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Topic: Operation Infinite Reach

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	Detailed Product page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The second case study is America's cruise missile response to the 1998 al Qaeda bombings of our embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, Operation Infinite Reach.
		Operation Infinite Reach shows that when a nation is unwilling to commit itself seriously against an enemy, the message it sends is one of timidity and inaction.
		Operation El Dorado Canyon was a significant airpower response that showed Qadhafi that his support of terrorism would not be without cost.
	www.ntis.gov /search/product.asp?ABBR=ADA425884&starDB=GRAHIST (262 words)

	Bill's Timeout - The United States' Failure of Battling International Terrorism under Clinton's Administration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The result has shown that Operation Infinite Reach was highly ineffective in deterring bin Laden and his followers because what the United States has damaged was only a very small portion of the group’s resources.
		But what was certain is that Operation Infinite Reach has been clearly disrespectful to Bashir’s government and the Taliban, and they both saw the attacks not targeting the terrorists but aggressions against their own countries.
		Critics suggested that the operation might have been a tactic of which President Clinton used as a means to distract public attention from his domestic scandal, or otherwise he would not have carried it out in such a hurry.
	people.brandeis.edu /~hin/POL15a01.html (2168 words)

	Operation Infinite Justice
		The origins of the name can be traced back to the 1998 Operation Infinite Reach airstrikes against Osama bin Laden's facilities in Afghanistan and Sudan in response to the bombings of US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania.
		Following the disclosure of Operation Infinite Justice, Muslim groups protested the name on the basis that their faith teaches that Allah is the only one that could provide "infinite justice".
		Operation Infinite Justice was changed to Operation Enduring Freedom on Sept. 25, 2001.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/ops/infinite-justice.htm (115 words)

	General Anthony Zinni, USMC (Ret.) - About General Zinni - Bio
		His operational experiences include two tours in Vietnam, emergency relief and security operations in the Philippines, Operation Provide Comfort in Turkey and northern Iraq, Operation Provide Hope in the former Soviet Union, Operations Restore Hope, Continue Hope, and United Shield in Somalia, Operations Resolute Response and Noble Response in.
		Kenya, Operations Desert Thunder, Desert Fox, Desert Viper, Desert Spring, Southern Watch and the Maritime Intercept Operations in the Persian Gulf, and Operation Infinite Reach against terrorist targets in the Central Region.
		He was involved in the planning and execution of Operation Proven Force and Operation Patriot Defender in support of the Gulf War and noncombatant evacuation operations in Liberia, Zaire, Sierra Leone, and Eritrea.
	www.generalzinni.com /bio-zinni.htm (515 words)

	CNEWS - U.S. Under Attack: Operation's name causes problems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		CNN and other media sources had reported Operation Infinite Justice was the tentative code name for retaliatory strikes against Osama bin Laden and others believed to be involved in last week's terror attacks.
		It's probable someone meant it to be a continuation of Operation Infinite Reach, the code name for the August 1998 cruise missile attacks on bin Laden's Afghanistan training camps.
		The trend of giving operations catchy, inspirational and media-friendly nicknames is fairly new, he wrote, and really kicked off with 1989's Operation Just Cause, in which the United States invaded Panama to remove General Manual Noriega from power.
	www.canoe.ca /CNEWSAttack010920/20_name-can.html (657 words)

	Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The administration of President Bill Clinton justified the attacks, dubbed Operation Infinite Reach, on the grounds that the al-Shifa plant was involved in producing chemical weapons and had ties with the violent Islamist al Qaeda group of Osama bin Laden, which was believed to be behind the embassy bombings.
		The key piece of physical evidence linking the al-Shifa facility to production of chemical weapons was the discovery of EMPTA in a soil sample taken from the plant during a CIA clandestine operation.
		EMPTA, or O-ethyl methylphosphonothioic acid, is classified as a Schedule 2B compound according to the Chemical Weapons Convention and is a VX precursor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Al-Shifa_pharmaceutical_factory (570 words)

