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Topic: Operation Deliberate Force

	The New American Way of War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Prior to Operation Deliberate Force in 1995, command authorities in the Balkans had constrained the use of airpower rather than using the asymmetric advantage of it.
		"Deliberate Force extended a trend that began with the Vietnam War--in which about 0.2 percent of our weapons expended were precision--and continued in Desert Storm where, contrary to the general perception of its having been a 'video war,' only about nine percent of our bombs were precision guided," Secretary Widnall said.
		Operations that are not precise, efficient, and focused could lose public support in a hurry.
	www.afa.org /magazine/april1996/0496newam.asp (1942 words)

	Welcome to the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy
		He identified key obstacles and variables to civil-military cooperation in prospective operations in Iraq, including a lack of humanitarian presence in the region, degree of UN involvement in the intervention, and the degree of military involvement in humanitarian assistance.
		Lubell analyzes the difficulties in the differentiating combatants and civilians during ground operations in urban environments using the case study of the March-April 2002 Israeli Defense Force (IDF) intervention in the Jenin refugee camp.
		Colonel Owen examines Operation Deliberate Force, the 1995 NATO air campaign against the Bosnian Serbs, as a case study to evaluate the implementation and impact of humanitarian constraints in air warfare.
	www.ksg.harvard.edu /cchrp/UseofForcePapers.shtml (1637 words)

	Deliberate Force (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The operation is regarded as the prime modern example of how judicious use of airpower, coupled with hard-nosed diplomacy, can stop a ground force in its tracks and bring the worst of enemies to the bargaining table.
		Deliberate Force was an achievement on a scale that even airpower proponents did not anticipate.
		UN forces in Gorazde--deemed to be at risk of being taken hostage by Serbs--were to quietly leave their positions.
	www.afa.org /magazine/oct1997/1097deli.asp (3698 words)

	USA, War, President, Law, Military, Page 17 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In carrying out Operation Deliberate Force, NATO air power, supplemented by artillery fire, was used in a massive pounding of Bosnian Serb heavy weapons, ammunition dumps, command and control facilities, military support facilities, lines of communication, and other supporting infrastructure.
		Operation Deliberate Force began on August 30, 1995, and lasted three weeks, ending on September 20, when the refractory Serbs gave in and agreed to enter into serious negotiations with the Bosnian Croats and Muslims.
		As a consequence of Operation Deliberate Force and its success in inducing the Bosnian Serbs to seriously negotiate a peace with their enemies, peace talks commenced on November 1 at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio.
	www.proconservative.net /WarAmericaP9l.shtml (3018 words)

	NATO campaign against the Army of Republika Srpska - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The NATO campaign against the Army of Republika Srpska (code-named Operation Deliberate Force, by NATO) was a sustained air campaign conducted by NATO to undermine the military capability of Bosnian Serb Army who threatened or attacked UN-designated "safe areas" in Bosnia.
		The operation was carried out between the 30 August 1995 and the 20 September 1995, involving 400 aircraft and 5000 personnel from 15 nations.
		Although planned and approved by the NATO Atlantic Council in July 1995, the operation was triggered in direct response to the Bosnian Serb shelling of the Sarajevo marketplace on August 28, 1995 killing 38.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Operation_Deliberate_Force (350 words)

	CHAPTER 1: A HISTORY OF DIVISION AND CONFLICT
		DELIBERATE FORCE proved to be the coercive catalyst that led to the Dayton peace agreement and the current cessation of hostilities.
		And if you can force yourself to look away from the Olympics for ten minutes, there are those two little children in the bus with their plaintive little eyes looking at you and looking at me, and months after months after months we get this diplomatic garbage saying caution and reluctance, and no proof.
		DELIBERATE FORCE would have been much easier if it was a US-only operation but that was not feasible given the politics of the situation.
	www.fas.org /man/eprint/beale.htm (20201 words)

