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Topic: Operation Chromite

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	Battle of Inchon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Battle of Inchon (code name: "Operation Chromite") was a decisive 15-day invasion and battle during the Korean War.
		During the amphibious operation, United Nations (UN) forces secured Inchon, and broke North Korean control of the Pusan region through a series of landings in enemy territory.
		At this point, control over of Operation Chromite was given to Major General Edward Almond, the X Corps commander.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Inchon (2084 words)

	The General Walton Walker Society -- Inchon; Masterstroke or Mistake?
		There are numerous examples military operations similar to MacArthur's "Operation Chromite." More often than one would hope, military commanders tend to be timid or rigid in their thinking causing them to lack the audacity to perform such an operation.
		Operation Chromite was initially opposed by the Navy, Marines, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff, but as usual, they acquiesced to MacArthur's impassioned eloquence.
		According to him, Operation Chromite was destined to become one of the greatest victories of recorded history., professed MacArthur, would save tens of thousands of lives-perhaps as many as a hundred thousand.
	www.geocities.com /generalwaltonwalker/05inchon.html (8100 words)

	Eurasia Mining Plc
		The chromite results are in line with expectations and range from 10 to 80 kilos per cubic metre (average 45 kilos) over thicknesses from 1-8 metres (average 4.5 metre).
		The drilling confirms the presence of at least two separate channels containing thicker gravels and higher chromite grades separated by a barren terrace with thin gravels and low chromite grades.
		A series of chromite samples from the processing of recent drilling have been submitted for testing to a local chromite consuming company who have confirmed interest in receiving high-grade chromite product.
	miranda.hemscott.com /servlet/HsPublic?context=ir.access&ir_option=RNS_NEWS&item=4574140245959&ir_client_id=3174 (411 words)

	CHAPTER IX: Operation CHROMITE: The Forces
		Since the amphibious operation could not be made without a corps headquarters, members of JSPOG recommended that their chief, General Wright, ask MacArthur either to organize a provisional corps headquarters locally or to bring from Pearl Harbor to Tokyo the Fleet Marine Force, Pacific (FMFPAC) headquarters, commanded by General Shepherd.
		Arthur assigned the code name, Operation CHROMITE, to the planned landing at Inch'on; and, on 6 September, he confirmed in writing what he had already told his major commanders orally, that D-day for Operation CHROMITE was September 1950.
		As D-day for Operation CHROMITE approached, the ports of Kobe, Sasebo, and Yokohama in Japan and Pusan in Korea became centers of intense activity.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/books/pd-c-09.htm (8812 words)

	jp503
		Joint force commanders employ operational art to develop campaigns and operations in a unified theater of effort to attain national and multinational objectives.
		During force projection operations, for example, a rapidly changing enemy situation may cause the commander to alter the planned arrangement of operations even as forces are deploying.
		When in-place forces are not sufficient and/or are not appropriate for the envisioned operation, early determination of the forces required and the order in which they are needed, based on the JFC's concept of operations, assists in identifying the time required to deploy the force.
	homepage.mac.com /millhouse/ACSC/jp503.html (3518 words)

	Joint Force Quarterly: Operation Chromite: counterattack at Inchon - Korean War
		Operational sponsorship of the FECOM theater had been given only recently to the Chief of Staff, U.S. Army.
		The concepts and judgment required for operational level decisions were central to the role that MacArthur played in Chromite.
		By July 15, the need for cohesive air operations was such that a new form of authority known as coordination control was instituted by MacArthur to breech service impasses, deconflict operations, and improve effectiveness.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0KNN/is_2001_Spring-Summer/ai_84544976 (1394 words)

	The Art of Naming Operations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Naming operations seems to have originated with the German General Staff during the last two years of World War I. The Germans used code names primarily to preserve operational security, though the names were also a convenient way of referring to subordinate and successive operations.
		Operation Just Cause ushered in a new era in the nicknaming of US military operations, one in which operations are given names carefully selected to shape perceptions about them.
		However righteous an operation might appear to be, a name like Just Cause can be distasteful to the media and general public, not necessarily because they disagree with the justness of the cause, but because they resent having such words put (literally) in their mouths.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1995/sieminsk.htm (6633 words)

	Amphibious Warfare: Cold War Era
		From an operational perspective, Inchon was the perfect place for an amphibious assault, but from a practical perspective there could be few worse places to launch an attack from the sea.
		The tides essentially dictated the timing and character of the operation - 15-18 September would be the only time that month that the high tide would allow critical landing ship, tank (LST) transports and other amphibious craft to ride over the broad mudflats off Inchon and deliver critically needed equipment and supplies to the beach.
		Air strikes, bombardment by surface warships, feints by special operations forces, and the spread of disinformation in Pusan (where North Korean spies were present) all served to draw attention away from the prospective landing at Inchon.
	www.exwar.org /Htm/8000PopE5.htm (2502 words)