	Hugh Hewitt
		Yes, the Clinton administration called the response to the embassy bombings âOperation Infinite Reach.â The grand title belies the Lilliputian nature of the response.
		Part I of Operation Infinite Reach consisted of lobbing cruise missiles at a factory in the Sudan that in reality had no connection to terrorism and no connection to bin Laden.
		Operation Infinite Reach nevertheless ended with that dayâs news cycle.
	hughhewitt.townhall.com /g/c0f81782-e713-4414-8994-73f6bb3b0adb (406 words)

	Hoover Institution - Policy Review - Security Lessons from The Israeli Trenches
		Operating in the teeming refugee camps or thick orange groves, the plo and pflp enjoyed classic advantages of elusive guerrillas in cover and evasion from easy detection by Israeli counterinsurgency forces.
		Operation Infinite Reach killed an estimated 20 to 30 people in the training camps and demolished the Sudanese chemical plant, which was linked to al Qaeda.
		The Clinton administration discussed at length whether Special Operations Forces should be sent either to try to capture or to kill Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan in the late 1990s, but nothing came of the deliberations, hence possibly losing an opportunity to remove the terrorist mastermind before the 9/11 attacks.
	www.hoover.org /publications/policyreview/5516341.html (5986 words)

	Public Testimony Before 9/11 Panel Transcripts - www.ezboard.com
		Growing international support networks were enhancing their ability to operate in any region of the world.
		I think that we were operating within an atmosphere where we were watching all kinds of potential attacks, and, in fact, foiled a number of them in the years that we were in office.
		It reached a conclusion in early September, when all the pieces of our strategy came together: the intelligence part, the diplomatic part, military components of it, law enforcement, the nature of the challenge we had before us which was to eliminate Al Qaida.
	p223.ezboard.com /fwheeloftimefrm14.showMessage?topicID=1089.topic (21502 words)

	Sudan: Don’t Forget the Past Follies by James Bovard
		Operation Infinite Reach was a farce of the first order – and may have helped pave the way to the September 11 attacks.
		The night before we took action against the terrorist operations in Afghanistan and Sudan, I was here on this island [Martha’s Vineyard], up until 2:30 in the morning, trying to make absolutely sure that at that chemical plant there was no night shift....
		When the operation turned out to be a fiasco, there was a total evasion of responsibility.
	www.lewrockwell.com /orig4/bovard5.html (1666 words)

	Definition of Operation Infinite Reach
		Operation Infinite Reach was a US cruise missile strike on terrorist bases in Afghanistan and Sudan on August 20, 1998.
		The attack was in retaliation for the bombings of US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, which killed 224 people (including 12 Americans) and injured 5,000 others.
		The list of authors can be found here.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Operation_Infinite_Reach (314 words)

	The Afghan Air War
		Operation Enduring Freedom, the US overseas response, was in its most intense phase in the period October 2001 through January 2002, but it was not a massive air war.
		Operations to "liquidate" the Taliban became difficult when the Taliban contingent at Kunduz petitioned the Northern Alliance to arrange a surrender and safe passage for foreign fighters.
		When Operation Anaconda ended, coalition forces were in control of the mountain heights, but many of the enemy evidently had escaped and the US had sustained its highest casualty count in the war.
	www.afa.org /media/reports/afghanbook (13412 words)

	Scoop: 911 Commission: Staff Statement No. 6 - Military
		One special operations commander said his view of actionable intelligence was that if “you give us the action, we’ll give you the intelligence.” But this course would be risky, both in light of the difficulties already mentioned and the danger that U.S. operations might fail disastrously—as in the 1980 Iran rescue failure.
		According to Director for Operations Newbold, Shelton wanted to demonstrate that the military was imaginative and knowledgeable enough to move on an array of options, and to show the complexity of the operations.
		Vice Admiral Scott Fry, the former operations director for the JCS, noted that “a two-or-four division plan would require a footprint [troop level] and force that was larger than the political leadership was willing to accept.” Special Operations Forces always saw counterterrorism as part of their mission and trained for counterterrorist operations.
	www.scoop.co.nz /stories/WO0403/S00367.htm (5850 words)

