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Topic: Operation Citadel

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	Battle of Kursk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Battle of Kursk, also known as Operation Zitadelle by the German Army, or Operation Citadel in the English language, was a significant battle on the Eastern Front of World War II.
		Operation Kutuzov, the Soviet counteroffensive at Orel decisively changed the situation.
		It was followed by a series of successful Red Army Operations that led to the crossing of the Dnieper, and the liberation of Kiev during the autumn of 1943.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Kursk (5346 words)

	The Citadel (military college) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Citadel ranks first nationally among its peers for the percentage of students who graduate on time and Citadel cadets are twice as likely as their peers in other colleges to graduate in four years, ranking first nationally among its peers in the percentage of students who graduate on time.
		The Citadel sits on a 300 acre tract of land on the Ashley River.
		Citadel alumni have been killed in action during the Civil War (67), World War I (15), World War II (280), Korean War (32), Vietnam War (68), Lebanon (1), Grenada (1), the Gulf War (1), and the current War on Terror (11).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Citadel_(Military_College) (3856 words)

	World War II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The operation was one of the biggest military evacuations in history as 338,000 British and French troops were transported across the English Channel on warships and civilian boats.
		Operation Torch was launched by the United States and Free French forces on November 8, 1942.
		Operation Bagration, a Soviet offensive involving 2.5 million men and 6,000 tanks, was launched on June 22.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/WWII (8247 words)

	The Citadel Fact Book
		The Arsenal and The Citadel continued to operate as military academies; however, classes were often disrupted when the governor called the cadets into military service.
		As early as 1846, Citadel cadets served as drill instructors for the recruits of South Carolina’s Palmetto Regiment prior to the regiment’s departure for the Mexican War.
		Citadel graduates who lost their lives in World War II, Korea, Vietnam, Lebanon, Grenada, and Iraq are memorialized in photograph albums, which are on display in the Museum.
	www.citadel.edu /instresearch/factbook/geninfo/history.html (1015 words)

	Citadel Theatre
		The largest of Canada's regional professional theatres, the Citadel Theatre was founded in 1965 by Joseph H. and 3 partners as Edmonton's first professional theatre.
		Built in 3 phases between 1974 and 1989, the Citadel houses 5 performance spaces: the Shoctor Theatre, a 685-seat proscenium; the Maclab, a 685-seat thrust; the Rice, a 250-seat studio; Zeidler Hall, a 240-seat auditorium used mainly for films; and the Tucker, a 150-seat amphitheatre.
		Following Coe's resignation, Citadel became the first regional theatre to operate without an artistic director, from 1980 to 1984, and again from 1987 to 1991, when management teams led by Shoctor set the seasons and hired directors for the individual productions.
	www.canadianencyclopedia.ca /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0001631 (747 words)

	Australian Peacekeepers and Peacemakers Association
		Operation Catalyst is Australia's contribution to the rehabilitation of Iraq.
		Operation Anode is the ADF's contribution to the Australian led Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands known as Operation HELPEM FREN.
		Operation Mazurka is Australia's contribution to the Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) in the Sinai.
	www.peacekeepers.asn.au /current_ops.htm (861 words)

	DVA—Annual Reports 2003-2004 — Annual Report of the Department of Veterans' Affairs
		Operation Catalyst: On 16 July 2003, the Minister for Veterans' Affairs for and on behalf of the Minister for Defence, determined that service rendered as a member of the ADF allotted for service on or after 16 July 2003 with Operation Catalyst is warlike service under the VEA.
		Operation Citadel: On 16 September 2003, the Minister for Veterans' Affairs for an on behalf of the Minister for Defence, determined that the period of warlike service for Operation Citadel had been closed on 17 August 2003.
		Operation Citadel: On 16 September 2003, the Minister for Veterans' Affairs for and on behalf of the Minister for Defence, determined that service rendered as a member of the ADF assigned for service on or after 18 August 2003 with Operation Citadel is non-warlike service under the VEA.
	www.dva.gov.au /media/aboutus/annrep04/ar_dva/outcomes/outcome01_02.htm (4755 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Operation Barbarossa
		Operation Barbarossa (Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the German codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II that commenced on June 22, 1941.
		Operation Barbarossa was largely the brainchild of Hitler himself.
		The climax of Operation Barbarossa came when Army Group Centre, already short in supplies because of the mud in October, was ordered to advance to Moscow; forward units came within sight of the spires of the Kremlin in early December 1941.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa (4361 words)

