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	Israel's Operation Defensive Shield, 2002
		The goal was to dismantle the terrorist infrastructure developed by the Palestinian Authority (PA), or allowed to operate in territory the PA controls.
		The operation consisted of moving Israeli forces into Judea and Samaria (the West Bank) and Gaza for the purpose of arresting terrorists, finding and confiscating weapons and destroying facilities for the manufacture of explosives.
		Palestinians claimed a massacre took place at Jenin, but independent observers found no evidence of anything other than a battle in which the terrorists used the civilian population as a shield.
	www.palestinefacts.org /pf_1991to_now_defensive_shield_2002.php (256 words)

	Operation Defensive Shield - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Operation Defensive Shield (In Hebrew, מבצע חומת מגן) was a large-scale military operation conducted by the Israeli Defence Forces in April 2002.
		By April 3, the IDF was conducting major military operations in all Palestinian cities with the exception of Hebron and Jericho.
		During the operation, strict curfews were placed on at least six major Palestinian cities, resulting in complaints by human rights groups that essential medical attention was being denied to sick and elderly Palestinians, as well as complaints that Israel was practicing collective punishment, which is prohibited under the Fourth Geneva Convention.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Operation_Defensive_Shield (582 words)

	Battle of Jenin 2002 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		According to the IDF, Operation Defensive Shield was launched as a counter-terrorist offensive.
		An UNRWA administrated refugee camp near Jenin was entered by Israeli forces in early April 2002, as part of Israel's Operation Defensive Shield, an operation the IDF described as intending "to dismantle the terrorist infrastructure operating out of the P.A.-controlled areas".
		According to the Israel Defense Forces, Israel chose not to bomb the spots of resistance using aircraft as it entered, in order to minimize civilian losses [9], but rather to take hold of the city using infantry, although there appears to have been a limited use of helicopters[10][11].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Jenin_2002 (2983 words)

	Middle East Report 223: Interregnum: Palestine After Operation Defensive Shield, by Rema Hammami
		Defensive Shield is formally over, but what Israel's climactic offensive in the West Bank will bring in its wake remains unclear.
		Prior to Defensive Shield, Israeli destruction of PA institutions had remained limited to security installations, as well as infrastructure that had the trappings of future sovereignty such as the Gaza airport and port.
		While in the period leading up to Defensive Shield, there was much talk in Washington of an "alternative" to Arafat's leadership, US efforts to extricate him from the Ramallah governorate once again affirmed that the US sees itself as stuck with him.
	www.merip.org /mer/mer223/223_hammami.html (5849 words)

	UJC - INSIGHT: A Middle East Analysis--June 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The goal of the operation was fourfold: to destroy as much of the terrorist infrastructure as possible; to re-establish Israeli deterrence; to place the terrorist organizations on the defensive, and to isolate Arafat and weaken his authority.
		Although it was understood from the outset that Defensive Shield would not cause a permanent or total stop in terror, the expectation that it would dramatically cut down on the number of attacks has been well borne out.
		In another aspect of the operation a precedent was set when, as part of the deal that ended Arafat's isolation, Israel agreed to wanted terrorists with Arafat in the Mukata at the time, being handed over to American and British jailers to oversee their incarceration in a Jericho jail.
	www.ujc.org /content_display.html?ArticleID=40699 (2355 words)

	Americans for a Just Peace in the Middle East
		The military operation in the Jenin Refugee Camp was the fiercest of battles on both the military and rhetorical front.
		During Operation Defensive Shield, the symbolic act for the Israeli public was the widespread reports of theft and vandalism?though, as I have discussed above, the scope of the offenses was far from symbolic.
		The widespread support for the Operation is not affected by the acknowledgement of military sources that the achievements of Defensive Shield are only temporary.
	www.ajpme.org /articles/operationd.htm (5302 words)

	Behind the Headlines \| Newsbriefs
		Operation Defensive Shield enabled Arafat to be relegated in his ranking in world opinion.
		However, as we shall see, one of the most serious outcomes of Operation Defensive Shield may be the opening of an Arab (Egypt, Saudi and Jordanian) diplomatic channel in mainstream world politics.
		It may equally be said that Defensive Shield allowed the Palestinians to show unity and enhance a personality cult around Arafat, but these must be weighed against the other outcomes, which are further reaching.
	www.jafi.org.il /education/hasbara/headlines/lessons.html (1930 words)

	Adva Center Critique of "Operation Economic 'Defensive Shield'" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The economic measures to be implemented under a new program entitled "Economic 'Defensive Shield'" place most of the burden of financing the expenses and economic implications of the recent war on Israel's middle and weaker social strata.
		Operation "Economic 'Defensive Shield'" proposes a 4 percent decrease in government mortgages for eligible households that lack permanent housing.
		Operation "Economic 'Defensive Shield'" proposes to cut the rent subsidy for eligibles in half, from a maximum of NIS 1,170 per month to NIS 600.
	www.adva.org /budget2002eds.html (2546 words)

