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Topic: Operation United Shield

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	Operation United Shield - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Operation United Shield was the name given to the US military operation of evacuating all remaining 6,200 UN peacekeeping troops from Somalia from January to March of 1995, the troops were made up of Americans, Pakistanis and Egyptians.
		General Peay of the United States Army and Lieutenant Gen. Anthony C. Zinni (Commander of the I Marine Expeditionary Force) were given command of the operation which saw the last troops brought to Mogadishu, and then entirely disengaged.
		The most critical stage of Operation United Shield began when the ground combat element (GCE) of the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) conducted an amphibious landing on "green beach," near the Mogadishu international airport.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Operation_United_Shield (228 words)

	Best Of CTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In addition, Operation United Shield prepared the groundwork for the development of a new concept for the employment of non-lethal weapons and moved the US military toward a new age of warfare.
		At the time of Operation United Shield, several different types of technology that could be characterized as non-lethal existed or were being developed through civilian or military research projects.
		Likewise, military commanders must be prepared to reorganize their individual units for the efficient use of a selected non-lethal weapon, to design specific unit level training for each system, to establish safety standards and maintenance support for them, and to develop appropriate rules of engagement for their employment.
	www.iacsp.com /a6.html (3477 words)

	PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Autumn 1996
		During United Shield the terms "non-lethal," "less-lethal," and "less-than-lethal" were used interchangeably.[4] These materials will be referred to in the balance of this article as "non-lethal" to conform to current DOD terminology.
		Peace operations and armed interventions short of war are, by and large, characterized by restraint in the use of firepower and violence.
		Operations that intend to use non-lethal alternatives to achieve military objectives must recognize the fluidity of the situations in which they are likely to be employed.
	www.carlisle.army.mil /usawc/Parameters/96autumn/lorenz.htm (4414 words)

	The United States Army in Somalia, 1992-1994
		This brochure, prepared to honor the tenth anniversary of Operation RESTORE HOPE beginning on 8 December, places the events of the firefight of 3-4 October 1993 into the wider context of the U.S. humanitarian, political, and military operation to rescue a people and a state from anarchy and chaos.
		Although the United Nations continued to play an important part in the politics within the country, especially in the delicate negotiations between rival Somali factions, its role was soon overshadowed by U.S. military and diplomatic power.
		The main operational objectives of SOF in Somalia were to make initial contact with indigenous factions and leaders, provide information to UNITAF on potentially hostile forces to aid in force protection, and provide area assessments to assist with planning for future relief and security operations.
	www.army.mil /CMH-pg/brochures/Somalia/Somalia.htm (7037 words)

	Special Operations.Com
		The 16th Special Operations Squadron is one of eight flying squadrons of the 16th Special Operations Wing at Hurlburt Field, Florida.
		The unit flew 50 combat missions in Desert Storm and lost one aircraft and 14 brave airmen January 31, 1991, while supporting coalition forces engaged in the Battle of Khafji, Saudi Arabia.
		The 16th SOS guidon is adorned with two Presidential Unit Citations, four Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards with devices for valor, 10 campaign streamers and the Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm.
	www.specialoperations.com /USAF/Units/16thSOW/16thSOS.htm (1305 words)

	HMM-161 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 161 (HMM-161) is a United States Marine Corps helicopter squadron consisting of CH-46E Sea Knight transport helicopters.
		The squadron was activated on January 15, 1951 at MCAS El Toro, California, as Marine Helicopter Transport Squadron 161 (HMR-161) Air Fleet Marine Force Pacific, the Greyhawks moved a month later to MCAF Santa Ana, California to train on their new helicopter, the Sikorsky HRS-1 Chickasaw.
		In 1995, they participated in Operation United Shield, the withdrawal of United Nations Forces from Somalia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/HMM-161 (1056 words)

	Managing Communications: Lessons from Interventions in Africa: Special Reports: U.S. Institute of Peace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In Somalia, during the United Shield operation, we were able to look at the situation over the course of a few months before we actually had to deploy.
		I have also been involved in operations where we planned in a stovepipe manner, that is, we did the military planning very effectively, but we neglected to tie that into the humanitarian side, to the political side, and to the recovery efforts that would go on beyond our stay.
		From 1993 to 1995 Colonel Frachelle was commander and chief of operations for the UN Observer Mission in Liberia.
	www.usip.org /pubs/specialreports/early/managingcomm.html (15864 words)

	Africa - Past Deployments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Operation Focus Relief was the U.S. European Command contribution to United Nations peacekeeping operations in Sierra Leone.
		Operation Atlas Response, previously named Operation Silent Promise, was the U.S. European Command's contribution to relief efforts following torrential rains and flooding in southern Mozambique and South Africa.
		Operation Restore Hope and Operation United Shield."In December 1992, under Operation Restore Hope, U.S. forces were deployed to Somalia to secure an airfield and key installations, provide security for the safe passage of relief supplies and offer humanitarian assistance.
	deploymentlink.osd.mil /past_deploy/africa/past_africa.shtml (256 words)

	strategy
		During UNITED SHIELD, the mission to evacuate the United Nations peacekeeping forces from Somalia in the spring of 1995, the U.S. Marines used nonlethal options in an attempt to accomplish military objectives without destroying the enemy.
		Nonlethal devices had been used in other peacekeeping and peace enforcement applications; what set UNITED SHIELD apart was that they were now thoroughly integrated into the planning process and were used in a deeper portion of the spectrum of conflict.
		It is possible that a nation could bring a case to the UN or World Court claiming that the United States had used excessive force in that, having a nonlethal capability, it had chosen to use lethal force instead.
	www.grinnell.edu /courses/ant/S00/ANT154-01/ormsby/strategy.htm (5137 words)

