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	Operation Praying Mantis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Operation Praying Mantis was the April 18, 1988 action waged by U.S. naval forces in retaliation for the Iranian mining of an American warship by the Iran Ajr.
		By the end of the operation elements of the American fleet had damaged Iranian naval and intelligence facilities on two inoperable oil platforms in the Persian Gulf, and sank at least six armed Iranian speedboats.
		Operation Praying Mantis is one of five American naval engagements cited by United States Naval Academy Prof.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Operation_Praying_Mantis (1038 words)

	I Persian Gulf War, 1980-1988
		Although the combat operations during the First Persian Gulf War were “officially” started on the afternoon of September 22, 1980, intensive fighting along the central sector of the Iraqi-Iranian border erupted already on September 4, and until today, Iraqis consider this date as the starting point of the war.
		In that sense, the American Operation Praying Mantis, undertaken on April 18 1988 simultaneously with the Iraqi offensive, which liberated the Faw Peninsula from Iranian occupation, not only badly mauled the Iranian Navy, but also made it clear to the leadership in Tehran that the conflict had to be ended sooner rather than later.
		Praying Mantis almost broke the back of the Iranian Navy, decreased its capability to escort convoys of oil tankers between the Khark Island and the Hormuz, and almost crushed the superiority it had enjoyed in the war against Iraq so far.
	www.acig.org /artman/publish/printer_205.shtml (4384 words)

	Operation Earnest Will - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Operation Earnest Will (24 July 1987-26 September 1988) was the U.S. military protection of Kuwaiti oil tankers from Iraqi and Iranian attacks in 1987 and 1988 during the Tanker War phase of the Iran-Iraq War.
		The U.S. Navy warships that escorted the tankers were the most visible part of the operation, but U.S. Air Force AWACS radar planes provided surveillance and Army special operations helicopters hunted for possible attackers.
		Dubbed Operation Praying Mantis, it was the biggest engagement of surface warships since World War II.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Operation_Earnest_Will (584 words)

	Diffuse Reflection DRIFTS Accessory - Praying Mantis
		The Praying Mantis™ was the first generally available diffuse reflection (DRIFTS) attachment and remains the forerunner in the field.
		The Praying Mantis™ also can be configured to study materials and reactions in controlled environments with the appropriate diffuse reflectance reaction chamber.
		The Praying Mantis™ was the first generally available diffuse reflection accessory (DRA) and remains the forerunner in the field today.
	www.harricksci.com /accessories/H_prayingmantis.cfm (744 words)

	Operation "Earnest Will"
		During the 1987-88 Operation "Earnest Will" (the escort of the reflagged Kuwaiti oil tankers), SIX active and reserve MSO's deployed to the Persian Gulf.
		In March 1984, Iraq initiated sustained naval operations in its self-declared 1,126-kilometer maritime exclusion zone, extending from the mouth of the Shatt al Arab to Iran's port of Bushehr.
		Fixed-wing surveillance and reconnaissance aircraft, specially equipped special operations helicopters such as the O/AH-6 from the U.S. Army's Special Operations Command, and small, swift boats operating from two large barges moored in the Persian Gulf conducted constant and often clandestine patrols in an effort to thwart the Iranians.
	www.geocities.com /d41lewis/operationernestwill.html (2971 words)

	Special Operations.Com
		The 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment delivers a Navy SEAL boarding team to a civilian tanker in the Persian Gulf.
		Operations Prime Chance and Earnest Will were initiated in the late 1980's specifically to provide protection for civilian and military vessels transiting the Persian Gulf.
		Operation PRIME CHANCE resulted in the first successful night combat engagement that neutralized an enemy threat while using aviator night vision goggles and forward looking infrared devices.
	www.specialoperations.com /Operations/Prime_Chance/default.html (422 words)

	Praying mantis (disambiguation) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Northern Praying Mantis, the Northern Chinese self-defence technique from Shandong
		Southern Praying Mantis, the Southern Chinese self-defence technique of the Hakka people
		Praying Mantis (band), a New Wave of British Heavy Metal band
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Praying_mantis_(disambiguation) (110 words)

