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Topic: Operation Iceberg

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Mitsuru Ushijima

British military history of World War II

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	Chapter I: Operation Iceberg
		Operation ICEBERG, as the plan for the Okinawa campaign was officially called, marked the entrance of the United States upon an advanced stage in the long execution of its strategy in the Pacific.
		The general scheme for Operation ICEBERG was issued in the fall of 1944 by Admiral Nimitz as Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas (CINCPOA).
		The latter planned to control military government operations during the assault phase through his tactical commanders; corps and division commanders were made responsible for military government in the areas under their control and were assigned military government detachments whose mission was to plan and organize civilian activities behind the fighting fronts.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/books/wwii/okinawa/chapter1.htm (12126 words)

	CalendarHome.com - Battle of Okinawa - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Allies were planning to use Okinawa as a staging ground for Operation Downfall, the invasion of the Japanese mainland; however, after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 and the Soviet Union's declaration of war on Japan, Japan surrendered and World War II ended.
		Realizing that he could never defend the entire island, General Mitsuru Ushijima centered his defense around the historical capital, Shuri Castle, a medieval fortress of the ancient Ryukyuan kings, and the steep ridges on which it was built.
		After the sinking, the Japanese Navy ceased operations and was not a participant in the remainder of the war.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Battle_of_Okinawa (4003 words)

	Campaign for Okinawa
		While the baka did not prove very effective in the over-all Okinawan campaign as the Japanese had so few of them, with their small size and speed they were nearly impossible to defend against.
		The importance of their task was explained in their slogan: "No Sweep, No Invasion." Continuing night and day until the invasion began on April 1, Sharp's operation swept 2,500 square miles of ocean, and discovered and destroyed six enemy minefields and 184 mines.
		On March 19, while operating close to the Japanese home islands, the aircraft carrier Wasp was hit by a kamikaze which resulted in explosions and fires that killed 101 and wounded 269 crewmen.
	home.comcast.net /~ivorjeffreys/okinawa.html (2253 words)

	[No title]
		The level is a gigantic iceberg and we are finally greeted by the sun instead of being in the dark.
		Stirling felt that the battalion-sized formations that were being formed for amphibious raiding were to cumbersome for covert operations, and that small units of five to six men would be able to stealthy penetrate enemy bases and attack using delayed-charges.
		Stirling was asked to head the mission, due to the enemy airfields preparing an operation on the 21st/22nd of December.
	www.cheatcc.com /pc/sg/hidden_and_dangerous_2.txt (22448 words)

	The Coast Guard and the Pacific War by Robert Browning
		The operation called for the capture of the most important islands on the southern end of the Marianas chain: Guam, Saipan, and Tinian.
		For all purposes this would finish his amphibious operations in New Guinea and he would be ready to strike the Philippines and fulfill his earlier promise to the Philippine people to return.
		Operation Iceberg proceeded along the same successful formula that other Allied invasions had taken.
	www.uscg.mil /hq/g-cp/history/h_pacwar.html (7632 words)

	Victor Davis Hanson
		Operation Iceberg was perhaps the largest combined land-sea operation since Xerxes swept into Greece, involving more troops than at Normandy Beach — 1,600 ships, 183,000 infantry and 12,000 aircraft.
		The commander of the operation, Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner — the highest-ranking American officer to die in the Pacific — perished.
		Operational mistakes and intelligence gaffes are the stuff of all wars — whether the failure to count accurately the enemy on Sugar Loaf Hill or in the Sunni Triangle.
	www.jewishworldreview.com /0305/hanson033105.php3?printer_friendly (830 words)

	Operation Iceberg in 1946
		Preparations for sailing were being made yesterday aboard two San Diego-based submarines, the Cusk and the Diodon, which are to depart Tuesday to participate in "Operation Iceberg," a test expedition to be conduced in ice-filled Arctic waters between Siberia and Alaska.
		Joining a fifth member of the expedition, the Becuna which already is conducting exploratory reconnaissance in the area, the submarines are expected to encounter the polar ice pack the end of the first week in August, reaching a point north of the 70th parallel before ice halts their progress toward the North Pole.
		The cruise is the first in a series through which the Navy hopes to acquire the same skill operating submarines in Arctic waters that undersea skippers showed in warmer climates in World War II when they sent 5, 000, 000 tons of Japanese shipping to the bottom.
	diodon349.com /1946/operation_iceberg_in_1946.htm (431 words)