	Operation Defensive Shield from WUJS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The stated aim of the operation was to destroy the terrorist infrastructure and the army only entered locations from where terrorist attacks had originated.
		Accusation: The so-called operation defensive shield was a massive over-reaction by Israel to terrorism.
		Both the military and political leadership have been clear from the start that Operation Defensive Shield was not an excuse for re-occupation and that the army had no intention of remaining in the areas that it entered.
	www.wujs.org.il /activist/campaigns/operation_defensive_shield.shtml (2073 words)

	ei: The effects of Israel's Operation Defensive Shield on Palestinian children living in the West Bank
		The Israeli Operation Defensive Shield began on 29 March 2002 with the reoccupation of the city of Ramallah followed soon after by the rest of the Palestinian cities.
		Defense of Children International revealed that as of 22 May around 40 - 50 children are being detained in Ofrah prison near the city of Ramallah.
		One of the most serious psychological consequences of these attacks is that the children who had remained in the building were forced to return to relatives who were not willing to take them prior to the 29 March incursion.
	electronicintifada.net /v2/article636.shtml (4114 words)

	Eliav Shochetman: Endangering IDF Soldiers in Order to Avoid Harming Enemy Civilians
		Defense Minister, sir, we request your permission to deploy a plane in order to break the resistance in the Jenin Refugee Camp, because there is an especially difficult stronghold there and any attempt to advance on foot will cost us soldiers.
		In that context, it is worth mentioning the legal distinction between defenses due to lack of criminality and defenses due to lack of liability.
		The distinction between defenses due to lack of criminality and defenses due to lack of liability is not included in the language of the relevant law (Article 34/11 of the Penal Code) but the law does not negate it either.
	www.acpr.org.il /ins/articles/shochetman1.htm (9346 words)

	Israel Operation Defensive Shield
		Another contrast between Israel's war on terrorism and the United States assault on Afghanistan, is that Israeli troops are operating on the ground at higher risk as the US utilizes carpet bombing methods from the air.
		Prime Minister Ariel Sharon vowed ``Operation Defensive Shield'' will go on until it the army completes its mission: ``the destruction of the infrastructure of the terror groups.'' ``This is a battle for survival of the Jewish people, for survival of the state of Israel,'' Sharon said on Israel TV.
		The Israel Defense Forces says it detained 1,600 Palestinians —; of whom 84 were wanted terrorists — and seized more than 1,300 assault rifles, 387 sniper rifles, 49 anti-tank grenades, 256 machine guns, 58 bombs and 65 pounds of explosives.
	www.israelnewsagency.com /israelterrorbus.html (1200 words)

	The Effects of Israel's Operation Defensive Shield (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Israeli Operation Defensive Shield began on 29 March 2002 with the reoccupation of the city of Ramallah followed soon after by the rest of the Palestinian cities.
		Defense of Children International revealed that as of 22 May around 40-50 children are being detained in Ofrah prison near the city of Ramallah.
		One of the most serious psychological consequences of these attacks is that the children who had remained in the building were forced to return to relatives who were not willing to take them prior to the 29 March incursion.
	www.palestinemonitor.org /Reports/effects_of_israels_operation.htm (4205 words)

	USATODAY.com - Sharon: 'Operation Defensive Shield will continue' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The military called the Hebron action a pinpoint operation — not a takeover — that continued into the early hours Friday.
		''Operation Defensive Shield will continue,'' his office said in a statement, although officials said it was not a reaction to Bush's announcement.
		Israel launched "Operation Defensive Shield" on March 29 to crush Palestinian militias that have carried out deadly attacks on Israeli civilians, including seven suicide bombings in the past week.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2002/04/04/powell-mideast.htm (1075 words)

	“Operation Defensive Shield” to protect Gaza pullout (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Operation Defensive Shield began on March 29, 2002 and ended on April 21, 2002.
		According to the World Bank and a team from donor countries, the estimated financial loss of Operation Defensive Shield was 360 million dollars.
		While the denouncement of “suicide” operations and force against Israel is commonplace in the Western media, the calls for Palestinian rights is rarely voiced, and has yet to be enforced.
	aljazeera.com /cgi-bin/review/article_full_story.asp?service_id=9461 (1071 words)

	[No title]
		The extensive military operations carried out by the IDF in Operation Defensive Shield had several goals beyond establishing a new security reality favorable to Israel.
		Operation Defensive Shield has had several important consequences.
		Whether the long-term consequences of the operation will convince the PA that change and negotiation are the best ways to move forward remains to be seen.
	www.washingtoninstitute.org /templateC05.php?CID=2078 (1211 words)

	Amazon.com: Operation Defensive Shield: Witnesses to Israeli War Crimes: Books: Muna Hamzeh,Todd May (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		During the operation, the military used the most advanced weaponry at its disposal: Merkava tanks, Apache attack helicopters and F-15 fighter jets.
		The editors argue that Operation Defensive Shield is a prelude to Israel's ethnic cleansing of the Palestinians.
		"Operation Defensive Shield: Witnesses to Israeli War Crimes" is an essential record for those who want to understand what happened in the West Bank in the spring of 2002, and what it portends for the future of the region.
	www.amazon.com /Operation-Defensive-Shield-Witnesses-Israeli/dp/0745320635 (886 words)