	Um, make that Operation Never Mind \| KTLA The CW \| Where Los Angeles Lives
		U.S. Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld said yesterday that "Operation Infinite Justice," the initial name for the nation's reponse to the terrorist attacks last week, will be changed in deference to complaints from some Muslims, who believe that only God can mete out justice of that scope.
		Not that the term "infinite" hadn't been employed in the war against terrorism.
		The Clinton administration's limited airstrikes in 1998 against Sudan and Afghanistan, in retaliation for the bombings of U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, were dubbed "Operation Infinite Reach."
	ktla.trb.com /bal-te.name21sep21,0,3446306.story (259 words)

	Bin Laden Proclaims Jihad, 1996-1998
		The operation called for Afghan tribesmen to snatch him from his compound near Kandahar and to hold him until he could be spirited out of the country.
		Despite the failure of the Infinite Reach missile strikes and the bitter criticism from the right, Clinton is inclined to launch follow-up attacks.
		There are a stream of intelligence reports indicating that terrorists are planning operations in the US involving aircraft - in Aug, there are even rumors that a group of Arabs is planning to fly a plane full of explosives into the World Trade Center, but the FBI and the FAA consider this information highly dubious.
	cnparm.home.texas.net /911/Backg/Backg3b.htm (4749 words)

	Combat Operations and Analysis - Gulf War, Balkans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		During Operation Allied Force, CALCMs were delivered by B-52s operating from forward bases in England.
		B-1B bombers were ordered to deploy to Europe in support of NATO operations in Yugoslavia March 29.
		B-2 aircraft operating from the heartland of the United States augmented these aircraft.
	www.danshistory.com /operations.shtml (1481 words)

	Terrorist Threat, US Counterterrorist Activity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Senior officials agree that a principal objective of Operation Infinite Reach was to kill Osama bin Laden and that this objective obviously had not been attained.
		Such operations would then have to be supported from long distances, over-flying the airspace of nations that might not be supportive or aware of the U.S. efforts.
		According to Director of Operations Newgold, General Shelton wanted to demonstrate that the military was imaginative and knowledgeable enough to move on an array of options and to show the complexity of the operations.
	www.proconservative.net /PCVol6Is081ZelikowMilCounterterrorism.shtml (4467 words)

	The Advocate - Um, make that Operation Never Mind
		When it comes to naming a military operation, "infinite" is apparently going too far.
		U.S. Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld said yesterday that "Operation Infinite Justice," the initial name for the nation's reponse to the terrorist attacks last week, will be changed in deference to complaints from some Muslims, who believe that only God can mete out justice of that scope.
		Not that the term "infinite" hadn't been employed in the war against terrorism.
	www.stamfordadvocate.com /features/bal-te.name21sep21,0,1230175.story (308 words)

	Revolution:USA \| A Coldcut and NomIg. Project
		The official rationale for Operation Urgent Fury was an ‘urgent’ request for aid from the Organization of East Caribbean States (OECS) who said they ‘feared an aggressive act’ from the new ultra-left regime; there were also concerns for the safety of American students on the island.
		Operation Desert Storm was part of a UN-authorized coalition of 18 countries that attacked Iraq after it invaded Kuwait.
		Special operations forces were also responsible for attacking a number of specific targets such as airfields, weapons of mass destruction sites, and command and control headquarters.
	www.revusa.net /american_chronology.php (8129 words)

