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Topic: Operation Plowshare

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	Bread Not Bombs Plowshares - Declaration of co-consipracy
		In co-operation with a campaign of over 100 other plowshare activists from ten different countries, they are trying to encourage a democratic decision of total disarmament of nuclear weapons in Britain.
		The Swedish group Bread Not Bombs Plowshares say nuclear weapons are a part of rich countries' attempt to uphold an unjust economic world order where 30,000 children starve to death each day.
		After their disarmament action they took personal responsibility for what they did, since they claim they acted morally by taking their responsibility for the poor that are threatened, starving and trying to escape war and opression.
	www.plowshares.se /bnb/english/trial/cocon.htm (527 words)

	j.b.krygier: Project Ketch: Project Plowshare in Pennsylvania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the case of Plowshare and its application in Project Ketch, as the Pennsylvania plan was called, the elaborately constructed spectacular and the systematically produced marginal were brought together by necessity.
		Plowshare concepts, worked out in the private spaces of Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) laboratories in California and nuclear test sites in Nevada, needed to be transferred to and demonstrated in a public space in a particular landscape.
		Plowshare could be recast as a technological nightmare, cracking open the earth, fouling nature, and endangering human life.
	go.owu.edu /~jbkrygie/krygier_html/ketch2.html (3304 words)

	Take a BrainSip
		Operation Plowshare, not to be confused with the anti-nuclear Plowshares Movement, was the overall United States term for the development of techniques to use nuclear explosives for peaceful construction purposes.
		The phrase was coined in 1961, taken from Isaiah 2:4 ("And he shall judge among the nations, and shall rebuke many people: and they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruninghooks: nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more").
		One of the first plowshare nuclear blast cratering proposals that came close to being carried out was Project Chariot, which would have used several hydrogen bombs to create an artificial harbor at Cape Thompson, Alaska.
	operation-plowshare.brainsip.com (968 words)

	Underground Testing at NTS
		When the decision to accelerate the development of nuclear weapons was made in the late 1940s in response to national defense policy, it became apparent that weapons development lead times would be reduced and considerably less expense incurred if nuclear weapons, especially the lower yield weapons, could be tested safely within the continental boundaries.
		In addition security of the test operation could be ensured, a considerable concern at a time that a major land war was raging in Asia, and the possibility of direct conflict with China and the Soviet Union was feared.
		Operation Nougat (September 1961 - April 1962) was the first test series to be conducted underground.
	nuclearweaponarchive.org /Usa/Tests/Nts.html (1741 words)

	Operation Plowshare
		Operation Plowshare was the overall American term for the development of techniques to use nuclear explosives for peaceful construction purposes.
		Proposed uses included widening the Panama Canal, constructing a new waterway through Nicaragua or cutting paths through mountainous areas for highways.
		The name of the operation came from a bibilical verse in the Book of Isaiah about turning swords into plowshares.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/op/Operation_Plowshare.html (93 words)

	Operation Plowshare Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The 1962 "Sedan" plowshares shot displaced 12 million tons of earth and created a crater 320 feet (97.5m) deep and 1,280 feet (390.1m) wide.
		Operation Plowshare, better known as Project Plowshare, not to be confused with the anti-nuclear Plowshares Movement, was the overall United States term for the development of techniques to use nuclear explosives for peaceful construction purposes.
		One of the first plowshare nuclear blast cratering proposals that came close to being carried out was Project Chariot, which would have used several hydrogen bombs to create an artificial harbor at Cape Thompson, Alaska.
	operation-plowshare.zdnet.co.za /zdnet/Operation_Plowshare (1881 words)

	CNN Cold War - Route Cold War
		Plowshare searched for peaceful uses of nuclear weapons technology, taking its name from a passage in the Old Testament book of Isaiah: "They will beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks.
		The most striking reminder of Operation Plowshare is the Sedan Crater, 1,280 feet across and 320 feet deep.
		It was an experiment in the use of nuclear explosions for excavation, to dig canals or dredge harbors.
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/experience/the.bomb/route/07.test.site (1243 words)