	About B'Tselem - 2002 Activity Report
		In 2002, B'Tselem released thirteen new publications, addressing the use of lethal force; house demolitions and destruction of agricultural land; access to medical treatment; Israel's settlement policy; lack of law enforcement on violent settlers; Operation Defensive Shield; the separation barrier being constructed by Israel; violence by security forces; and the use of human shields.
		B'Tselem was especially active in the sphere of public education in 2002, and initiated a number of innovative strategies in response to the challenges of the current situation.
		Following Defensive Shield, B'Tselem produced a newspaper insert drawing attention to the range of human rights violations committed within the context of the operation.
	www.btselem.org /English/About_Btselem/2002_Activity_Report.asp (572 words)

	village voice > news > Letter From Palestine by Kareem Fahim
		In the aftermath of Israel's Operation Defensive Shield, Kareem Fahim reports on the Palestinian story.
		But since the end of the five-week operation, there have been three bombings in Israel, a fact that blows large holes in Sharon's contention that his offensives were a success.
		Dalal Dassouk's sister Afaf was killed during the siege when she opened the door for Israeli soldiers, hidden behind a neighbor used as a human shield.
	www.villagevoice.com /issues/0221/fahim.php (1321 words)

	Jerusalem Post: Operation Defensive Shield ends as IDF leaves Nablus, Ramallah@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Headline: Operation Defensive Shield ends as IDF leaves Nablus, Ramallah Byline: MARGOT DUDKEVITCH, News agencies contributed to this report.
		Monday, April 22, 2002 -- The IDF wound up Operation Defensive Shield yesterday as troops completed their withdrawal from Nablus and parts of Ramallah.
		Twenty-nine soldiers and border policemen were killed and 127 wounded in the offensive, launched on March 28, aimed at cracking down on terror, destroying terrorist infrastructure, confiscating weapons, and arresting fugitives.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?docid=1P1:52469614&refid=ink_tptd_np (200 words)

	The Command Post - Global War On Terror - Steinitz calls for 'Defensive Shield' operation in Gaza
		Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee Chairman MK Yuval Steinitz (Likud) said Sunday that Israel should embark on an "Operation Defensive Shield" in the Gaza Strip to stop the firing of Kassam rockets and mortar shells on Sderot and Gush Katif settlements.
		Steinitz was referring to the army operation in West Bank cities in April 2002 following the Park Hotel Massacre in Netanya and a rash of Palestinian suicide bombings.
		"During 'Operation Defensive Shield' we succeeded in harming the terrorist infrastructure in the West Bank.
	www.command-post.org /gwot/2_archives/018156.html (453 words)

	The Real Aim (by Uri Avnery) - Media Monitors Network
		The real aim of "Operation Defensive Shield" was not to "destroy the infrastructure of terrorism".
		The headquarters of the security services were destroyed, files burned, computers crushed, the information concerning armed underground organizations and all other details pertaining to the war against terrorism were obliterated.
		There is no better evidence of the aims of this operation: not war on terrorism, but destruction of organized Palestinian society.
	www.mediamonitors.net /uri68.html (834 words)

	Yasser Arafat
		Because of Lebanon’s weak central government, the PLO was able to operate virtually as an independent state (called “Fatahland” by Israel).
		The PLO helped destabilize Lebanon and contributed to the civil war, during which Arafat and the PLO were responsible for the persecution and murder of thousands of Lebanese citizens.
		U.S. intelligence confirmed Israel’s information that Arafat was behind the smuggling operation, so when Arafat denied any involvement, the President knew he was being lied to, and subsequently would not trust Arafat.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/biography/arafat.html (4777 words)

	ei: Key Events
		During this operation, Israeli armed forces opened fire on civilians, arrested at least 150, transformed a number of homes and two schools into military posts, attacked TV and radio stations and obstructed the movement of medical personnel.
		Dubbed "Operation Defensive Shield," the invasion of Palestinian towns saw incredible levels of violence directed at Palestinian civilians, the destruction of Palestinian government buildings and records, the burning of shopping malls, and widespread damage of historical sites and the infrastructure of the towns.
		Although the most infamous part of "Operation Defensive Shield" was Israel's conduct into Jenin refugee camp, which human rights groups described as "war crimes," all Palestinian towns experienced comparable levels of violence.
	electronicintifada.net /bytopic/keyevents.shtml (2194 words)

	Defensive Shield/Jenin
		Operation Defensive Shield and the myth of the Jenin massacre
		NGOs were prominent in spreading false rumors of a "massacre" in the immediate aftermath of Israel's operation Defensive Shield in April 2002 against Palestinian terrorist networks within the Jenin refugee camp.
		A member of the Amnesty International team, Professor Derrick Pounder, a forensic expert, was quoted by the BBC immediately after the operation, saying the signs point to a massacre.
	www.ngo-monitor.org /article/operation_defensive_shield_and_the_myth_of_the_jenin_massacre (273 words)

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