	Iceberg Enterprises
		In 1998 a small operation within the sister company, CT Power, was branded under the Iceberg name.
		The Iceberg Climate Control brand was formed to encompass and promote the transport (bus and recreational vehicle), and cab (trucks and heavy equipment) air conditioning services of the company.
		Iceberg Enterprises operations have grown with an expanding customer base in Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, and California.
	www.iceberg-enterprises.com (276 words)

	Newsletter - Crime & Fraud Prevention Bureau - October 1997 - Issue No.26
		A multi-force operation to combat the problem of cross-border motor crime has ended with 55 arrests and the recovery of stolen vehicles worth around £390,000.
		In addition to joint enforcement action, such as road checks and search warrants, Operation Iceberg was designed to improve communications between neighbouring police forces and share intelligence reports in order to identify thieves, handlers and ringers.
		Operation Iceberg was launched alongside the Crimestoppers year-long national vehicle crime campaign called "Smart" urging people to Stop Motor Crime and Ring Today.
	www.abi.org.uk /memserv/Newslett/crime/crime97/crime2.asp (1754 words)

	Iceberg Retreat
		ICEBERG services can be divided up into two categories: Internet service access from heterogeneous devices and customizable communication services.
		Already the ICEBERG model is pushing for APC functionality on the wide-area, and the problem still seems to be completely intractable.
		The mission of ICEBERG project is to build an Internet-core network architecture and service infrastructure that provide integrated telephony and data services across heterogenious access networks.
	iceberg.cs.berkeley.edu /docs/isrg_1_2000/index.html (2816 words)

	Air Force Link - Operation Enduring Freedom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Nearly 70 percent of all munitions used by the air component since the start of the operation have been precision-guided.
		In the 18 months since Operation Enduring Freedom began on Oct 7, 2001, the Air Force team -- active, Guard, Reserve -- have flown more than 85,000 sorties, more than 75 percent of all OEF missions flown.
		Combined operations have been the hallmark of operations in both Afghanistan and Iraq.
	www.af.mil /airforceoperationscenter/operationenduringfreedom.asp (871 words)

	World War II Operational Documents
		Failures of night operations is discussed, as well as misuse of supply lines, the disposal of land mines, counterintelligence, and communications.
		Narrative of the activities and operations of the 24th Infantry Division engaged in the Occupation of Japan from February to June 1946.
		Operational reports on the Sicilian campaign taken from the G-3 journal of the 45th Infantry Division.
	www.paperlessarchives.com /wwii_op_docs.html (819 words)

	Military.com Content
		The Battle of Okinawa, code-named Operation Iceberg, and the landings at Inchon, code-named Operation Chromite, highlight the enormous potential of joint operations.
		These complex joint operations were not regarded as novel in 1950; they were well tested and proven by the end of World War II.
		As stated in the seminal work on NCW: "To reach its full potential, Network Centric Warfare must be deeply rooted in operational art."22 The "fog and friction" of war are as prevalent today as they were in Carl von Clausewitz's time, but NCW shows promise in advancing joint operational art.
	www.military.com /Content/MoreContent1?file=NI_Joint (2591 words)

	ICEBERG: An Internet Core Network Architecture for Integrated Communications
		Operation in the wide area: The challenges in the operation of the ICEBERG network in the wide area are managing network partitions and achieving quality of service (QoS).
		An operator is a unit of computation on some data, and a connector is an abstraction of the application data unit (ADU) transport mechanism between two operators (e.g., RTP connector, UDP connector).
		ICEBERG is built on the untrusted Internet, which poses privacy and authentication issues in the call setup process.
	www.comsoc.org /pci/private/2000/aug/wang.html (9235 words)

