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Topic: Operation Hardtack

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	DTRA Fact Sheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Operation HARDTACK II was a series of nuclear weapons tests conducted at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) from Sept. 12 through Oct. 30, 1958.
		HARDTACK II was the continental phase of Operation HARDTACK.
		HARDTACK II was the last series before the United States adopted a nuclear test moratorium, which had been originally intended to last one year but continued until 1961.
	www.dtra.mil /press_resources/fact_sheets/print/index.cfm?factsheet=ntpr_hardtack2.cfm (1991 words)

	U.S. NUCLEAR TESTING FROM PROJECT TRINITY TO THE PLOWSHARE PROGRAM
		HARDTACK II was the last nuclear test series before the United States adopted a nuclear test moratorium, which had originally been intended to last 1 year but continued until 1961.
		HARDTACK II participants, with the exception of AFSWC personnel on cloud-sampling missions, were limited to a gamma plus neutron dose of 3.0 rem per calendar quarter or a total of 5.0 rem per year.
		Operation DOMINIC I was conducted with four primary objectives: to develop nuclear weapons (the 29 airdrops); to study the effects of nuclear detonations (the five high-altitude bursts); to test the Polaris weapon system (the FRIGATE BIRD event); and to test the Navy nuclear antisubmarine rocket (Shot SWORDFISH) (23: 1).
	www.cddc.vt.edu /host/atomic/atmosphr/ustests.html (14210 words)

	USS Mansfield DD-728 Operation Hardtack - Fact Sheet
		HARDTACK's experimental program incorporated two aspects, the first of which was the development of the weapons themselves, and the second involved the measurement of the explosive and radiation effects.
		The operation of the offsite program and the coordination of the onsite activities were conducted by the Radsafe Office of Hq JTF 7.
		The limit of 5 R for the operation is equivalent to the exposure currently permitted per year by Federal guidelines for radiation workers.
	web.meganet.net /kman/facts3.htm (996 words)

	USS Mansfield DD-728 Operation Hardtack Captain's Report
		The following is an abstract of the operation for the period from 11 May to 10 June 1958.
		From 11 May to 16 May MANSFIELD was engaged in the operational training exercise WAHOO (reference (b)).
		Operation HARDTACK has been a training period for all hands, particularly event WAHOO, as noted by paragraph 2(4)(d) of reference (b).
	web.meganet.net /kman/nftab4.htm (667 words)

	Introduction
		In 1958 the test operations in the Pacific were called Operation Hardtack and the small operation at NTS that followed was called Operation Hardtack II.
		Within each operation, a number of effects programs might be defined, with each programs identifying a technical area of interest, such as blast effects, thermal effects, aircraft structure effects, etc. Within each program, a number of projects would be performed in support of the program.
		Each successive test operation was assigned a block of 100 or 200 WT numbers that the projects within the formal test organization used for reporting.
	www.hevanet.com /refugee/intro.htm (1853 words)

	hardtack1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		No special communications equipment was installed for OPeration HARDTACK with the exception of the portable boat pool transceiver which aided greatly in coordinating with the boat schedule and providing logistic services.
		Operation Hardtack I consisted of 35 nuclear tests conducted at the Pacific Proving Ground between April 28 and August 18, 1958.
		Hardtack I consisted of three portions; the first was the development of nuclear weapons.
	www.ussfloydbparks.org /hardtack1.html (2646 words)

	Operation Hardtack (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		In January 1957, and again in February, personnel from the Army Ballistic Missile Agency attended conferences on Operation Hardtack and attempted to persuade the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project to use the REDSTONE missiles in Operation Hardtack.
		Preparing for the operation, the Army Ballistic Missile Agency modified three REDSTONE missiles, RS-50, 51, and 53, for use in the tests.
		The operation ended successfully with the launchings of Missile 50 on 31 July 1958 and Missile 51 on 11 August 1958.
	www.redstone.army.mil /history/hardtack/welcome.html (320 words)

