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Topic: Operation Ranch Hand

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	Ranch Hand
		Ranch Hand crews developed special tactics to avoid ground fire, a constant threat since they had to fly slowly and close to the ground for these missions.
		Ranch Hand pilots flew missions in formations of two or three ships in the early days and as many as 10 in the latter stages of the program.
		Ranch Hand crews were sent to Vietnam on temporary duty, and this became the preferred practice for years.
	www.afa.org /magazine/Aug2000/0800ranch.asp (4079 words)

	DoD News Briefing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Ranch Hand veterans were exposed to herbicides through the loading, flight operations and maintenance of the aircraft and spray equipment.
		Within the Ranch Hand group, the risk of cardiovascular abnormalities such as high blood pressure and the prevalence of prior heart attack indicated by electrocardiogram did tend to increase with dioxin levels.
		For example, the Ranch Hand enlisted ground crew, the subgroup with the highest dioxin levels, and presumably the greatest herbicide exposure, are experiencing a 22 percent decreased risk of cancer.
	www.gulfwarvets.com /dod4.htm (5811 words)

	Operation Ranch Hand: Operation Overview
		Ranch Hand was not the first time that herbicides were used for warfare.
		Ranch Hand began with 6 C-123 provider planes equipped with the ability to spray, and early missions were preceded by vocal broadcasts and leaflets to warn villages below that spraying would occur (18).
		In 1969, all planes used for Ranch Hand were modified K-model versions that flew with A-1 skyraiders that provided flank protection from ground fire and F-4 jet fighters that attacked ground forces after the spray had passed (18).
	webpages.charter.net /dmarin/cbwbeta/opr_overview.htm (492 words)

	Operation Ranch Hand, Comments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Ranch Hand's level of operations steadily increased and peaked in 1967 when the unit sprayed 1.7 million acres, 85% for defoliation and 15% for crop destruction.
		Although Ranch Hand was not found guilty of causing permanent ecological damage by Defense-sponsored research at this time, the question had been raised and began to undermine the operation's future.
		Ranch Hand's demise was made virtually certain by a study released in the fall of 1969 that presented evidence that 2,4,5-T, a component of Agent Orange, could, in relatively high doses, cause malformed offspring as well as stillbirths in mice.
	showcase.netins.net /web/sovereign/orange/id20.htm (4775 words)

	RedOrbit - Health - Postservice Mortality of Air Force Veterans Occupationally Exposed to Herbicides During the Vietnam ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The mortality for 1,262 Ranch Hand veterans to December 31, 1999 was contrasted with that for 19,078 comparison veterans.
		Ranch Hand veterans with dioxin levels exceeding 10 ppt had their initial dioxin levels at the end of service in Vietnam estimated with a first-order kinetics model with a constant half-life of 7.6 years.
		Ranch Hand veterans in the high category were predominantly enlisted ground crew (76.3%), whereas those in the background category were predominantly officers (60.2%).
	www.redorbit.com /news/display?id=152009&source=r_health (4125 words)

	Operation Ranch Hand
		Others doubted the effectiveness of such a tactic and worried that such operations would both alienate friendly Vietnamese and expose the United States to charges of barbarism for waging a form of chemical warfare.
		Operation Ranch Hand, the designation for the program, began in January 1962.
		By the time Ranch Hand ended nine years later, some 18 million gallons of chemicals had been sprayed on an estimated 20 percent of South Vietnam’s jungles and 36 percent of its mangrove forests.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/ops/ranch_hand.htm (257 words)

	King Ranch Encyclopedia Article @ ArtByTexans.com (Art by Texans) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		King Ranch, located in south Texas between Corpus Christi, Texas and Brownsville, Texas, is one of the world's largest ranches (larger than Rhode Island).
		After an extended stay at the Ranch, the Kings were to open up a cottage next door to the Kenedys on Elizabeth Street in Brownsville, where they were to befriend Robert E. Lee.
		Many of the events of the King Ranch, such as the discovery of oil on the property are also in the film.
	www.artbytexans.com /encyclopedia/King_Ranch (3927 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Ranch Hand's first three aircraft and crew arrived at Tan Son Nhut Air Base near Saigon, South Vietnam, on 7 January 1962, for what was expected to be a 120 day tour.
		In July, 1964, Ranch Hand was assigned to the 309th Air Commando Squadron, 315th Troop Carrier Group (later redesignated the 315th Air Commando Group).
		Ranch Hand flew its last mission defoliant mission on 7 January 1971, passing out of existence later that month.
	home.earthlink.net /~aircommando1/RANCHHAND.htm (1395 words)