	Navy League of the United States - Citizens in Support of the Sea Services
		Operation Praying Mantis Blows a Hole in Iranian Navy
		By DAVID F. During the Spring of 1988, the U.S. Navy was engaged in Operation Earnest Will, which had as an objective to maintain freedom of navigation in the Persian Gulf as Iraq and Iran continued to fight a seemingly endless war.
		Crowe hoped that the notorious Iranian patrol frigate Sabalan, a warship that had mercilessly attacked many merchant ships and massacred numerous unarmed sailors, would be drawn into the fray.
	www.navyleague.org /sea_power/sep_03_45.php (780 words)

	Combat Action Ribbon
		Personnel in Riverine and coastal operations, assaults, patrols, sweeps, ambushes, convoys, amphibious landings, and similar activities who have participated in fire fights are eligible.
		Personnel in clandestine or special operations such as reconnaissance and SEAL teams are eligible when the risk of enemy fire was great and was expected to be encountered.
		Personnel aboard a ship are eligible when the safety of the ship and the crew were endangered by enemy attack, such as a ship hit by a mine or a ship engaged by shore, surface, air or subsurface elements.
	www.3rdmarines.net /combat_action_ribbon.htm (621 words)

	Body
		The Tinian operation was described by Admiral Raymond Spruance as, "probably the most brilliantly conceived and executed amphibious operation in World War II." Intelligence contributed significantly to the success of this operation, providing commanders with knowledge of a critical vulnerability—the undefended northern beaches—which they exploited to achieve success.
		During the initial stabilization phase of operations, intelligence requirements were focused on the organization and leadership of the Somalian clans, boundaries between the clans, and the locations of meeting places, weapons caches, and arms markets.
		During the subsequent normalization phase of the operation, intelligence priorities shifted to requirements in support of the civil affairs effort: preserving freedom of movement and commerce throughout the country, determining the effectiveness of civilian authorities, and estimating the attitudes of the clans and the average Somali to U.S. and U.N. efforts.
	www.fas.org /irp/doddir/usmc/mcdp2/chp3.htm (4700 words)

	McNair Paper 62: Chapter One
		Information operations, terrorist attacks, and other unconventional approaches all may tend to make it very difficult to trace sponsorship with the certainty required by the United States for action, ultimately diffusing our response until it may be too late to act effectively.
		A second example of an attempt to operate directly against an opponent's will in the face of serious material and operational mismatches was the Japanese concept for the defense of the home islands in 1945, in the face of an expected Allied invasion.
		The operational environment was daunting for U.S. forces: during this period, Iraq continued to aggressively prosecute an antishipping war against Iran, with the tacit approval of the United States.
	www.ndu.edu /inss/McNair/mcnair62/CH01.html (6448 words)

	Overview - The role of the Navy
		The MPS ships' proximity to the theater of operations allowed Marines to begin marrying up with their supplies in Saudi Arabia less than two weeks after the invasion of Kuwait.
		Operation SHARP EDGE began with a pre-dawn meeting in the wardroom of USS Saipan (LHA 2) to finalize a plan that had been in the works for nearly two months.
		The capability to mount such operations-- even while simultaneously responding to a major crisis elsewhere-- is vital to protecting American interests and citizens around the globe.
	www.history.navy.mil /wars/dstorm/ds1.htm (3615 words)

	Mine Warfare: Cold War Era (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The clearance efforts were broken down into a series of operations, with Nimbus Star and Nimbus Moon, respectively, dealing with minesweeping and underwater explosive ordnance demolition.
		Despite the fact that there was little intelligence on mines that might be in Suez waters, planning for the operation moved ahead swiftly.
		One detachment operated from the deck of the amphibious transport dock Shreveport (LPD-12) in the Gulf of Suez and engaged mainly in mine-hunting with the newly operational AQS-14 sonar.
	www.exwar.org /Htm/8000PopO4.htm (2175 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		"Operation Praying Mantis," for example, was the name of the 1988 U.S. retaliatory attack on Iran's navy after an Iranian undersea mine nearly ripped the USS Samuel Roberts apart in the Persian Gulf.
		The second half of the operation's name can be picked at random, according to an eight-page staff memo on the command's nickname policy.
		The names "Operation Desert Shield" and "Operation Desert Storm" managed to convey not only the geography of the conflict, but also the sweep and noble purpose of driving Iraqi invaders from Kuwait.
	www.knoxstudio.com /shns/story.cfm?pk=IRAQ-OPNAME-03-20-03&cat=AN (1001 words)