	OPERATION CHROMITE: MacArthur's Masterstroke - South African Military History Society - Journal
		Many professional objections were raised to the choice of Inchon as the target for this operation and the very Navy and Marine officers who were the world's most experienced commanders in this difficult branch of military art were among the strongest objectors to the choice.
		It is difficult to establish just how effective these attacks were in disguising the true objective and certainly by 13 September some North Korean commanders were aware that Inchon was to be the target of an amphibious assault and had alerted their forces.
		Air cover throughout the operation was provided by Royal Navy Seafires and Fireflies from HMS Triumph and US Navy Corsairs and Skyraiders from the carriers Valley Forge, Boxer and Phillippine Sea.
	rapidttp.com /milhist/vol083js.html (6855 words)

	Operation Chromite
		Operation Chromite placed a particularly heavy load on the Navy.
		From the time the final operational orders were issued on September 2, the largest fleet since World War II was assembled.
		The operation would have to be carried out in full daylight, thereby eliminating the possibility of surprise.
	www.ussdehaven.org /operation_chromite.htm (1115 words)

	Download the Hooah Guide to Army Transformation
		A campaign plan is defined as a series of related military operations aimed at accomplishing strategic or operational objectives within a given time and space.
		The objectives of Operation Chromite were threefold: neutralize the fortified Wolmi Island, which controlled access to Inchon Harbor; land at and capture Inchon, 25 miles west of Seoul; seize Kimpo Airfield just south of Seoul; and, finally, capture the city of Seoul.
		Each axis is further divided into 14 functional lines of operations to assist in the development and execution of the campaign plan.
	www.ausa.org /transformation/article_transformcampaign.html (1872 words)

	The United States Military Logistics in the First Part of the Korean War, CHAPTER 6 - INCHON, by Max Hermansen,
		The biggest logistical challenge was to have all units, their equipment and supplies, as well as transports, landing ships and craft, and other ships, ready in time for D-day.
		In less than three weeks, a planning study was turned into the details of operation orders, the ships were assembled, and the forces prepared - as far as possible - for the landing.
		The operations and the logistics from the force left Sasebo and Pusan until well established on dry land, could be looked upon as pure transportation.
	www.ku.edu /carrie/texts/carrie_books/hermansen/6.html (2470 words)

	Naval Institute Proceedings Magazine: Joint Operational Art Is Alive, by Lieutenant Commander David M. McFarland, USN, ...
		The Battle of Okinawa, code-named Operation Iceberg, and the landings at Inchon, code-named Operation Chromite, highlight the enormous potential of joint operations.
		His immensely successful Operation Chromite would, unfortunately, be the last of its kind for 40 years.
		As a master of operational art, he skillfully struck the optimum force balance and created Joint Task Force (JTF)-7 for the amphibious landing operations to best maximize force diversity.
	www.usni.org /Proceedings/Articles02/PROmcfarland10.htm (1194 words)

	Battle of Inchon -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		A briefing lead by (The supreme commander of a fleet; ranks above a vice admiral and below a fleet admiral) Admiral (additional info and facts about James Doyle) James Doyle concluded "the best that I can say is that Inchon is not impossible".
		At this point, control over of Operation Chromite was given to Major General (additional info and facts about Edward Almond) Edward Almond, the (additional info and facts about X Corps) X Corps commander.
		On September 22, the Marines entered Seoul to find it heavily fortified, and began (The action of an armed force that surrounds a fortified place and isolates it while continuing to attack) siege operations.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/ba/battle_of_inchon.htm (2112 words)

	NWC Review, Spring 2000: Chisholm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Operations plans focused on passive defense, security under air attack, and evacuation of American citizens in an emergency, on the assumption that any future war would be with the Soviet Union and centered elsewhere.
		The command relations established for one operation were not viewed as permanent by the senior officers involved, who maneuvered in the run-ups to succeeding operations to alter those they had found troublesome.
		However, the Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Sherman, had agreed in February 1950 that “when the Seventh Fleet was in Japanese waters, or in the event of an emergency, and the Seventh Fleet was made available, he would report to CINCFE for operational control.
	www.nwc.navy.mil /press/Review/2000/spring/art3-sp0.htm (19115 words)

	CHAPTER VIII: Operation CHROMITE: The Concept and the Plan
		Apparently, he not only believed that forces for the operation would materialize in time for the landing in September, but also, that he could not afford to wait beyond that date.
		General MacArthur's refusal to abandon his mid-September date was influenced by his knowledge of the Inch'on area as well as by his desire to relieve the pressure on the Pusan Perimeter as quickly as he could.
		Annexes to the operations order gave detailed instructions to all commanders on all phases of the operation, including intelligence, logistical support, and command relationships.
	www.army.mil /Cmh-Pg/books/pd-c-08.htm (6770 words)

	Amphibious Warfare: Cold War Era
		Meanwhile, the 1st Marine Division and the Army's 7th Infantry Division, which had carried out Operation Chromite and together comprised X Corps, would conduct another amphibious landing, this near the port of Wonsan on North Korea's east coast.
		The stage was set for another round of rapid planning, force build-up, and preliminary operations similar to that the had preceded the Inchon landing.
		Indeed, even as the covering and supporting forces were transiting to or taking station off the North Korean, coalition MCM forces were initiating their mine clearance operations.
	www.exwar.org /Htm/8000PopE6.htm (619 words)