	High Cancer Risk For Dioxin-Exposed Vietnam Vets
		The latest analysis found that veterans who sprayed herbicides as part of Operation Ranch Hand and who had the highest exposure to dioxin were more than twice as likely to develop cancer "at any anatomical site" than unexposed veterans who were in southeast Asia for two years or less.
		The Ranch Hand veterans' risk of contracting prostate cancer was more than six times greater than that of the other veterans, while their risk of melanoma, a type of skin cander, was more than seven and a half times greater, the study found.
		The latest air force study found that Ranch Hand veterans as well as veterans who served in southeast Asia but did not spray herbicides had a higher incidence of prostate cancer than the US population as a whole.
	www.rense.com /general48/highcancerriskfor.htm (420 words)

	Agent Orange
		Ranch Hand aircraft sprayed more than 9,000 acres of mangrove forests there, defoliating approximately 95 percent of the targeted area.
		Operation Ranch Hand was shown by late 1968 to be a bankrupt strategy, one devoid of good sense, good planning or good intentions.
		Despite the release earlier of the results of the Operation Ranch Hand study, 1984 seemed to be a year in which the Vietnam veteran's complaints about Agent Orange and the health problems it caused were being taken seriously.
	www.usvetdsp.com /agentorange.htm (10385 words)

	[No title]
		There is no question about the bravery of the Ranch Hand pilots; they flew head-on into danger, disregar ding anti-aircraft ground fire to spray the defoliants that would strip trees of their leaves, exposing Viet Cong supply trails and bunkers to American and South Vietnamese forces and thereby saving the lives of countless troops.
		The Ranch Hands were fol lowing orders to the best of their ability: they knew targets, statistics, and percentages.
		Whiteside confirms that \ldblquote the ultimate target of herbicidal operations against rice and other crops [was] the weakest element of the civilian population\emdash women, children, and the elderly\rdblquote because in sprayed areas \ldblquote Viet Cong soldiers may\'85 be expected to get the fighter\rquote s share of whatever food there [was]\rdblquote (29).
	www.cwrl.utexas.edu /~wolff/courses/rhe309s02/sample_1.rtf (2982 words)

	study
		The study is called Ranch Hand because the original mission of spraying Agent Orange in Vietnam was called Operation Ranch Hand.
		Michalek is the principal investigator of the Ranch Hand Study.
		Michalek said the Ranch Hand veterans experienced a 26 percent increase in heart disease, but the risk was not increased in those with the highest levels of dioxin.
	www.ojc.org /NL/april2000/study.html (718 words)

	The Ranch Hand
		The ranch is situated in the Laguna Pasture which consists of 630 acres of brush.
		The ranch has water that is supplied from shared water well operated from another tract in the pasture.
		The ranch is completely fenced to support cattle and the current owner has several head in place now.
	www.theranchhand.com /zavala43.htm (280 words)

	Executive Summary: The Herbicidal Warfare Program in Vietnam, 1961 - 1971 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Herbicides were used extensively in Vietnam by the U.S. Air Force's Operation RANCH HAND to defoliate inland hardwood forests, coastal mangrove forests, and cultivated land, by aerial spraying from C-123 cargo/transport aircraft and helicopters.
		Soldiers also sprayed herbicides on the ground to defoliate the perimeters of base camps and fire bases; this spraying was executed from the rear of trucks and from spray units mounted on the backs of soldiers on foot.
		RANCH HAND flew its last three C-123 sorties spraying a crop target in Ninh Thuan province.
	members.cox.net /linarison/orange.html (2280 words)