	Operation Storax
		Operation Storax was the second fiscal year based "test series", running from 1 July 1962 and through 30 June 1963.
		Sedan was one of the most spectacular nuclear test ever fired in the continental U.S. It was an LRL test conducted under the auspices of the Plowshare program, which was an attempt to develop non-military uses for nuclear explosives.
		The purpose of Sedan was to investigate the potential of "clean" thermonuclear devices for producing large craters cheaply (for canal or harbor construction for example).
	nuclearweaponarchive.org /Usa/Tests/Storax.html (1189 words)

	dulcebase
		They had hoped that the humans would not become wise to their "Trojan Horse" operation until they were able to infiltrate the planet more completely.
		At least 100 special forces were sent in by superiors who were ignorant of the whole picture in an effort to rescue the scientists and maintain order and control of the base, however the aliens -- who far outnumbered and out-teched the human forces -- managed to kill 66-68 of them.
		I should however in all fairness state that in the Korean and Vietnamese wars there was a very real threat in the form of Communism, and many young men bravely fought and died in the defense of freedom.
	www.detailshere.com /dulcebase.htm (3340 words)

	Code Red - Weapons of Mass Destruction [Online Resource] - Peaceful Nuclear Explosions in the US
		Operation Plowshare was the overall term used to describe the US peaceful nuclear explosions project.
		Operation "Plowshare" was coined in 1961 from the following biblical passage:
		Project Chariot was one of the first plowshare nuclear blast proposals that came close to execution.
	library.thinkquest.org /05aug/00639/en/wt_pne_us.html (376 words)

	Operation Plowshare@Everything2.com
		The roots of Operation Plowshare can be traced to US President Eisenhower's "Atoms For Peace" program of the mid-'50s, which foresaw the use of nuclear energy for power supply and vehicular propulsion, among other applications.
		Most of the foundation for Plowshare was drawn up by the end of the decade, but the boom-boom work had to wait until 1961, when resumed Soviet nuclear testing gave the United States a basis to declare the existing test-ban treaty void.
		In the face of these obstacles and with the lack of a truly compelling motivation to continue, Operation Plowshare shut down, and the United States is not known to have seriously considered any further peacetime application of nuclear explosions.
	everything2.com /index.pl?node_id=740470 (909 words)

	Operation: TUMBLER-SNAPPER Camp Mercury Nevada, NCOIC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Operation Plumbbob Real Media Player 8 Basic (Free) is needed.
		Abstract: RMF PROP 2 4 Á rý CONT M Plowshare U.S. Department of Energy U.S. Department of Energy MDPR Á The Audio Stream audio/x-pn-realaudio I.raý ra4 9 Int0 dnet MDPR t U
		Operation PlowShare Real Media Player 8 Basic (Free) is needed.
	www.ncoic.com /tumblersnapper.htm (247 words)

	Fallout from Bush's Tactical Nukes on the American West
		Typical of that era's approach was a plan called Project Chariot (part of "Operation Plowshare"), which would have detonated multiple nuclear weapons off Alaska's northwest coast to create an artificial deepwater port.
		The plan persisted for four years, until 1962, despite the vigorous objection of inhabitants terrified by the ghastly damage the blasts and radiation would have inflicted on people and ecosystems.
		Call it "Operation Oblivious Texan," forsaking as it does precise, smart bombs for massively destructive stupid ones, a dumbing-down of Bush's arsenal to match his diplomacy.
	www.commondreams.org /views03/0709-06.htm (755 words)

	Project Plowshare by Ronnie A
		While stockpiles of nuclear weapons were constructed, project plowshare was excitedly followed by millions of americans.
		Mike 10/31/52 10.4 MT Eniwetok atoll Surface One of two in operation Ivy...
		Romeo 3/26/54 11 MT Bikini atoll Barge There were seven in operation Castle...
	www.aiprojects.net /gallery/plowshare.html (384 words)

