager or if the principal can authenticate itself using the private/public key pair of the location.
		The AgentScape Operating System architecture consists of a number of components, as presented at the beginning of this section.
	www.iids.org /research/aos (759 words)

	Anarchism Triumphant
		This distribution system tended to centralize software development, so that while IBM customers were free to make modifications and improvements to programs, those modifications were shared in the first instance with IBM, which then considered whether and in what way to incorporate those changes in the centrally-developed and distributed version of the software.
		Operating systems, even Windows (which hides the fact from its users as thoroughly as possible), are actually collections of components, rather than undivided unities.
		Once the operating system is written in a general language such as C, only that inner core, known in the trade as the kernel, will be highly specific to a particular computer architecture.
	emoglen.law.columbia.edu /my_pubs/anarchism.html (10406 words)

	Open Directory - Computers: Programming: Operating Systems
		LusitanOS - Open source operating system, planned to be an OS entirely made by Portuguese people and built mainly as a way of self-learning and research on operating systems development.
		Operating System design and implementation Tutorial - A educational tutorial on the development of a real mode, single tasking operating system developed in assembler.
		Operating System Index - A list of educational and experimental operating systems aiming to help developers who are looking for code examples.
	dmoz.org /Computers/Programming/Operating_Systems (788 words)

	Working with the Operating System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		This is compounded by the fact that most commercial operating systems come bundled with lots of extra programs that are not really part of the operating system per se, but without which the computer would not be very usable.
		The operating system repeats the BIOS locate/read sequence steps as often as is necessary to read all of the data required for our file.
		On some operating systems, but not all, it is possible to change the values of an existing environment variable.
	www.freenetpages.co.uk /hp/alan.gauld/tutos.htm (7732 words)

	Experience with K42, an open-source, Linux-compatible, scalable operating-system kernel IBM Systems Journal - Find ...
		Adaptability--K42 should manage system resources in a way that matches the changing needs of the running applications and that contributes to the self-regulating (autonomic) behavior of the system.
		In K42 we use the rich set of device drivers, file systems, and other code available with Linux, and we are active in the community that is developing cote kernel technology.
		We are developing an alternative to the Linux kernel for research prototyping, not a new operating system.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0ISJ/is_2_44/ai_n14793363 (828 words)

	AOP Operating System Kernel
		OS code is notoriously complex, with many systems having millions of lines of code containing subtle and intricate interactions.
		The inability for programmers to effectively reason about parts of the system, develop components independently, and even configure customized systems at build time are well known ramifications of the deep structural flaws in OS code.
		The goal of the a-kernel project is to determine if aspect-oriented programming can be used to improve OS modularity, and thereby reduce complexity and fragility associated with system implementation.
	www.cs.ubc.ca /labs/spl/projects/a-kernel.html (203 words)

	A Verified Operating System Kernel - Bevier (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Abstract: Kernel Layer The task layer defines the communication transitions in which a task may engage, but says nothing of how tasks are activated.
		Each task has a state known completely to the abstract kernel, while the state of an I/O device is unspecified.
		29 The Nucleus of a Multiprogramming System (context) - Hansen - 1970
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /bevier87verified.html (846 words)

	operating system - Definitions from Dictionary.com
		The OS may be split into a kernel which is always present
		distinction is unclear in the case of a rommable operating
		Multics operating systems (most importantly by ITS and Unix).
	dictionary.reference.com /search?q=operating%20system (342 words)

	The Linux Kernel Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		This is the primary site for the Linux kernel source, but it has much more than just Linux kernels.
		Linux is a clone of the operating system Unix, written from scratch by Linus Torvalds with assistance from a loosely-knit team of hackers across the Net.
		The Linux kernel, as well as several other pieces of software, are maintained using the git source code control system.
	www.kernel.org (1008 words)

	VTS \| Dokument VTS-ID/5333
		The two major deficiencies identified and addressed in this thesis are the versatility of access right specification and the structuring of the operating system in conjunction with the applications.
		Another important aspect of the SPEEDOS design is the delegation of many operating system duties to individual application software modules.
		The kernel implements only policy-neutral mechanisms and delegates all policy decisions to user-level code in order to minimize the size of the kernel.
	vts.uni-ulm.de /doc.asp?id=5333 (272 words)

	Micro-scheduling method and operating system kernel (US6779181)
		The micro-scheduling method enables the support of accurate QoS for any operating system which supports multimedia applications.
		System for scheduling multimedia sessions among a plurality of endpoint systems wherein endpoint systems negotiate connection requests with modification parameters
		System of managing processor resources in a non-dedicated computer system
	www.delphion.com /details?pn10=US06779181 (600 words)

	SourceForge.net: Glider Operating System Kernel
		An operating system kernel being developed in Free Pascal with the goal of creating a system based on process interoperation.
		Operating System: Project is an Operating System Kernel
		Operating System : Project is an Operating System Kernel
	sourceforge.net /projects/glider-kernel (110 words)

	LOSAK, The Lisp Operating System Abstraction Kernel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		LOSAK is a project to develop a Lisp operating system.
		This project is comprised of two parts: the LOSAK language, and the operating system kernel that is implemented in LOSAK.
		Rant about how operating systems can be improved.
	losak.sourceforge.net (185 words)

	What is a Kernel? Operating System Schedules Executing Code (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The core of layered architecture that manages the most basic operations of the operating system and the computer's processor for Windows NT and Windows 2000.
		The kernel schedules different blocks of executing code, called threads, for the processor to keep it as busy as possible and coordinates multiple processors to optimize performance.
		The kernel works closely with the hardware abstraction layer.
	bugclub.org /beginners/software/kernel.html (84 words)

	uOS, Dynamically Reconfigurable Component-based Operating System Kernel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		This distribution of uOS is a Linux process which simulates an embedded operating system kernel; it schedules, dispatches and offers services to multiple threads of control.
		My Master's project is to construct a component-based kernel whose components and internal state may be dynamically reconfigured on-the-fly without having to shut down and restart the system.
		System services may be replaced at two granularities in uOS: at the component level and at the individual subcompoent level.
	www.cs.virginia.edu /~jwh6q/uos-web (1360 words)

	The Agnix Operating System Kernel - The first Polish Kernel - OS Development - Kernel Design
		Agnix is an extended kernel, written in pure C code.
		In addition Agnix is a very fast and small kernel and I advice for using it in an embedded systems and everywhere where is needed fast, small and stable operating system kernel.
		The main goal of the project is to provide an educational, network operating system kernel which will be fully compatible with the Linux Kernel in the system call layer.
	agnix.sourceforge.net (578 words)

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