	Air Force Health Study Link Between Agent Orange and Diabetes
		The Ranch Hand Study was named after the operation responsible for spraying herbicides in Vietnam between 1962 and 1971 to deny cover and destroy crops of the North Vietnamese Army.
		Overall, Ranch Hand pilots and ground crews examined in 2002 had not experienced a statistically significant increase in heart disease relative to the comparison group.
		Most importantly, the Ranch Hand enlisted ground crews, the subgroup with the highest dioxin levels and presumably the greatest herbicide exposure, exhibited a 14 percent decreased risk of cancer.
	www.globalspecialoperations.com /opranchhand.html (634 words)

	Operation Ranch Hand - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		U.S. Military planes cropdusting in Vietnam during Operation Ranch Hand
		Operation Ranch Hand was a U.S. Military operation during part of the Vietnam War, lasting from 1962 until 1971.
		It involved spraying 18 million US gallons (68,000 m³) of defoliants over rural areas of South Vietnam in an attempt to deprive the Viet Cong of vegetation cover.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Operation_Ranch_Hand (188 words)

	Model of B/RB-66 Destroyer Aircraft
		The study included veterans of Operation Ranch Hand, the unit responsible for the aerial spraying of Agent Orange and other herbicides in Vietnam, and comparison Air Force veterans who served in SEA during the war but did not spray herbicides.
		No significant increase in the risk of death from cancer was found in either the Ranch Hand or the comparison group when compared to national rates.
		Study methods were derived from discussions with the Ranch Hand Advisory Committee, a non-governmental panel of scientists appointed by the Food and Drug Administration to oversee the study.
	www.b66.info /AgentOrangeCompensation.htm (1199 words)

	AIM Report - March B, 1984
		The most important of these were that among the 1,045 veterans of Operation Ranch Hand who had been given intensive physical examinations there was not a single case of three ailments that are either known or suspected of being linked to dioxin poisoning.
		The study had made it clear that the Ranch Handers had a higher rate of skin cancer and reported more minor birth defects among their children than did the control group with which they were compared.
		None of the papers we examined pointed out that there was no difference between the Ranch Hand group and the control group in terms of miscarriages, still births, induced abortions, prematurity, learning disability of the offspring, infant deaths or severe or moderate birth defects.
	www.aim.org /publications/aim_report/1984/03b.html (4491 words)

	Operation Ranch Hand Herbicides in Southeast Asia WILLIAM A BUCKINGHAM JR, Ph.D. 18oct97
		Although Ranch Hand was not found guilty of causing permanent ecological damage by Defense sponsored research at this time, the question had been raised and began to undermine the operation's future.41
		In late 1969, the unit was ordered to reduce its operations by 30%,44 and it lost 11 of its 25 aircraft.45 Another complicating factor during this period was the pending vote by the U.S. Senate on the Geneva Protocol outlawing chemical and biological warfare.
		Operation Ranch Hand is out of print, but it can be found in some libraries, especially Federal Depository Libraries.
	www.mindfully.org /Pesticide/Operation-Ranch-Hand18oct97.htm (4735 words)

	History
		Operation Ranch Hand had the planes and men spray the toxic herbicide
		The year 1962 brought Operation: Ranch Hand which took Agent Orange from testing into full time use, this operation focused on using Agent Orange, Agent Blue, and Agent White.
		For the first couple of years spraying was relatively light, but towards the end of the war it was stepped up to a larger scale.
	www.ffrd.org /Voices/History.htm (443 words)

	Agent Orange Vietnam War: Exposure to Agent Orange: Agent Orange Cancers and Diseases
		The mission, known as Operation Ranch Hand, involved spraying 20 million gallons of Agent Orange over roughly 3.6 million acres of Vietnamese land to remove forest cover, destroy crops, and clear vegetation from US bases.
		Operation Ranch Hand lasted from 1962 to 1971, and different formulations of herbicide mixtures were used, but most were mixtures of phenoxy herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,45-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T).
		The large scale spraying in Operation Ranch Hand were done using airplanes and helicopters, but herbicides were also sprayed from boats, ground vehicles, and by soldiers.
	www.lamblawoffice.com /Agent-Orange-background.html (440 words)