	Code One Magazine Online: January 1996 - F-16 Precision Strikers, Operation Deliberate Force Over Bosnia Print Version
		During Operation Deliberate Force, as the NATO-led bombing offensive of August and September was called, F-16 pilots of the 31st Wing's 510th and 555th Fighter Squadrons flew as part of large strike packages with US Navy and Marine Corps pilots as well as with British, French, Dutch, German, Italian, and Turkish aircrews.
		Deliberate Force, which began on 30 August, saw the first combat employment of the weapon system at night.
		Operation Deliberate Force and the constant Deny Flight patrols over the former Yugoslavia played a key role in getting the various sides of the conflict to the Proximity Peace Talks held at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, last fall.
	www.codeonemagazine.com /archives/1996/articles/jan_96/jan96_p.html (1828 words)

	Air Force Posture Statement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The uniformed Air Force of the year 2000 is the smallest in history: 358,000 active-duty members, plus 107,000 in the Air National Guard and 74,000 in the Air Force Reserve for a total of 539,000.
		The Air Force is sized and shaped to be flexible enough to perform several basic missions with the same force: sustaining deterrence, winning two major theater wars in close succession, rapidly responding to small scale contingencies, deploying for sustained peace enforcement operations, and conducting humanitarian operations.
		Operation Allied Force was the equivalent of a major theater war for the Air Force.
	www.house.gov /hasc/testimony/106thcongress/00-02-10ryan.htm (12743 words)

	frontline: give war a chance: the uses of military force
		For many, the failure in Vietnam began early on with the the gradual escalation of involvement, the constrained application of force, and the meddling of politicians in war's operational details.
		Drawing on his Gulf War experience, Powell trumpeted the application of "overwhelming force" a catch-phrase that has come to describe what is now refered to as the Powell doctrine.
		Finally in mid-1995, the bombing of a Sarajevo marketplace touched off what was, at the time, NATO's largest military action--"Operation Deliberate Force." Diplomats claimed victory when the two-week calibrated bombing campaign, assisted by an aggressive Croat-Muslim offensive on the ground, pushed the Bosnian Serbs to the negotiating table and, ultimately, to the Dayton Peace Accords.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/military/force (1611 words)

	Operation Deliberate Force - Introduction
		These attacks were the culmination of a series of military disasters, which forced the Bosnian Serb leadership to bow to international demands to sign a peace treaty ending the three year old Bosnian war.
		It is an account of the final months of the Bosnian war, written from the perspective of the western soldiers, sailors and airman serving with the United Nations and NATO forces in the former Yugoslavia.
		For domestic political reasons, the NATO operation was being heavily hyped in many western capitals, particularly in America, as the saviour of Bosnia.
	www.timripley.co.uk /cdiss_shop/html/introduction.html (2259 words)

	NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The NATO bombing of Yugoslavia (code-named Operation Allied Force by NATO) was NATO's military operation against Federal Republic of Yugoslavia that lasted from 24 March to 11 June 1999 and is considered a major part of Kosovo War.
		The main element of the operation was the air forces of NATO, principally drawn from the United States Air Force and the RAF as well as Turkish and Dutch Air Forces.
		Operation Allied Force inflicted less damage on the Yugoslav military than originally thought, due to the use of ingenious camouflage and misdirection techniques to disguise military targets.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Operation_Allied_Force (2236 words)

	MILAVIA - Air Forces Directory - Netherlands - Royal Netherlands Air Force (Koninklijke Luchtmacht)
		Several F-16s also took part in operation Deliberate Force, a NATO-led air campaign in end summer 1995 which resulted in the signing of the Dayton treaties in December 1995.
		In 1999, the RNLAF participated in operation Allied Force in Kosovo, which was also the operational debut for the upgraded F-16AM.
		RNLAF aircraft flew 1.194 sorties during operation Allied Force, which is about 7.5% of the total 37.000 sorties flown.
	www.milavia.net /airforces/netherlands/rnlaf_his3.htm (698 words)

	Combat Operations and Analysis - Gulf War, Balkans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		During Operation Allied Force, CALCMs were delivered by B-52s operating from forward bases in England.
		Twelve additional F-117 Nighthawk Stealth Fighters from Hollomann AFB were ordered to depart for Europe in support of Operation Allied Force by Secretary of Defense William Cohen on April 1st.
		Navy F-18s and EA-6Bs have fired 147 HARM missiles, or 47 percent of all HARMs fired by U.S. forces.
	www.danshistory.com /operations.shtml (1481 words)