	The Nuclear History Site/Testing Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		As an example, Operation Ivy consisted of the Mike and King tests, which are known as Ivy Mike and Ivy King.
		Operation Sandstone, the first test series at Eniwetok, was scheduled to begin in April.
		Thus it is possible that initial efforts at damage control might have kept ships operating, but it is clear that vessels within a mile of an atomic bomb air burst would eventually become inoperative due to crew casualties.
	nuclearhistory.tripod.com /testing.html (10797 words)

	The Nuclear History Site/Testing Page 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		This entire operation consisted of a single test which took place 400-500 miles South West of San Diego in deep ocean waters and intended to provide information on the vulnerability of submarines to attack with nuclear weapons.
		Hardtack II was the first test series to include routine underground tests.
		Operation Dominic I had four primary objectives, to test nuclear weapons designs developed by the labs during the test ban, to further study the effects of high altitude nuclear detonations, to test the Polaris weapon system, and to test the Navy's ASROC nuclear antisubmarine rocket.
	nuclearhistory.tripod.com /testing3.html (14871 words)

	Operation Hardtack I
		Partly this burst of testing activity was due to building pressure for an imminent test moratorium, leading the weapons labs to rush as many device types to the test range as possible.
		In 1979-1980 this crater was used as a burial pit to inter 110,000 cubic yards of radioactive soil scraped from the various contaminated Enewetak Atoll islands.
		Yellowwood was similar to Hardtack I Butternut, which demonstrated the primary with a yield of 81 kt.
	nuclearweaponarchive.org /Usa/Tests/Hardtack1.html (1427 words)

	ipedia.com: Operation Argus Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Operation Argus was secretly conducted during August and September of 1958, in the South Atlantic, by the US Atomic Energy Commission, in conjunction with the Explorer IV mission.
		Operation Argus was secretly conducted during August and September of 1958, in the South Atlantic (see: South Atlantic Anomaly), by the US Atomic Energy Commission, in conjunction with the Explorer IV mission.
		About 1800 km southwest of Cape Town, South Africa the USS Norton Sound AVM-1, of Top Secret Task Force 88, launched three modified X-17a missiles armed with 1.7 kt W-25 nuclear warheads into the upper atmosphere, in order to conduct tests regarding the magnetosphere and the Van Allen radiation belts.
	www.ipedia.com /operation_argus.html (246 words)

	America's Atomic Bomb Tests
		Operation Tumbler-Snapper tested small yield weapons, the type that could be carried and launched by tactical fighters.
		Operation Buster-Jangle tested the innovative, compact-sized Mark 7 nuclear bomb, a bomb that would soon be carried by the smaller aircraft.
		This is followed by the first-ever public disclosure of the Navy's Underwater demolition unit (a nuclear device strapped to the chest of a frogman that would jump into the water from a helicopter) in SADM - Special Atomic Demolition Munition.
	www.usfs.com /atomic_video_descriptions.html (1039 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Addressing the concerns about fallout from atmospheric tests, more than a third of the Hardtack II tests were conducted underground and had yields that did not exceed 22 kilotons.
		When the Hardtack series concluded, test ban negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union were underway in Geneva.
		Hardtack II personnel tested nuclear devices for possible inclusion in the nuclear stockpile; evaluated safety features of nuclear devices; and evaluated containment techniques for underground detonations.
	www.nv.doe.gov /library/films/fulltext/0800026.htm (460 words)

	Operation Hardtack II
		Obviously fallout containment was much less than perfect, but most of the fission product was nonetheless deposited in the shaft instead of escaping, and the radiation that did escape was not lofted so that it could travel far downwind.
		Hardtack Phase II still released some 3,140 kilocuries of radioiodine (I-131) into the atmosphere (about equal to the Trinity test), only ~5% as much as the previous test series (Plumbbob).
		This was probably a version of the Gnat device, and was similar to devices fired in Hardtack II Otero, Bernalillo, Luna, Mora, Colfax, etc.
	nuclearweaponarchive.org /Usa/Tests/Hardtack2.html (1261 words)