	Transcript of committee report - U.S. Security - MSNBC.com
		Such operations would then have to be supported from long distances, overflying the airspace of nations that might not be supportive or aware of the U.S. efforts.
		One special operations commander said his view of actionable intelligence was that if “you give us the action, we’ll give you the intelligence.” But this course would be risky, both in light of the difficulties already mentioned and the danger that U.S. operations might fail disastrously — as in the 1980 Iran rescue failure.
		According to Director for Operations Newbold, Shelton wanted to demonstrate that the military was imaginative and knowledgeable enough to move on an array of options, and to show the complexity of the operations.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/4595501 (5705 words)

	9/11 Commission Testimony
		Growing international support networks were enhancing their ability to operate in any region of the world.
		I think that we were operating within an atmosphere where we were watching all kinds of potential attacks, and, in fact, foiled a number of them in the years that we were in office.
		It reached a conclusion in early September, when all the pieces of our strategy came together: the intelligence part, the diplomatic part, military components of it, law enforcement, the nature of the challenge we had before us which was to eliminate Al Qaida.
	agonist.org /annex/testimony.htm (20988 words)

	Döden har ett namn! – nr115
		Operation Infinite Reach (Oändlig räckvidd) 1998 mot Sudan och Afghanistan, utraderade ingen al-Qaida-organisation men däremot Sudans enda stora medicinfabrik.
		Operation Iraqi Freedom (Irakisk frihet) startades den 18 mars 2003 och har hittills gett upphov till 175 mindre militära operationer i Irak, alla namngivna.
		Operation Matador ägde rum i Al Jazirah-öknen norr om Eufrat i västra Irak och involverade mer än 1 000 koalitionssoldater, dessutom ett stort antal stridsvagnar och andra armerade fordon och såväl bemannade som obemannade strids-plan.Enligt den amerikanska militärledningen genomfördes precisi-
	www.kvinnorforfred.se /nr115_Doden_har_ett_namn.html (415 words)

	Usamah Bin-Ladin
		To preserve operational effectiveness at all levels, compartmentalisation and secrecy are paramount.
		Bin-Ladin was involved in operations against the American forces in Somalia in 1993.
		In mid-1996 a meeting of various leaders convened by Bin Laden reached a consensus "to use force to confront all foreign forces stationed on Islamic land," and to form a planning committee; a financing, supply, and mobilization committee; and a higher military committee to oversee implementation of the plan.
	www.liveindia.com /ladin/alqaeda.html (3086 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The company's owner and director of operations agreed, saying that "it was just a routine little trip for us" and that he would have heard if there had been anything unusual about it.
		The original "Infinite Justice" name was a continuation of a series of names begun in August 1998 with Operation Infinite Reach, the air strikes against Bin Ladin's facilities in Afghanistan and Sudan after the embassy bombings.
		As they learn more from their tactical operations, they pass intelligence of enduring value back up to the Defense Intelligence Agency and the services so it can be evaluated, form part of the institutional memory, and help guide future collection.
	www.webroots.org /library/usahist/ny/911rpt19.html (9890 words)

	Infinite justice - SourceWatch
		The name of "Operation Infinite Justice", in use a week after the September 11, 2001 attack on the World Trade Center, was allegedly based on "Operation Infinite Reach", carried out during the Bill Clinton administration.
		To many, this usage implied a War on Islam by the United States.
		The military operation was soon renamed to "Operation Enduring Freedom", which term has remained the present and preferred form for the invasion and occupation of Afghanistan.
	www.sourcewatch.org /index.php?title=Infinite_justice (390 words)

	Bill Clinton's Culpability 1
		Clinton’s initial response to the attack in Nairobi — and the simultaneous bombing of the American embassy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, — was to authorise Operation Infinite Reach, a retaliatory strike against Bin Laden in Afghanistan.
		But when it came to actual operations, he was only prepared to authorise pin-prick cruise missile strikes that were focused on Bin Laden personally, not his organisation or the Taliban.
		In a preparatory raid, operators from the CIA’s Special Activities Division flew in to an abandoned airfield near the Taliban stronghold of Kandahar.
	www.angelfire.com /md2/Ldotvets/Bubba_99_2.html (2527 words)

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