	Saturday, December 23, 2000
		Its answer, the Expeditionary Aerospace Force, began its second 15-month rotation cycle this month and Air Force officials and other analysts are carefully tracking this new organizational scheme that they say is the future of the Air Force.
		So the Air Force announced its switch to the expeditionary approach in 1998, convinced that the new structure would allow enough flexibility to provide air power anywhere at any time, yet give airmen plenty of notice for their routine missions.
		The GAO report concluded that the Air Force needs to figure out how to measure how well the new structure works — such as whether it is giving people more predictability or whether it is making it more attractive for Reserve forces to volunteer for deployments.
	www.estripes.com /dec00/ed122300g.html (1832 words)

	Operation Deliberate Force: The UN and NATO Campaign in Bosnia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Operation Deliberate Force: The UN and NATO Campaign in Bosnia
		Operation Deliberate Force: The UN and NATO Campaign in Bosnia by Tim Ripley.
		All in all, however, Operation Deliberate Force is a serious and impressive piece of work on a very difficult and confusing subject.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/bookrev/ripley.html (397 words)

	OPERATION DELIBERATE FORCE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Operation Deliberate Force was Only One Factor in the Push to Negotiate Again in the Balkans.
		Aviano AB is at the heart of the Air Force operation in the NATO bombings against Bosnian Serb targets that began August 30, 1995.
		Includes map and chronology of Operation Deliberate Force, and a list of some of the aircraft used by each country.
	www.au.af.mil /au/aul/bibs/opdel/opde.htm (518 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		During the early stages of Operation JOINT ENDEAVOR, the JSTARS aircraft flew 51 missions in the Bosnian theater, covering a total area of 747 million square kilometers—to put this in perspective, that is about 75 times the land area of the United States.
		Many of you in the audience recall that the current peace implementation operation was preceded by and made possible by a NATO combat operation.
		Last summer, this operation—called Operation DELIBERATE FORCE, gave us a hint of what combat will look like in the 21st century when precision strike systems are used in conjunction with continuous surveillance and advanced command and control systems.
	www.acq.osd.mil /ousda/speech/radar_tech.txt (2646 words)

	Air Force Special Operations Command - AFSOC Heritage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Operating in a hostile fire environment, SOF personnel conducted dozens of rotary wing evacuation flights using MH-53Js and overhead fire support sorties in AC-130H Spectres, often vectoring friendly aircraft through small arms and rocket propelled grenade fire.
		The stabilization force commander requested the deployment of the aircraft to Brindisi to serve as a NATO resource to counter Serb radio and television broadcasts misrepresenting the Dayton Peace Accords.
		To ensure the seeds of democracy had time to grow in Iraq, AFSOC forces continued to conduct operations well into 2005 in support of the new Iraqi government against insurgents and terrorists whose aim it was to gain power and control of the country well into 2005.
	www2.afsoc.af.mil /library/afsocheritage (4565 words)

	Hilltop Times - Hornburg to become new ACC commander
		General Hornburg joined the Air Force in 1968 and has commanded at all levels: flight, squadron, wing, numbered air force and major command.
		He commanded a composite fighter wing during Operation Desert Storm and led the Air Force's first composite wing during the service's reorganization in 1991-1992.
		He directed air operations over Bosnia for Operation Deliberate Force and commanded the Joint Warfighting Center.
	www.hilltoptimes.com /story.asp?storyid=560 (199 words)

	The MOUT Homepage
		Lessons and Conclusions on the Execution of IFOR Operations and Prospects for a Future Combined Security System: The Peace and Stability of Europe after IFOR (FMSO)
		Operations in the Former Republic of Yugoslavia (ALLC)
		Operation Deliberate Force Fact Sheet (Allied Forces Southern Europe)
	www.specialoperations.com /mout/fry.html (549 words)

	A review of Operation Deliberate Force
		In his book, "Operation Deliberate Force - The UN and NATO Campaign in Bosnia 1995", Tim Ripley has assembled; through a remarkably extensive set of candid interviews with central military and political players in the Bosnian tragedy; a deeply depressing catalogue of the new limits to diplomacy and military strategy.
		There is deceit against each other by partner nations who are meant to be allies.
		The roller coaster of bombing and diplomacy during Operation Deliberate Force is described, culminating in the US cruise missile strike and Dick Holbrooke's famous visit to Belgrade;
	defence-data.com /features/fpage33.htm (2725 words)