	Eastern Front Major Operations
		For Operation Blue, Hitler would strip Army Groups North and Centre of half their forces to fortify Army Group South, which was to strike in two prongs: one across the Don valley towards Stalingrad, thereby securing the northeastern flank, the other south and west to the Caucausus.
		Operation Uranus would be a vast pincer movement attacking the weak, exposed flanks of the German forces, ultimately encircling the Sixth army.
		Citadel had in fact been cancelled on July 13, as Hitler needed some forces from the eastern front to counter the recent Anglo-American landings in Italy.
	www.geocities.com /sonzabird/majorops.html (3201 words)

	Österreichs Bundesheer - ÖMZ - Ausgabe 5/2003 - Summary: 60 Years Ago: Prochorovka - Aspects of Operation Citadel
		It was there that on 12 July 1943, with Operation Zitadelle reaching its acme, 1,500 Soviet and German tanks and assault guns engaged in direct combat.
		After initial German successes at the Woronesh Front the Soviet command concentrated its strategic reserves against the assumed thrust of the enemy in the area of Prochorowka, where the II Armored SS-Corps and the 5 Guard Army engaged in battle on 12 July 1943.
		The fact that after penetrating the second defense line the German advance was directed toward Prochorowka is merely due to the mobile conduct of battle and was by no means a "right turn” as many publications would make it out to be, which would have led to a war of attrition.
	www.bmlv.gv.at /omz/ausgaben/artikel.php?id=146 (693 words)

	The Citadel / About The Citadel / Citadel History / Civil War Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		On January 9, 1861, Citadel cadets stationed on Morris Island fired on the U.S. steamer, the Star of the West, which failed to supply Fort Sumter with troops and supplies.
		On January 28, 1861, the Corps of the Cadets of The Arsenal Academy and The Citadel Academy were made part of the military organization of the state and were known collectively as the Battalion of State Cadets.
		The Arsenal and The Citadel continued to operate as military academies.
	www.citadel.edu /r3/about/history/civilwar.shtml (329 words)

	Daniel Library, The Citadel: Knob Knowledge
		This is the center for the Citadel tennis program.
		It is adjacent to the Don C. Bunch Courts, named for Donald Bunch, a Citadel Business professor and tennis coach for over 30 years.
		Operation Zitadelle (English translation Citadel) was the German operation against Kursk Salient in Southern Russia.
	www.citadel.edu /library/Knob/knob_o.htm (500 words)

	Strategy Gaming Online - Maps and Scenarios : The Operational Art of War, Vol. 1
		This scenario simulates events on the Southern wing of "Operation Typhoon", Germany’s ill-fated attempt to capture Moscow before the onset of winter and a counter-offensive by Siberian troops.
		This scenario simulates Operation Barbarossa -- Germany's attempt to conquer the Soviet Union in a one-season 1941 campaign.
		Germany conducted its last "operational" offensive the week the scenario begins (Operation Citadel).
	www.strategy-gaming.com /maps_scenarios/wargames/operational_art_of_war.shtml (283 words)

	Germany's Lost Victory? - Military Photos
		The climax of Operation Citadel, the Battle of Kursk, involved as many as 6,000 tanks, 4,000 aircraft and 2 million fighting men and is remembered as the greatest tank battle in history.
		The Germans' goal during Citadel was to pinch off a large salient in the Eastern Front that extended 70 miles toward the west.
		It is apparent from their operations during the late summer that the SS panzer divisions were not destroyed at Prochorovka.
	www.militaryphotos.net /forums/showthread.php?t=72891 (5169 words)

