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Topic: Operation Eagle Claw

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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Eagle Claw
		Eagle Claw is said to have had its origins in 1130, at a time of warfare between the Southern Song Dynasty and the Jurchen in the north, who were the ancestors of the Manchus and founders of the Jin Dynasty.
		Because Eagle Claw was primarily taught through the Ching Mo Association, training generally includes a number of standard northern kung fu forms and techniques taught to all practitioners at the Association, alongside the elements specific to the Eagle Claw system.
		Because the dramatic acrobatics and precise footwork of Eagle Claw depend highly upon the flexibility of the student, it is said that the ideal age to begin training is in childhood or adolescence.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Eagle_Claw (2550 words)

	Operation Eagle Claw - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The concept of USSOCOM was born and finally established, and became operational in 1988/1989.
		Retired Chief of Naval Operations Admiral James L. Holloway III led the official investigation in 1980 into the causes of the failure of the operation on behest of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
		The Desert One phase of the operation is depicted in the 1986 film The Delta Force.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw (1011 words)

	Desert One
		Eagle Claw was aborted when three helicopters could not complete the mission.
		The entire operation was being directed by a loosely assembled staff in Washington, D.C., which insisted that all the elements had to be further isolated by a tightly controlled flow of information that would protect operational security.
		Eagle Claw had failed and the tense anticipation of success drained into frustration and anger.
	www.afa.org /magazine/jan1999/0199desertone.asp (4348 words)

	Wikinfo \| Delta Force
		Conducting Airborne operations, conducting direct action operations, conducting raids, counter-terrorism, infiltrating and exfiltrating by sea, air or land, intelligence, recovery of personnel and special equipment, support of general purpose forces (GPF).
		Initially, the existence of Delta Force was officially denied, even though it was commonly known that the unit took part in Operation Eagle Claw, the failed attempt to rescue American hostages from the U.S. Embassy in Iran in 1979.
		One of several operations in which Delta Force operators played important roles was the invasion of Iraq in 2003.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Delta_Force (813 words)

	SR.com: Hostage rescue attempt relevant 25 years later (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Army, Navy, Marine Corps and Air Force veterans of Operation Eagle Claw, families of those who lost their lives and a support group are gathering in Florida this weekend for an anniversary remembrance.
		Organizational, logistical and equipment flaws coupled with interservice rivalry contributed to Eagle Claw's failure, but the audacious rescue plan and training that went into it still are paying dividends.
		Eagle Claw was aborted after mechanical problems disabled two of the eight Navy and Marine helicopters and a third turned back in the face of a dust storm.
	www.spokesmanreview.com /tools/story_pf.asp?ID=66109 (734 words)

	Analysis by Experts of the Mission
		Eagle Claw’s reporting chain had the CJTF reporting to CJCS, who was actively involved in the operational and tactical planning.
		With Operation Eagle Claw, the importance of the mission must be measured in terms of the positive changes it generated in its aftermath.
		Operation Eagle Claw was a catalyst for a Revolution in Military Affairs that is being experience today in America.
	rescueattempt.tripod.com /id25.html (12154 words)

	[No title]
		Finally, it was determined that it was a matter of national honor as well as moral and political obligation to conduct a military operation to rescue the remaining fifty-three captives.
		Colonel Beckwith was commander of 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (1SFOD-D) more commonly referred to as "Delta Force," a secret...at the time...elite team of commandos who were specifically trained in a number of antiterrorist tasks, one of which was to surreptitiously infiltrate target areas dressed in civilian clothes and free hostages from buildings.
		Then they, along with the helicopter crews, drivers, translators, and DOD agents...select individuals who were operating in Tehran in support of the rescue attempt...would depart for Qena, mission complete.
	www.johndlock.com /tfwi/eagleclaw.php3 (1129 words)

	Operation Eagle Claw: A Catalyst for Change in the American Military
		The mission constraints drove the planners to build a minimalist or limited concept of operations for the mission; this was a contributing factor to the outcome.
		Sensitive to operational security and without a standing JTF headquarters at his disposal, General Jones rapidly pulled a staff together to work within the JCS.
		Colonel Seiffert, the helicopters proceeded on the first leg of the mission for refueling and link-up operations in a landing zone named Desert One.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1997/Holzworth.htm (8037 words)

	Operation Eagle Claw
		Within a 34 hour period, all personnel and squadron assets were deployed from the commands home base in Norfolk, Virginia and stationed aboard carrier USS Nimitz where their RH-53's were painted brown for the camoflauge effect of the Iranian desert and to be similar to Iranian aircraft paint schemes.
		HM-16 provided the eight helicopters for Eagle Claw and was until 19 May 1980 when the squadron returned to Norfolk after an unprecedented 193 days continuous at sea.
		Operation Honey Badger which was to be the second attempt to rescue the hostages from Iran was no longer necessary.
	www.helis.com /featured/eagle_claw.php (2050 words)