	Project code name - Information at Halfvalue.com
		Operation SeelÃ¶we (Sealion) â” Plans to invade Britain (The Royal Coat of Arms of England depicting three lions passant guardant).
		Operation Desert Shield was what the build-up in Saudi Arabia was blatantly referred to in the press, before war was declared.
		For example, Apple Computer's most recent operating system, Mac OS X, is publicly marketed by its versions' codenames: Cheetah, Puma, Jaguar, Panther, Tiger and the upcoming Leopard, expected to be released in Spring of 2007.
	www.halfvalue.com /wiki.jsp?topic=Project_code_name (2615 words)

	Operation Iceberg: The Assault on Okinawa - The Last Battle of World War II (Part 1) April - June 1945
		These final operations before the invasion of Japan, the first phase of which was targeted against Kyushu (Operation Olympic) and scheduled for November 1945, were codenamed Detachment (Iwo Jima), Iceberg (the overall operation), Bunkhouse (the Ryukyu Islands) and Scattering (Okinawa itself).
		It was not only a question of supplying the forces that were to take part in the operation but also sustaining these far-flung bases and their garrisons and maintaining a supply line some 4,000 miles or seventeen days steaming from Pearl Harbor or some 6,200 miles or 26 days steaming from the West Coast.
		By the time of Operation Iceberg, the divisions were still technically operating under the May 1944 Table of Organisation and Equipment (TO&E) but the regiments (each of 3,400 personnel) had reorganised under the 1 May 1945 TO&E that had been implemented early.
	www.historyofwar.org /articles/battles_okinawa1.html (9385 words)

	Vacuum Cooling Revolutionizes the Lettuce Industry
		Soldiers who had never known what iceberg lettuce looked or tasted like before the war appreciated the assortment of fresh produce procured by the military.
		There was a continued shortage of wood and other materials needed for packing and processing iceberg lettuce during the war years.
		This led Bud Antle to explore another process of cooling and packing iceberg lettuce for shipment: vacuum cooling, which was used to remove field heat from the lettuce.
	www.taproduce.com /About/vacuumCooling.html (487 words)

	Naval Institute Proceedings Magazine: Joint Operational Art Is Alive, by Lieutenant Commander David M. McFarland, USN, ...
		The Battle of Okinawa, code-named Operation Iceberg, and the landings at Inchon, code-named Operation Chromite, highlight the enormous potential of joint operations.
		As a master of operational art, he skillfully struck the optimum force balance and created Joint Task Force (JTF)-7 for the amphibious landing operations to best maximize force diversity.
		These complex joint operations were not regarded as novel in 1950; they were well tested and proven by the end of World War II.
	www.usni.org /Proceedings/Articles02/PROmcfarland10.htm (1194 words)

	Random House Academic Resources \| Operation Iceberg by Gerald Astor
		Operation Iceberg, as it was known, saw the fiercest attack of kamikazes in the entire Pacific Theater of War.
		In Operation Iceberg Gerald Astor draws on the raw experience of marines, sailors, soldiers and airmen under fire, from generals and admirals to correspondents, line officers and enlisted men on both sides of the battle lines.
		Based on these first-hand accounts, and presenting a view of the battle that places it in the greater context of the entire Pacific theater, Operation Iceberg is a remarkable account of the last great battle of World War II.
	www.randomhouse.com /acmart/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780440221784 (214 words)

	Operation Detachment: The Battle for Iwo Jima February - March 1945
		While the invasion had been delayed twice by the huge requirements of General MacArthur's Philippines campaign, it had to be completed as quickly as possible to release resources for the invasion of Okinawa (Operation Iceberg), which was scheduled to begin on the 1st April 1945.
		With Operation Iceberg (the invasion of Okinawa) only two months off these transports would be urgently required for that but at the moment could not unload as the Japanese still held the commanding heights near to Airfield No. 2 from which they could shell the western beaches.
		Such an operation was already in its advanced planning stages, had been codenamed Operation Downfall and was due to take place in November 1945, the initial phase of which (itself codenamed Operation Olympic) was the island of Honshu.
	www.rickard.karoo.net /articles/battles_iwojima.html (11587 words)