	The Inchon Invasion
		Remember, the assaulting forces had never trained together for any combined operation, let alone one so complex as Inchon, where the prominence on Wolmi-do loomed like Mt. Surubachi on Iwo, where the tides were far more severe than Tarawa, and the narrow approaches made the harbor a potential trap.
		Apart from the 32' tides and mudflats, we were all very concerned about mines and enemy artillery along the approaches blowing us out of the water before we could even reach the assault positions.
		A crowning moment of the brilliance of the logistics planners, and MacArthur's genius, one of the most amazing photos of the entire war, is the empty shore on the other side of the causeway.
	www.kmike.com /inchon.htm (1917 words)

	Republic of Korea Navy
		This was due to the absence of the ROKN Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Sohn Won Il, who was in the United States to take delivery of three former U.S. Navy submarine chasers, and the capture by the North Korean People's Army (NKPA) of the ROKN naval headquarters in Seoul.
		Like other UN forces, the ROKN carried out operations during late August and early September to prepare the way for the amphibious assault against Inchon, Operation Chromite, which would change the course of the war, on land and at sea.
		To assure that the approach lane was free of the over 300 mines laid by the enemy, on November 6th the Korean crew of a tug bravely manned their vessel during the passage from Chinnampo to the Yellow Sea.
	www.history.navy.mil /wars/korea/roknavy.htm (1570 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Goldwater-Nichols Reorganization Act of 1986 was not the birth of jointness and joint operational art; it was its rebirth.
		Although there were many varied reasons, the main deterrent to a continued healthy focus on the importance of joint operational art was U.S. eagerness to treat strategic nuclear bombing as the end-all, be-all strategy to deter or, if necessary, win future conventional and nuclear wars.
		As stated in the seminal work on NCW: "To reach its full potential, Network Centric Warfare must be deeply rooted in operational art."22 The "fog and friction" of war are as prevalent today as they were in Carl von Clausewitz's time, but NCW shows promise in advancing joint operational art.
	www.military.com /NewContent/0,13190,NI_Joint,00.html (2591 words)

	Korean War Maps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		At the end of a description of Inchon: Operation Chromite: Marines in the Korean Conflict, by B.L. Kortegaard, are five maps of the Inchon Landing, 15 Sept 1950.
		Operation Roundup, the X Corps Plan, 4 February 1951, p 250.
		Operation Killer, 20 February-6 March 1951, p 303.
	www.au.af.mil /au/aul/maps/korwrmap.htm (1052 words)

	[No title]
		Actually, Operation Chromite was planned and proposed in early July when the war in Korea was barely a week old.
		Duvernay operates a well done website on the Western disturbance in 1871 at HYPERLINK "http://www.shinmiyangyo.com" www.shinmiyangyo.com and is presently working on a book that will share insights from that event in Korean history.
		To summarize the results of the operations of the 10th and 11th of June, we captured and destroyed five forts.
	www.homeofheroes.com /books/shinmiyangyo.doc (19547 words)

	CHAPTER VIII: Operation CHROMITE: The Concept and the Plan
		He asked on 5 July for an engineer special brigade trained in amphibious operations and on the same day called for an airborne RCT "to participate in planned operations from 20 July to 10 August." [1]
		The alternative is a frontal attack which can only result in a protracted and expensive campaign to slowly drive the enemy north of the 38th Parallel.
		He had not hesitated in the past to override the recommendations of his staff whenever he felt his judgment was more correct than its counsel.
	www.army.mil /CMH-pg/books/pd-c-08.htm (6770 words)

	Encyclopedia: 1950
		Los Alamos usually refers to the United States national laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico which was founded during the World War II effort to develop the atomic bomb (the Manhattan Project), was one of the two laboratories developing the USAs nuclear weapons during the Cold War, and is...
		Jump to: navigation, search The Battle of Inchon (code name: Operation Chromite) was a decisive 15-day invasion and battle during the Korean War.
		An antihistamine is a drug which serves to reduce or eliminate effects mediated by histamine, an endogenous chemical mediator released during allergic reactions, through action at the histamine receptor.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/1950 (10502 words)

	Shinmiyangyo - Korea 1871 and The Inchon Invasion of 1950
		General Douglas MacArthur's most ardent detractors will admit that the surprise amphibious assault at Inchon, dubbed Operation Chromite, was a stroke of military genius.
		In a matter of days the highly successful operation broke the back of the North Korean invasion of the South, and liberated the capitol city of Seoul.
		Prior to World War II the Asian peninsula of Korea (Corea) was undivided, first as an independent kingdom, then as a Protectorate of Japan (1910-45).
	www.homeofheroes.com /wallofhonor/korea1871/1_preface.html (2222 words)

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