	Desert One (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Air Force radio operator was one of the lucky few C-130 aircrew members to survive a ghastly collision and explosion between his aircraft and a helicopter on Iran’s Great Salt Desert.
		In 1980, Beyers was part of an elite group of airmen, soldiers, sailors and Marines who volunteered for Operation Eagle Claw — a bold and daring rescue attempt of Americans held hostage in Tehran, Iran.
		The aftermath of the rescue operation was a barrage of investigations, congressional hearings and, believe it or not, more planning and training for a follow-on rescue mission.
	www.af.mil /news/airman/0401/hostage.html (2797 words)

	Operation Eagle Claw
		The basic plan was to infiltrate the operators into the country the night before the assault and get them to Tehran, and after the assault, bring them home.
		Once the helicopters were refuled, they would fly the task force to a spot near the outskirts of Tehran and meet up with agents already in-country who would lead the operators to a safe house to await the assault the next night.
		There were wounded and dying men to be taken care of and the aircraft had to be moved to avoid having the burning debris start another fire.
	webpages.charter.net /wisconsinlegion-7thdistrict/Operation_Eagle_Claw.htm (1116 words)

	The U.S. Army Professional Writing Collection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		FOLLOWING OPERATION Eagle Claw, the failed attempt to rescue U.S. Embassy hostages held by the Iranian Revolutionary Guard in 1980, Congress decided that the armed services would need help in overcoming the historic aversion to working together as joint forces.
		Joint Publication (JP) 5-0, Doctrine for Planning Joint Operations, defines CES as "a logical process of reasoning by which a commander considers all of the circumstances affecting the military situation and arrives at a decision as to a course of action to be taken to accomplish the mission."
		The workbook's format accommodates estimate requirements regardless of the size of the forces involved and the environment and the scale of the objectives the force is to accomplish.
	www.army.mil /prof_writing/volumes/volume2/february_2004/2_04_2_pf.html (4062 words)

	Operation Eagle Claw: The Iran Hostage Rescue Mission (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The failure of their mission, Operation Eagle Claw, would be a prime motivator in the subsequent formation of US Special Operations Command.
		In the cold light of history it is evident that the plan for Eagle Claw was in the second category, but since the planning process was deliberately kept compartmented and secretive, no outside group could review the finished plan for a “reality check.” This was the second major mistake.
		The systemic problems which led to the outcome of Eagle Claw would not be comprehensively addressed until the advent of the Cohen-Nunn amendment to the Fiscal Year 1987 National Defense Authorization Act.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /apjinternational/apj-s/2006/3tri06/kampseng.html (2492 words)

	Army Times - Mark Bowden examines 1979 Iran crisis in book, TV documentary
		As he did in “Black Hawk Down,” Bowden offers a highly detailed look at military operations in “Guests of the Ayatollah,” in this case examining Operation Eagle Claw, the April 1980 hostage-rescue mission that was hampered by dust storms and aircraft collisions and was ultimately aborted.
		This episode examines the planning and execution of Operation Eagle Claw, President Carter’s decision to give the deployment the go-ahead and how the mission led to the death of eight American troops.
		With the failure of Eagle Claw, the hostages remain in captivity through the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq war and the election of President Reagan, who announced the release of the hostages on his inauguration day.
	www.armytimes.com /story.php?f=1-213098-1891306.php (586 words)

	San Diego Community - âOperation Evening Lightâ and âOperation Eagle Clawâ (1980)
		Aircraft from both carriers were armed and stood ready to execute several contingency cover and strike operations in support of aircraft on the ground and in their exit from Iranian air space.
		in support of Operation Eagle Claw commencing at about dawn on 24 April 1980, when eight helicopters were launched from the USS Nimitz (CVN-65) sailing in the Arabian Sea off the southeast Coast of Iran for there 600-mle flight to Desert Oneâ (Ref. 4).
		The Iran Air Force was well trained and with almost 223 operational Phantoms, as a part of the Shah's plan to modernize the Imperial Iranian Air Force, IIAF was capable of destroying a great number of planes launched from both Coral Sea and Nimitz.
	community.fox6.com /forums/thread/905345.aspx (12129 words)

	Iran, 25 years on - Commentary - The Washington Times, America's Newspaper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This covert operation on April 24, 1980, was the attempt to rescue the American hostages held in Tehran following the overthrow of the shah.
		The U.S. Special Operations Command (U.S. SOCOM) was born to ensure the problems encountered with Operation Eagle Claw would not be repeated.
		In particular, a quarter-century later, we honor the fallen of Operation Eagle Claw, who died trying to rescue fellow Americans held by a cruel regime in Tehran.
	washingtontimes.com /commentary/20050619-111540-7405r.htm (689 words)

	frontline: rumsfeld's war: timeline - the military's struggles & evolution \| PBS
		The failure of "Operation Eagle Claw" is another post-Vietnam blow for the military.
		The surprise action is evidence of the Reagan administration's increasing willingness to use force in pursuit of clearly defined political and military goals -- echoing elements of the Weinberger doctrine.
		The three parts are: transforming the military's culture through leadership that promotes and encourages innovation; balancing the needs of current operations against the strategic investment needed to support future operations; and transforming the force, as described in the 2001 Quadrennial Defense Review.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/pentagon/etc/cronagon.html (5812 words)