	SimHQ.com - Air Combat Zone - Feature: The Fastest Thing on Earth
		How a hand-built test vehicle came to be used on an operational strategic reconnaissance flight is actually one of the easiest-to-understand aspects of the whole story.
		Evidence of an operational Bushehr plant, absent solid indication of a foreign fuel source, would be de facto proof of an Iranian domestic nuclear enrichment capability.
		A radar operator looking at the thing at altitude would see something, but wouldn't know what to call it.
	www.simhq.com /_air6/air_217b.html (1261 words)

	news - NATO: Operation Deliberate Force: Ten years on (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This heralded the start of Operation Deliberate Force, NATO's first air campaign, that lasted for two-and-a-half weeks, shattered Bosnian Serb communications and effectively ended the "out-of-area" debate that had dominated intra-Alliance discussions on NATO's role since the end of the Cold War.
		To commemorate the tenth anniversary of this campaign, NATO Review, the Alliance’s quarterly magazine, has published an article by Ryan C. Hendrickson examining the significance of Operation Deliberate Force.
		Ryan C. Hendrickson is an associate professor of political science at Eastern Illinois University and author of the forthcoming book "Diplomacy and War at NATO: The Secretary General and Military Action After the Cold War" (University of Missouri Press).
	www.noticias.info /asp/aspComunicados.asp?nid=96269 (331 words)

	Operation Deliberate Force (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Deliberate Force: A Case Study in Effective Air Campaigning, Final Report of the Air University Air Campaign Study, edited by Robert C. Owen.
		Operation Deliberate Force: The UN and NATO Campaign in Bosnia 1995.
		Discusses Operation Deliberate Force, a massive North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) bombing campaign.
	www.au.af.mil /au/aul/school/asbc/delib.htm (311 words)

	History of European Command Military Operations
		One of America's promises to NATO was to provide U.S. combat forces -- under the operational control of the NATO commander in wartime for the defense of Europe.
		The primary mission of USEUCOM is to serve the interests of the United States by insuring U.S. Forces are prepared for combat during peacetime and in times of war.
		NATO air strikes on Bosnian Serb military forces.
	www.eucom.mil /english/Operations/history.asp?pagenum=6 (190 words)

	U.S. Military Deployments/Engagements 1975-2001
		Intervention Force (IFOR) NATO in Bosnia Operation Joint Endeavor
		Stabilization Force (SFOR) NATO in Bosnia Operation Joint Guard
		Operation Northen Watch (No-fly zone over Northern Iraq)
	www.cdi.org /issues/USForces/deployments.html (219 words)

	Operation Deliberate Force
		The bombing campaign was nicknamed "Operation Deliberate Force." More accurate name would have been "Deliberate Mass Murder," as the bombs used contained Depleted Uranium and were dropped on densely populated civilian area.
		The Nato-led Stabilisation Force, S-For, has said it has no plans to monitor the effects of DU on Bosnia's civilian population...
		Nato dropped the greatest concentration of DU ammunition on the town of Hadzici, near Sarajevo...
	www.srpska-mreza.com /Bosnia/atrocities/Bratunac-deaths.html (1604 words)

	frontline: war in europe: facts & figures
		Emergency funding appropriated by Congress for operations in Kosovo and other defense spending in FY 1999: $12 billion
		[12] SDOD "Kosovo/Operation Allied Force After-Action Report" 60.
		[37] USDOD "Kosovo/Operation Allied Force After-Action Report" 104.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kosovo/etc/facts.html (1254 words)

	Example: Deliberate Force (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Voice: During OPERATION DELIBERATE FORCE, E-8 J-STARS, U-2 aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles, and reconnaissance satellites monitored ground-to-ground operations.
		Action: Clear the graphic of all images, except for the title and add the following bullets as each is mentioned:
		With this information, NATO airpower enforced a U.N. safe area, which enabled them to protect U.N. forces and civilians, by targeting surface-to-surface threats in the declared “exclusion zones.” NATO airpower stemmed enemy aggression and drove the warring parties to peace negotiations.
	www.iwar.org.uk /military/resources/aspc/text/dist_cap/dforce.htm (148 words)

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