	UFO Area
		They had hoped that the humans would not become wise to their "Trojan Horse" operation until they were able to infiltrate the planet more completely.
		At least 100 special forces were sent in by superiors who were ignorant of the whole picture in an effort to rescue the scientists and maintain order and control of the base, however the aliens -- who far outnumbered and out-teched the human forces -- managed to kill 66-68 of them.
		I should however in all fairness state that in the Korean and Vietnamese wars there was a very real threat in the form of Communism, and many young men bravely fought and died in the defense of freedom.
	www.ufoarea.com /government_dulce_branton_ch21.html (3359 words)

	The Bomb - the sum of our fears and, yes, hopes \| csmonitor.com
		The test was part of Operation Plowshare, a biblical reference designed to bathe the blast in moral virtue.
		Plowshare explored peaceful uses for atomic explosions, in particular their applicability to large-scale construction projects.
		Prices were "vaporized," "blasted," "detonated," "smashed," and "nuked." Each atomic blast attracted a flood of tourists keen to feel the rumble (early tests broke casino windows in Las Vegas), see the flash, and gawp at the mushroom cloud from 70 miles away.
	www.csmonitor.com /2005/0302/p09s01-coop.html (1543 words)

	Google Earth Hacks Forums - Nukes near Area 51, NV discussion
		This crater is from the SEDAN test, as part of Project Plowshare.
		It was an underground explosion designed to test using nuclear explosions as a method to earth moving (building a canal for example).
		Operation Plowshare was conducted here but also in New Mexico.
	www.googleearthhacks.com /forums/printthread.php?t=5196 (440 words)

	Code Red - Weapons of Mass Destruction [Online Resource] - Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty
		Under Operation Plowshare, Project Chariot was one of the first nuclear blast proposals that came close to execution.
		It was similar to the American Operation Plowshare, except that many of the tests were actual applications of nuclear technology and not simply tests.
		Under the Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy program, 239 nuclear tests were conducted, compared to the 28 tests conducted by the US.
	library.thinkquest.org /05aug/00639/en/wt_pne.html (831 words)

	What About Reviving Nuclear Power?
		It's both practical and fair to be gradual in the transition to new rules, because current operations began in good faith under old rules.
		And beneath it all, you've got engineers thinking their designs incorporate an "acceptable" margin of safety based partly on severe underestimates of the cancer-hazard if their designs fail.
		It means that achieving 99.9% perfect containment of the cesium-137 produced by 100 plants during 25 years of operation, through all steps of the cesium's handling up through final burial, would still result in cesium-137 contamination equivalent in curies to 4 Chernobyl accidents.
	www.ratical.org /radiation/CNR/WARevNP.html (4131 words)

	DRS. STANLEY KRONENBERG & GEORGE BRUCKER - Camp Evans related Oral Histories
		He then spoke of the use of solar cells to operate the electronics in the station.
		then spoke of Operation Plowshare where several nuclear devices were exploded underground to form a continuous canal with the collapse of the surface ground, a possible way of utilizing
		Another speaker followed referring to JTARS and SOTAS and to agreements with the state of Israel, which, I believe is unrelated to this interview series relating to the history of Evans.
	www.infoage.org /oh-Kronenberg-Brucker-12.html (535 words)

	Dark Cloud: Our Strange Love Affair with the Bomb
		WEISGALL: Well, the Bikinis were moved off their atoll in 1946, to facilitate Operation Crossroads, which was the first of the postwar nuclear tests.
		That obviously threw off the rest of the test series, because you couldn’t have anybody either on Bikini Island, or Enu Island, which was used as a kind of base of operations.
		Certainly at Operation Crossroads, the documents, the documentary history clearly shows one part of this was, send a signal to the Russians.
	www.cdi.org /ADM/1338/weisgall.html (5444 words)