	Game-Over! - Computer Games Magazine
		When embarking on any military operation, planning is obviously important, but attention to detail should not be taken too far.
		Of course, during this entire operation, they were to avoid inflicting any casualties on the Iranian civilians with whom they, as President Carter put it, had "absolutely no quarrel with".
		So, when planning operations, remember that the simpler the plan is, the less things there are to go wrong.
	www.cix.co.uk /~go1/features/1997/war7.htm (1075 words)

	American Water Works Association (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A letter from the utility asks customers to be like "a sharp-eyed American eagle keeping watch over the neighborhood" and call a BexarMet dispatcher any time of the day or night to report suspicious activities around a water facility.
		They are asked to report any activities that are out of the ordinary, such as a stranger loitering around the storage tanks, locks, gates, or power lines; persons taking pictures or sketching water facilities; or anyone spray painting or tampering with any equipment at a water facility.
		The Eagle CLAW volunteers receive a refrigerator magnet with BexarMet phone numbers as well as instructions on what to look for, how to report an incident, and basic information they should be prepared to give the dispatcher.
	www.awwa.org /Communications/mainstream/2003/Apr/Story09_bexarmet.cfm (355 words)

	Eagle Claw - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Realizing that his system could be strengthened by adding the hand techniques of Eagle Fist, he decided to blend the two, creating the core of the modern system known as yīng zhuǎ fān zi quán (鷹爪翻子拳 – “Eagle Claw Tumbling Boxing”) or Northern Eagle Claw.
		The system remained restricted to monks until the 1800s, when knowledge of the Eagle Claw system passed from the monks to a lay student of the Lau family Lau Si Chun(Liu Si Chun).
		Leung Shum’s Eagle Claw schools also teach the Wu Style Tai Chi Chuan that Ng Wai Nung learned at the Ching Mo Association.in the mid 90s a student of Leung Shum,Thomas Torres opened the first Ying Jow pai school(from the Ng wai nung/Chan Tzi ching branch)in florida Puerto Rico.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eagle_Claw (2400 words)

	WorldNetDaily: A watershed event
		April 24 and 25 marked the 25th anniversary of Operation Eagle Claw, Jimmy Carter's ill-fated attempt to salvage his presidency by rescuing 53 Americans held hostage in Tehran by the Iranian Revolutionary Guard.
		Operation Eagle Claw may have literally crashed and burned, but as they so brilliantly proved in Afghanistan and Iraq, Special Ops warriors – married up with 21st-century technology – emerged from the ashes and showed the world that America had the capability to control the new face of war.
		David H. Hackworth, author of his new best-selling "Steel My Soldiers' Hearts," "Price of Honor" and "About Face," has seen duty or reported as a sailor, soldier and military correspondent in nearly a dozen wars and conflicts — from the end of World War II to the recent fights against international terrorism.
	www.worldnetdaily.com /news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=43985 (526 words)

	Operation URGENT FURY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Voice: OPERATION URGENT FURY, a U.S. military effort to rescue and evacuate endangered citizens on the Caribbean Island of Grenada, happened three years after OPERATION EAGLE CLAW.
		Although the joint task force was ultimately successful in securing the island, there were major operational problems in the integration of air and ground forces.
		As a result of the outcome of the operations in Iran and Grenada, military doctrine writers faced the task of addressing the problems associated with organizing and employing military forces under a joint command.
	www.iwar.org.uk /military/resources/aspc/text/excur/fury.htm (179 words)

	Air Force Special Operations Command - Photos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Members of the 353rd Special Operations Group at Kadena Air Base, Japan, stand in formation during a retreat in memory of the eight service members who were killed during Operation Eagle Claw 26 years ago.
		Air Force special operations forces from the 22nd and 23rd Special Tactics Squadrons prepare to launch a Pointer UAV from the deck of USS Alabama (SSBN 731) in the Pacific Ocean during a recent exercise to test special operations infiltration and rescue tactics.
		Air Force special operations forces from the 22nd and 23rd Special Tactics Squadrons prepare to launch an inflatable boat from the deck of USS Alabama (SSBN 731) in the Pacific Ocean during a recent exercise to test special operations infiltration and rescue tactics.
	www2.afsoc.af.mil /photos/index.asp?galleryID=420 (930 words)

	Goldwater-Nichols Act 1986 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Voice: Both OPERATION EAGLE CLAW and OPERATION URGENT FURY demonstrated the problems of joint operations within the U.S. military.
		The Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986 was the mandate for the military services to collaborate on developing joint doctrine for the integrated employment of joint military operations.
		This legislation was the impetus for moving the Air Force away from the era of doctrinal excursions toward employment as a decisive contributor in joint operations.
	www.iwar.org.uk /military/resources/aspc/text/excur/goldnich.htm (292 words)

	Operation Eagle Claw / Evening Light - 1980 [Archive] - Military Images Photos Pictures Forums
		One of the go/no-go parameters for the mission was a minimum of six operational helicopters.
		The remaining aircraft were delayed due to weather, with one of them not operational due to a hydraulic leak.
		Command and control during the execution of the operation was flawed.
	www.militaryimages.net /forums/archive/index.php/t-3654.html (742 words)

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