	WW2DB: Okinawa Campaign
		Operation Iceberg struck the island of Okinawa, one of the Ryukyu Islands, on Easter in 1945.
		The Operation Ten'ichigo, also known as Operation Ten-Go, was a massive coordinated naval suicide attack led by the battleship Yamato, under the command of Vice Admiral Seiichi Ito.
		The operation's ultimate goal was to sail the ten ships into the American fleet and do as much damage with their guns as possible, especially with the massive 18-inch guns of the Yamato.
	ww2db.com /battle_spec.php?battle_id=15 (1788 words)

	TheHistoryNet \| Amphibious Operations \| Battle of Okinawa: Operation Iceberg
		Operation Iceberg was to be, in every way, vast when compared to any other operation undertaken by Allied forces in the Pacific War under U.S. Navy command.
		To help quell civilian complicity in the guerrilla operation, several thousand Okinawan males were interned in camps beginning on April 11.
		This seemed to end the problem of civilian aid to guerrilla operations, but those small groups of isolated Japanese soldiers continued to operate in diminished circumstances throughout most of the campaign.
	www.historynet.com /air_sea/amphibious_operationss/3035101.html (1689 words)

	NOAA Home Page - NOAA Satellites Portal
		NESDIS operates the satellites and manages the processing and distribution of millions of bits of data and images these satellites produce daily.
		As an integral part of worldwide search and rescue, NOAA operates the Search & Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking System, or SARSAT, to locate those in distress almost anywhere in the world at anytime and in most conditions.
		The office has operational responsibility for the Satellite Operations Control Center (SOCC) at Suitland, Md., and Command and Data Acquisition (CDA) facilities at Wallops, Va., and Fairbanks, Alaska, to command and control the satellites, to track the satellites and to acquire their data.
	www.noaa.gov /satellites.html (1016 words)

	Military History Online- Battle of Okinawa
		The United States Navy assembled an unprecedented armada in April of 1945, with 1,300 ships laying in wait off the coast of Okinawa.[18] In fact, the effort in the spring offensive of 1945 was far greater than the previous spring offensive in Europe.
		The commanders for 'Operation Iceberg' would be Admiral Raymond Spruance and Vice Admiral Marc Mitscher, Task Force 58; Vice Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner, Task Force 51; and Lieutenant General Simon Bolivar Buckner, the Tenth Army.
		The military has changed its operation, ordering people to move to far residential areas, however, those without means of transportation trudge along on foot in the dark and rain, all the while looking for food to stay alive.[53]
	www.militaryhistoryonline.com /wwii/okinawa/default.aspx (4118 words)

	Hellish Prelude at Okinawa
		At the same time he convened the meeting on the Bunker Hill, an old adversary, Vice Admiral Matome Ugaki, commanding the Japanese Fifth Air Fleet, said farewell to a group of volunteer flight crews preparing for a long-distance, one-way mission from Kyushu to attack the U.S. anchorage at Ulithi, 800 miles to the southeast.
		Bad weather and mechanical problems en route thinned the numbers to a handful, but one suicide bomber swept into the lagoon just after sunset, spotted the USS Randolph (CV-15) loading ammunition under spotlights, and crashed into her flight deck aft, destroying 14 aircraft and setting her ablaze.
		It was a sobering introduction to the operation.
	www.military.com /NewContent/0,13190,NH_0305_Okinawa-P1,00.html (683 words)

	Battle of Okinawa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		^ The planning for the amphibious assault and ensuing battle was codenamed Operation Iceberg by the Allies.
		New Zealand account with reference to Operation Iceberg
		World War II operations and battles of the Pacific Campaign
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa (2087 words)

	Stories from WWII
		At Tarawa, Maurice was amazed at the size of the operation at Tarawa, and how much firepower was put into the operation.
		Maurice held him at gunpoint as he was stripped of his life jacket and checked for any weapons and was said to be the first POW in that operation.
		Then Monrovia returned to the Solomon Is.'s and picked up the 6th Marine Division, and, as flagship of TransDiv 36, took part in excercises in preparation for operation "Iceberg," the invasion of Okinawa.
	www.hbo.com /apps/band/site/client/stories/curated_story.jsp?exid=790 (911 words)

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