	[9.0] Operation Citadel
		Events elsewhere would steal headlines, and besides, whatever the scale of operations conducted by the Red Army for the rest of the conflict, the outcome was an almost completely forgone conclusion: the Germans would be ground steadily down towards defeat.
		The Red Army had been a pioneer of paratroop operations as far back as the early 1930s, but that effort had been derailed by the purges, and this was the first Soviet large-scale operational drop.
		Strict radio silence was observed, with the radio operators left in their original positions to continue their chatter as if an entire army were still there.
	www.vectorsite.net /twsnow_09.html (6476 words)

	Operation "Citadel", A Text and Photo Album, Volume 1: The South (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Strangely the culminating clash of armour at Prochorowka has gone down in history as a great Soviet victory, although the Russian attack was effectively halted with the Russians losing 180 tanks with few German losses in comparison.
		However, further losses were incurred by the Germans when the operation was called off by Hitler, and equipment that was undergoing repair had to be abandoned once the Russians launched their counter offensive.
		All in all this is a fine book that questions recorded history that would please the keen historian, while the photo and profile section would keep the keen modeller equally happy.
	www.homehealthcareinfo.com /books/isbn0921991703.html (980 words)

	The Battle of Krusk: Operation Citadel 1943 - Robin Cross - Penguin Group (USA)
		Citadel, the codename for the German attack on Kursk in 1943, was the last major German offensive to be launched in the East.
		Robin Cross gives a detailed picture of the Battle of Kursk from the intense cat-and-mouse game waged by both high commands in the agonizing months leading up to the German offensive, to the first-hand experiences of troops on the ground and airmen flying over the blazing steppe.
		At the same time Operation Citadel is set firmly within the wider strategic context of the war in the East, and reveals how Hitler and Stalin steeled themselves to make decisions that would decide the outcome of the war and shape the peace that followed.
	us.penguingroup.com /nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141391090,00.html (224 words)

	КУРСКАЯ БИТВА [THE VOICE OF RUSSIA]
		Beginning with early spring, Operation 'Citadel' was mentioned with increasing frequency.
		Every mention attracted great attention at the centre, because experts there suspected that 'Citadel' was the codename of a summertime German offensive on the Eastern Front.
		Radio reports about the German 'Citadel' plan reached Moscow not only from military reconnaissance officers and agents on Nazi-occupied Soviet territory, but also from Szandor Rado in Switzerland and from the famous Cambridge Five and Dr George Kerncross in Great Britain.
	www.vor.ru /55/Kursk/kursk_003_eng.html (1351 words)

	Operation Telic: Press Conference - 4 April
		The relationship between these two phases is so close that the way that our forces are operating in a war fighting phase is heavily influenced by the requirements of the follow-on renewal phase.
		There is on the one hand the strategic side of it where we are seeking to gain air superiority, we are looking to take down the command and control communication centres of the regime and we are looking for mobile Scud type weapons which carry a WMD capability.
		The first specifically designed to take out strategic targets like air defence operations centres, like Command, Control and Communication nodes, is the conventionally armed stand-off missile known as Storm Shadow, which you see here loaded on this Tornado.
	www.operations.mod.uk /telic/press_4april.htm (2768 words)

	Military Chronicles Series MCS-024 Kursk Strategic Defensive Operation (Citadel Operation). June 5-12, 1943. Battles at ...
		The whole course of the operation at the Northern face of Kursk Arch, where Heeresgruppe "Mitte" troops and Red Army units fought a red battle, is described day by day.
		VI "Tiger" tanks operated by schwere Panzer-Abteilung 505, which was to be used in its turn as a "battering-ram" to break through the defence of Soviet Central Front.
		The symbol of schwere Panzer-Abteilung 505 was "The Scudding Bull", that wasn't painted on all the tanks although.
	www.aviapress.com /viewonekit.htm?MCS-024 (693 words)