	A Praying Mantis Account - Part I
		I woke up at about 2:30 in the morning to find a tall praying mantis looking being and a cloaked being by the side of my bed.
		The cloaked figure looked up to the tall praying mantis type, as if it was confused as to what actions it should take next.
		The praying mantis turned its head towards the hooded one and made a series of high-pitched clicking sounds.
	www.ufobc.ca /Beyond/prayingmantis.htm (1726 words)

	Sandcastle V.I. - Voyages of the Enterprise - E=mc2 / Part 4
		Two years later, she was assigned to escort reflagged Kuwaiti oil tankers in the Persian Gulf, protecting them from attacks by Iran and Iraq, two Arab countries which were at war.
		During "Operation Praying Mantis," on April 18, 1988, the Enterprise struck a decisive blow against the Iranian Navy in response to mine attacks against the American frigate USS Samuel B. Roberts.
		The operation began at 8:00 a.m., when Surface Action Group Bravo, a small task force of three American surface vessels, mounted an attack on an armed Iranian oil platform in the central Persian Gulf.
	www.sandcastlevi.com /sea/enterprise/voych10d.htm (1544 words)

	NO HIGHER HONOR: Video: Operation Praying Mantis
		Planning for the retaliation, which was dubbed Operation Praying Mantis, began immediately, and three groups of U.S. warships were assembled in the Gulf.
		No Higher Honor is the first book to detail the extraordinary tale of the USS Samuel B. Roberts (FFG 58) and the crew's heroic efforts to save the ship after it hit an Iranian mine in 1988.
		Drawing on years of research and scores of interviews, Bradley Peniston chronicles the origins of the Perry-class frigate; the crew's training; its operations in the Persian Gulf; the U.S. retaliation against Iran, which became the biggest surface battle since World War II; and the complex repairs that returned the ship to duty.
	www.navybook.com /nohigherhonor/vid-prayingmantis.shtml (783 words)

	USS Merrill (DD 976)
		During WestPac 1988, the MERRILL participated in Operation Praying Mantis in the Persian Gulf.
		Arriving in the region after the ceasefire of the second Gulf War, the MERRILL became the flagship for the Coalition minesweeping forces in the Persian Gulf and was the second warship to visit the liberated port of Kuwait City after the Iraqi invasion.
		The arrow, symbol of leadership and martial readiness, also alludes to the Natchez Indians who were native to Mississippi, and connotes Admiral Merrill's distinction of being the first Commanding Officer of the new battleship INDIANA upon her commissioning in 1942.
	navysite.de /dd/dd976.htm (1324 words)

	Connecticut, Donald Cook
		Operation Desert Fox and subsequent air actions over Iraq included several "firsts" in U.S. naval warfare in terms of weapons, command and control, and personnel.
		The nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS Enterprise--on hand at the outset of the operation and which launched the majority of the strikes--is a combat veteran of the Vietnam War and of Operation Praying Mantis (Persian Gulf, 1988).
		The aircraft, operating on 10-to-12-hour missions out of Naval Air Station Sigonella, Sicily, have been requested to patrol over Kosovo to give NATO commanders real-time video and radar images of the situation on the ground via the aircraft's downlink and advanced communications suite to the commanders' desktop computers.
	www.navyleague.org /seapower/connecticut_donald_cook.htm (3681 words)

	Combat Action Ribbon criteria
		(c) Personnel in clandestine or special operations such as reconnaissance, SEAL teams, EOD teams, and Mine Countermeasures operations are eligible when the risk of enemy fire was great and was expected to be encountered.
		The listing is not all inclusive as the CAR has been awarded in minor operations and for specific actions.
		Requests for determination of eligibility of individuals for operations subsequent to 1975 should be sent to SECNAV via the chain of command including CNO or CMC, as appropriate, unless specifically delegated by SECNAV.
	www.mrfa.org /CAR.criteria.htm (628 words)