	Nuclear Testing
		The collective effects of the environmental damage that could result from a large number of nuclear explosions has been termed nuclear winter.
		Military operations in various countries have taken some creative approaches to nuclear testing.
		Nuclear weapons have been dropped from towers and planes, hoisted out of hot-air balloons, floated out to sea on large ships, and shot into space on rockets.
	www.question.com /content/nuclear_testing.html (952 words)

	cast-carriedwmd (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		I was on the U.S.S.Curtiss A.V.4 for Operations Castle 1954, Wigwam 1955, Redwing 1956.
		At the Operation Wigwam, we were close enough, I think it was Wigwam, I had my hat blown off by the concussion.
		After Operation Redwing, the Curtiss came back and the AEC decided they didn't want her any more so we put the Curtiss out of commission in Long Beach, Washington.
	www.nicap.org /docs/castle/cast_carriedwmd.htm (2292 words)

	Operation Hardtack II \| Nuclear Test Photographs \| Media Gallery \| atomicarchive.com
		Hardtack II included 37 tests, the largest test series so far, exceeding the 35 tests of the just completed Hardtack I. Hardtack I had focused primarily on high yield proof or developemental tests of complete thermonuclear weapons, which necessitated it be conducted in the distant Pacific (a total of 35.6 Mt being fired).
		In contrast, Hardtack II consisted exclusively of low yield tests, many of them attempted zero-yield one-point safety tests, which could be conducted in relative safety in Nevada (some were underground).
		Only 45.8 kt total was fired in Hardtack II, and of this only 18.5 kt was fired above ground.
	www.atomicarchive.com /Photos/LANL/Hardtack_2.shtml (176 words)

	Operation Hardtack -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Operation Hardtack -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		Hardtack I was carried out in the (The largest ocean in the world) Pacific Ocean, at (Click link for more info and facts about Bikini Atoll) Bikini Atoll, (Click link for more info and facts about Enewetak Atoll) Enewetak Atoll, and (Click link for more info and facts about Johnston Island) Johnston Island.
		Hardtack II was carried out later that year at the (Click link for more info and facts about Nevada Test Site) Nevada Test Site.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/o/op/operation_hardtack.htm (196 words)

	Atomic Tests: Operation Hardtack 1, Pacific Proving Grounds 1958
		Leroy Peffer served as an Electricians Mate on the weapons carrier USS Curtiss during Operation Castle, Wigwam, Redwing and Hardtack.
		February 1, 2000--Allen Skelton an Atomic Veteran of Operation Hardtack, Task Group 7.3 Boat Pool and who was stationed on Perry Island, has passed away.
		John Kerslake, served on the USS Perkins DDR 877 at Operation Hardtack.
	www.aracnet.com /~pdxavets/hardtac1.htm (1363 words)

	America's Atomic Bomb Tests #2: Operation Hardtack (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Volume 2 of the America's Atomic Bomb Test series covers Operation Hardtack, in which bombs were detonated below ground, underwater, and in the atmosphere to study their effects.
		Airborne planes were flown near the explosion to gauge how they handled the shock wave, and destroyers and barges were loaded with instruments and used as target ships in the underwater tests.
		Its narration is bone-dry and couched in technical language best appreciated (or even understood) by scientists and engineers.
	www.megazone.org /MediaCollection/contents/records/1034.html (109 words)