	Information Headquarters: Vietnam War
		The single notable element of actual increased U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War during 1964 was a program of covert GVN operations, designed to impose "progressively escalating pressure" upon the North, and initiated on a small and essentially ineffective scale in February.
		The active U.S. role in the few covert operations that were carried out was limited essentially to planning, equipping, and training of the GVN forces involved, but U.S. responsibility for the launching and conduct of these activities was unequivocal and carried with it an implicit symbolic and psychological intensification of the U.S. commitment.
		Nixon's Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, declared that "Peace is at Hand" shortly before the voters went to the polls, dealing a death blow to McGovern's campaign, which had been facing an uphill battle.
	www.informationheadquarters.com /War/Vietnam_War.shtml (5269 words)

	Agent Orange, Operation Ranch Hand : Vietnam War Herbicides
		Veterans who were participants in Operation Ranch Hand -- the extensive spraying of some 19 million gallons of herbicide over 3.6 million acres of South Vietnam from airplanes -- are an exception to this pattern, however, because of their direct involvement in the spraying missions.
		Previous studies have relied primarily on the carefully recorded information on aerial spraying in Operation Ranch Hand and on blood tests for dioxin, but these measures may not reflect the full range of exposures of Vietnam veterans to herbicides.
		It also urged continued follow-up of the Ranch Hand veterans and its comparison group, and recommended that members of the Army Chemical Corps also be studied for adverse health effects from exposure.
	www.landscaper.net /agent.htm (2145 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Weekend \| A chemical weapon used by the US in the Vietnam war is still damaging new generations
		Eight years after the military launched Operation Ranch Hand, scientists from the National Institute of Health warned that laboratory mice exposed to Agent Orange were giving birth to stillborn or deformed litters, a conclusion reinforced by research conducted by the US department of agriculture.
		In confidential statements made to US scientists, former Ranch Hand pilots allege that, in addition to the recorded missions, there were 26,000 aborted operations during which 260,000 gallons of herbicide were dumped.
		By the time we stop, we are all the best of friends and, holding hands, he pulls us into the home of the Pham family, where a wall of neighbours and an assembly of local dignitaries dressed in shiny, double-breasted jackets stare grimly at a moaning child.
	www.guardian.co.uk /weekend/story/0,3605,923715,00.html (4151 words)

	Ranch Hand - Accessories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Ranch Hand Factory Stores carry a full line of truck accessories - Warn Winches, Westin Nerf Bars, Husky Floor Liners, and CDI Toolboxes are just a few.
		Warn and Ranch Hand have the gear to get you there.
		This receiver tube will attach to all standard Ranch Hand bumpers.
	www.ranchhand.com /accessories.htm (310 words)

	HYLE 11-2 (2005): Risk and Responsibility in Chemical Research: The Case of Agent Orange
		Operation Ranch Hand was launched to defoliate the forests and mangroves, and to destroy crops in order to reduce the enemy food supplies.
		On the other hand, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued an emergency order to restrict the use of the herbicide for agricultural use in 1979, and launched several attempts in the early 1980s to ban it completely.
		On the other hand, the compound might well be unsafe and cause significant damage – possibly even to the colleagues trying to repeat the synthesis.
	www.hyle.org /journal/issues/11-2/jacob.htm (7421 words)

	ranch hand - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Hand (anatomy), terminal portion of the arms or anterior limbs of humans and other primates, especially adapted for grasping.
		The changes in types of operation—from ancient hand-to-hand combat to modern deployment of nuclear missiles—are linked to changes in technology.
		Goldwynisms: Yes, I'm going to have…, Ingratitude: We set ourselves to bite…, Journalism: Because he shakes hands with…, Last Words: My dear hands....
	encarta.msn.com /ranch+hand.html (103 words)

	The Militant - March 14, 2005 -- Monopolies poisoned U.S., Vietnamese workers
		In late 1961, President Kennedy approved a joint recommendation of the Departments of State and Defense to initiate, on a limited scale, a chemical warfare campaign in Vietnam involving the use of defoliants.
		Operation Trail Dust, as the Air Force’s chemical warfare program was originally called, and which later became Operation Ranch Hand, began its spray missions in January 1962.
		During the course of Operation Trail Dust, Operation Ranch Hand and the final period of the war, large numbers of Vietnamese combatants and civilians were directly exposed to herbicides by spraying.
	www.themilitant.com /2005/6910/691053.html (1070 words)

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