	The History of the boats in the Persian Gulf
		Joint operations continued from Hercules until June of 1989, when the units were returned to their home bases.
		PB Missions were primarily Coastal and Interdiction Patrols to stop the Iranians from mining the sea lanes for Oil Tankers and Small Boat attacks on Oil Tankers.
		As we Operated in the Northern Persian Gulf The Iranians used Farsi Island and and Karge Island and Bushere as their boat bases as well as Iranian controlled Oil Platforms as launching points for attacks.
	www.warboats.org /persiangulf.htm (1226 words)

	Badlands Journal » Blog Archive » UC prestige and opulence
		Operation Just Cause: In late 1989, the US invaded Panama and arrested Manuel Noriega for drug trafficking after a U.S. Marine was killed and Noriega declared war against the US.
		After looting of the aid, it was reorganized as Operation Restore Hope, an American military operation with the support of the United Nations to deliver humanitarian aid and restore order to Somalia, that eventually lead to the Battle of Mogadishu in 1993.
		Operation Infinite Reach: a US cruise missile strike on terrorist bases and targets in Afghanistan and Sudan, including the Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory, after al Qaeda bombed two US embassies in 1998.
	www.badlandsjournal.com /?p=12 (2367 words)

	The American Thinker
		The operation halted offshore Iranian oil production for the duration, and more importantly, sharply reduced attacks on the convoys for several months.
		Operations carried out near its homeport of Bandar Abbas might, Crowe hoped, tempt it out to be dealt with by Navy units.
		Operation Praying Mantis began on April 18 with two surface action groups striking oil platforms off Sirri while a third lay in wait for Iranian ships.
	www.americanthinker.com /articles.php?article_id=5442 (1548 words)

	VA-95 Green Lizard A-6 Intruder Page
		VA-95 distinguished itself during operations following the April, 1986 Libyan raid and was the first squadron to see combat in the Arabian Gulf during Operation PRAYING MANTIS against Iran in April, 1988.
		During this operation the squadron was credited with sinking the frigate SAHAND, damaging the frigate SABALAN and sinking two gunboats.
		In these operations, the hydraulic selector valves and servo-actuators are directly positioned by the pilot.
	www.geocities.com /Pentagon/Bunker/7316/greenlizard.html (1725 words)

	VAQ-135 Black Ravens
		While deployed, the BLACK RAVENS were awarded the Navy Expeditionary Medal for operations in the Indian Ocean during the Iranian Hostage Crisis.
		On the morning of January 1, 1986, VAQ 135 was "no-notice" deployed to support Sixth Fleet Battle Group operations in the Mediterranean Sea.
		The BLACK RAVENS proved to be an essential element in the successful Naval strike action in the Gulf of Sidra in March of 1986 and provided key close-support jamming services in the successful strikes on the Benina/Benghazi airfields in April of that year.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/agency/navy/vaq-135.htm (1557 words)

	Diffuse Reflectance DRIFTS Reaction Chamber
		Readily adapted for high-pressure operation with a high-pressure dome assembly.
		Both DRIFTS reaction chambers can be operated from high vacuum to two or three atmospheres with the KBr and glass windows provided.
		Note that for high-pressure operation, the maximum temperature limit could be lower due to heat losses that depend on properties of the gas, characteristics the sample, and the operating pressure.
	www.harricksci.com /accessories/H_prayingmantischamber.cfm (876 words)

	Daily Pundit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Operation Praying Mantis was the 18 April 1988 action waged by U.S. naval forces in retaliation for the Iranian mining of an American warship.
		The 14 April mining nearly sank the guided missile frigate USS Samuel B. Roberts, which was sailing in the Persian Gulf as part of Operation Earnest Will, the 1987-88 convoy missions in which U.S. warships escorted reflagged Kuwaiti oil tankers to protect them from Iranian attacks.
		Photos and video of Operation Praying Mantis are posted at http://www.navybook.com/nohigherhonor/pic-prayingmantis.shtml.
	www.dailypundit.com /2006/04/sweet_reason_and_history.php (270 words)

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