	Atomic Veteran: James Rodger Oneyear, Operation Hardtack 1, Eniwetok (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		I was involved in operation Hardtack in 1958 aboard the USS Totugo a LSD.
		I was an electrician third class and worked mainly on the switchboard.
		I remember wearing film badges to detect radiation during the operation.
	www.aracnet.com /~pdxavets/oneyear.htm (226 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		(iv) The term onsite participation means: (A) During the official operational period of an atmospheric nuclear test, presence at the test site, or performance of official military duties in connection with ships, aircraft or other equipment used in direct support of the nuclear test.
		(B) During the six month period following the official operational period of an atmospheric nuclear test, presence at the test site or other test staging area to perform official military duties in connection with completion of projects related to the nuclear test including decontamination of equipment used during the nuclear test.
		(v) For tests conducted by the United States, the term operational period means: (A) For Operation TRINITY the period July 16, 1945 through August 6, 1945.
	www.mvc.dps.mo.gov /Radiation.doc (663 words)

	Area 7 at Nevada Test Site
		This is an account of my atomic test participation, there are hundreds, if not thousands, of similar stories.
		Operation Buster (See Above for more detail) Radioactivity not detected offsite says DOE
		Operation Hardtack II Santa Fe Operation Hardtack II
	www.shundahai.org /area_7_nts.htm (546 words)

	America's Atomic Bomb Tests #2: Operation Hardtack - DVD - 110 Minutes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		One of the few operations ever to be conducted at both the Pacific Proving Grounds and the Nevada Test Site, Hardtack combined balloon, surface, barge, underwater, underground, tower and missile shots.
		Some of the most dramatic--and certainly some of the most unusual--footage ever recorded during the nuclear testing years came out of these tests.
		Use of text, images, layout, format, look, or feel of these pages, without the written permission of the copyright holder, except as specified in the Copyright Notice, is strictly prohibited.
	www.childrenofthemanhattanproject.org /VIDEOS/Video-17.htm (458 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, A Review of the Dose Reconstruction Program of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (2003)
		Dose Estimates for Residence Islands during Operation HARDTACK I. McLean, VA: Science Applications International Corporation; Internal memorandum to DNA-RAEM/ NTPR.
		Dose Assessment for Crew of USS BENNER (DDR 807) During and After Operation HARDTACK I (1958).
		Weitz, R. Dose Assessment for Crew of USS BOLSTER (ARS 38) During and After Operation HARDTACK I (1958).
	www.nap.edu /openbook/0309089026/html/277.html (566 words)

	TIME Magazine Archive Article -- Operation Hardtack -- Apr. 21, 1958 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		TIME Magazine Archive Article -- Operation Hardtack -- Apr. 21, 1958
		Operation Hardtack, the U.S. nuclear test program at Eniwetok, will get under way this week, weather permitting.
		Already 10,000 men, 100 ships and 120 aircraft of Air Force Major General Alvin Luedecke's Joint Task Force Seven are deployed around Eniwetok's dazzling white coral atolls at the heart of a 590,000-sq.-mi.
	www.time.com /time/archive/printout/0,23657,810254,00.html (138 words)

	America's Atomic Bomb Tests Vol. 2: Operation Hardtack on DVD - MovieWeb
		Snap CaseA priceless history of some of the most unusual nuclear weapons tests ever.
		Sixty two nuclear bombs were detonated as part of the Operation Hardtack series of nuclear tests.
		One of the few operations ever to be conducted at both the Pacific Proving Grounds and the Nevada Test Site, Hardtack combined balloon shots, surface shots, barge shots, underwater shots, underground shots, tower shots and missile shots.
	movieweb.com /dvd/dvd.php?014381582925 (112 words)

	Children of Atomic Vets,DNA Historical Volumes
		These test volumes are politically forced publications and are a "sanitized" historical rendition of occurrances and planning operations.
		The particular disagreements that participants have with these reports are; the claims of concern and precautionary measures taken to protect participants, stated distances from drop zone, the stated prevalence of badging and the reports of minimal or no radiation exposure.
		OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 1953 SHOT BADGER A Test of the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series-180 Apr,1953
	www.atomicvetkin.com /dnareports.html (490 words)

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