	Citadel Offensive - Military Photos
		To summerize, I think the operation was a fairly realistic courseof action given the then current events, although ofcourse the sever numer of men, tanks and airplanes lost could have been used to slow down the soviet offensives for Kharkov and Orel.
		To give Hitler some credit, it must be said that after Citadel failed his "intuition" was right when he suspected that Stalin had laid his eyes on Kharkov (fourth battle).
		Germany was doom anyway even without Citadel but Citadel made a victory lot easier for Soviets in the eastern front.
	www.militaryphotos.net /forums/showthread.php?t=82807 (1397 words)

	The Timeater (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The citadel had been set up for the retrieval program even though it would not be used by the council for a full year.
		Something about the citadel's operation requires that a minimum number of men be allowed within the complex during its operation.
		The citadel was not connected to the compound's main systems, thus it was not heavily monitored, and any first generation cadet could have circumvented the few monitors which remained.
	www.dotguy.net /votes.cgi/timeater.htm (3421 words)

	“Operation Citadel”
		Operation Citadel was aimed at eliminating the Red Army at Kursk.
		The town itself was of minor significance; it was chosen because it was situated in a bulge between the fronts of Field Marshal Erich von Manstein's Army Group South and Field Marshal Hans Gunther von Kluge's Army Group Center.
		Suddenly, Hitler called off Citadel to divert troops to meet the Allied forces that had just landed in Sicily.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/ww2/Citadel.html (467 words)

	Osprey - Ostheer: January—July 1943 - Defensive recovery and offensive disaster
		During the spring the German High Command decided to mount their next offensive, code-named ‘Citadel’, against the obvious target of the Kursk salient, a large bulge of Soviet-held territory jutting west into the German frontline that had been created by von Manstein’s successful counter-attack.
		With hindsight, instead of initiating Citadel, the Germans ought to have used the precious armoured resource husbanded by Guderian either for a surprise attack elsewhere or as a mobile reserve to crush the next Soviet offensive, just as von Manstein had done at Kharkov.
		This operation was a brilliant riposte that exploited fully both superior German mobility and the over-extension of the too-confident Soviets.
	www.ospreypublishing.com /content2.php/cid=124 (4280 words)

	books about: kursk (waffen-ss submarine operation) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		It is written for laymen, yet does not condescend to people without a background in submarine operations.
		It is intended to be a general overview of the operation, including background of the military situation leading to the battle, as well as its aftermath and immediate consequences.
		The first part is devoted to the development of the Kursk "bulge" as a result of Soviet offensives in the first weeks of 1943 and Manstein's...
	www.very-clever.com /books/kursk (1278 words)

	The Battle of Kursk
		The overall operational idea was to pause to rest and refit the forces that had participated in Manstein's counterattacks, to wait for the development of new equipment (Panther tanks, Elefant tank destroyers, and some other weaponry), and to build up new units.
		Myth #1: CITADEL was one distinct battle, primarily between tank forces of both sides.
		The size of the operation ensured that CITADEL was not "one battle".
	www.uni.edu /~licari/citadel.htm (1538 words)

	TheHistoryNet Discussion Forums: Could Operation Citadel have ended in a German victory if...?
		Regarding the result of the operation, I do not know also because the delay allowed a stockpiling of supplies, not only the addition of the new Panthers and the Tigers.
		Regarding knowing the direction of the attacks, this had surely been useful, but both the maps and the german radio was hinting at the possible target of a German offensive.
		and because it was built as a direct reaction to the t34 it is likely that the kursk operation would have been postponed to allow some of them to get to the front lines.
	historynet.zeroforum.com /zerothread?id=49 (3075 words)

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