	Nevada Atomic Test Site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In 1 1/2 seconds, 6.6 million cubic yards (12 million tons) of earth moved as a result of the detonation of a 104-kiloton device 660 feet below the surface.
		The Sedan test was part of series of blasts dubbed Operation Plowshare stressing the peaceful use of nuclear power in creating very big holes (think a new Panama Canal).
		The Operation Plowshare tests ended with the 1992 moratorium.
	www.cmdrmark.com /20031.html (1474 words)

	Operation Plowshare - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 1962 "Sedan" plowshares shot displaced 12 million tons of earth and created a crater 320 feet (97.5m) deep and 1,280 feet (390.1m) wide.
		Scott Kirsch, Proving Grounds: Project Plowshare and the Unrealized Dream of Nuclear Earthmoving.
		This page was last modified 23:56, 10 January 2007.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Operation_Plowshare (1170 words)

	A Question Of Fact And Fission
		A bomb that could shatter a bunker 950 feet below it without broaching the ground 50 feet above would be a wonder weapon indeed.
		In the 1960s, the US government carried out a series of tests known as Operation Plowshare, to study the feasibility of using nuclear weapons to build substitute harbours and canals if war or catastrophe destroyed existing facilities.
		These tests showed that a one-kiloton bomb had to be buried 250 feet deep to contain the blast.
	www.rense.com /general43/aquestionoffactandfission.htm (1250 words)

	The Nuclear Legacy of Project Chariot - Part I
		"In 1957, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission [AEC] established the 'Plowshare Program' to "investigate and develop peaceful uses for nuclear explosives." In early 1958, the AEC selected a site at the mouth of the Ogotoruk Creek near Cape Thompson, approximately 30 miles southeast of the Inupiat Eskimo village of Point Hope.
		At the University of California's Lawrence Radiati on Laboratory, scientists responded by recommending to the AEC that earth excavation offered the "highest probability of early beneficial success" in the Plowshare Program.
		Actively supporting the proposal, Dr. Edward Teller, 'father of the hydrogen bomb' and director of the Radiation Laboratory, suggested that the AEC detonate a 2.4 megaton atomic device on t he northwest coast of Alaska in the region of Cape Thompson.
	arcticcircle.uconn.edu /SEEJ/chariotseej.html (2482 words)

	Chapter 11: The Battle of Shippingport, "KILLING OUR OWN", 1982
		In 1969, when Gofman and Tamplin issued their call for stricter health standards, ninety-five reactors were already operating, under construction, or on order in the U.S. In 1976 the number would peak at 219.
		Sternglass quickly issued a paper accusing the operators of the nation's premier commercial reactor of misrepresenting how much radiation was leaking into the environment.
		In fact, said Sternglass, the NUS statistics showed that levels of strontium 90 in milk at six nearby farms "followed the rises and declines of the monthly power output of the Shippingport plant." The strontium levels only went down when the plant shut for repairs.
	www.ratical.org /radiation/KillingOurOwn/KOO11.html (7127 words)

	DOE - NNSA/NSO -- Historical Test Films
		Operation Hardtack - Military Effects Studies Part 3 (cont.)
		Operation Argus - Report to Chief, AFSWP to ARPA
		Operation Dominic Christmas Island and Operation Dominic Scientific
	www.nv.doe.gov /library/films/testfilms.aspx (145 words)

	The Zap Gun
		The Zap Gun belongs to Philip K. Dick's most prolific writing period when, between 1960 and 1970, he published 20 novels.
		In his bibliography it appears between The Crack in Space and Counter-Clock World but was in fact written in 1964 or 1965 and initially published in two installments in Worlds Of Tomorrow, issues of November 1965 and January 1966, under the title of Operation Plowshare.
		The Zap Gun was once a serialized story in Worlds of Tomorrow Magazine as "Project Plowshare".
	members.tripod.com /ashwood/zap-gun.html (1909 words)

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