	Press Coverage in Somalia: A Case for Media Relations to be a
		Somalia reinforced that public opinion is a military operation’s center of gravity and that media access to the battlefield is a military operation’s critical vulnerability.
		Operational channels corrected the report after 24 hours, but left the appearance that the U.N. command had acquiesced only in the face of irrefutable evidence.
		United Shield received oversight from the U.S. Defense Department and U.S. Central Command, two agencies that imposed a “passive” public affairs posture on the operation.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1995/SDB.htm (6814 words)

	Operation United Shield
		On 10 January 1995 the Pentagon announced that 2,600 U.S. Marines would be deployed to Somalia for Operation United Shield to assist in the final withdrawal of United Nations peacekeeping troops from Somalia.
		The decision came in response to a long-standing U.N. request for American protection of its peacekeeping forces serving in the war-torn African nation.
		The U.N. security council established 31 March as the deadline for the departure of all its forces participating in U.N. operations in Somalia.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/ops/united_shield.htm (203 words)

	Memorandum : No. 061-M : 03/16/95:An awards presentation ceremony to recog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		An awards presentation ceremony to recognize several military participants of Operation United Shield will be held Friday, March 17, in the Pentagon Auditorium, 5A1070, at 10:30 a.m.
		Operation United Shield was conducted by a multi-national task force to evacuate United Nations' peacekeepers from Somalia.
		Fourteen Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps and Italian Navy personnel will be presented military decorations for their contributions and achievements as members of Operation United Shield.
	www.defenselink.mil /news/Mar1995/m031695_m061-95.html (273 words)

	VP-47 HISTORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A second Meritorious Unit Commendation followed in 1972 for the squadron's invaluable support of the Cannakin Project in Amchitka during its 1971 Adak, Alaska deployment.
		The squadron was nominated as Naval Weapons Proficiency unit of the year and was runner up for Mining Readiness in the Pacific Fleet during 1980.
		Complimenting the command's operational focus are its well known personnel programs as recognized by CINCPACFLT in awarding the 1997 Golden Anchor award for excellence in command retention and personnel programs management.
	www.ncts.navy.mil /homepages/vp-47/html/body_the_command.html (1881 words)

	U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM)
		During Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm in 1990-1991, the command coordinated the activities of 541,000 U.S. and 258,000 coalition forces to oust Iraqi forces from Kuwait.
		Operation Southern Watch began in August, 1992 with regular reconnaissance sorties over Iraq, south of the 32nd.
		Operation Restore Hope (December 1992 to May 1993) saw a peak U.S. troop strength of more than 54,000 working to ensure delivery of humanitarian relief supplies inside Somalia.
	www.milnet.com /pentagon/centcom.htm (1005 words)

	History for 3rd Battalion, 1st Marines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Sledd died in Kuwait from wounds received in action while participating in an urban exercise as part of Exercise Eager Mace.
		We were across from the air wing unit and the dining hall.
		My XO was 1st Lt Ing and he was very tough, within a Month we were called back to base for a code Red ??...
	www.military.com /HomePage/UnitPageHistory/1,13506,500009,00.html (195 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		An outstanding recent example of the unique contributions that forward deployed naval forces provide was Operation United Shield, our sea-based support for the withdrawal of United Nations peacekeepers from Somalia, conducted last week.
		The operation culminated in a classic amphibious withdrawal, during which over 1600 UN and American personnel were reembarked with textbook precision in less than 4 hours.
		Referring back to the recent Operation United Shield in Somalia, I was impressed yet again by the incredible discipline and professionalism of our young Marines and Sailors in carrying out Rules of Engagement designed to minimize the potential for incident.
	www.chinfo.navy.mil /navpalib/policy/dalt0307.txt (1017 words)

	The Cool Blue Blog: Superpower (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In 1989, Operation Hawkeye provided relief to the US Virgin Islands after Hurricane Hugo destroyed nearly all of the life support systems for a population of over 50,000; including the fresh water supply, the island’s electrical generation capability, and the fuel supply.
		In 1991 Operation Sea Angel was at the time one of the largest military disaster relief efforts ever undertaken to the aid of the people of Bangladesh in the wake of the destruction of the tropical cyclone Marian which killed nearly 140,000 people and left over 5 million people homeless.
		In 1998, Operation Fuerte Apoyo provided humanitarian relief to Central America in response to the disaster caused by Hurricane Mitch in which over 10,000 people were killed; 13,000 missing; 60 percent of the infrastructure in Honduras, Nicaragua and Guatemala destroyed; over 300 bridges, miles and miles of road washed away.
	coolblue.typepad.com /the_cool_blue_blog/2005/01/superpower.html (1045 words)

	Bush Horrified By "Acts Of Murder" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		General Zinni again served in the 2d Marine Division in 1978, as the Operations Officer of the 3d Battalion, 2d Marines, Executive Officer of the 1st Battalion, 8th Marines, Executive Officer of the 8th Marines and Commanding Officer of the 2d Battalion, 8th Marines.
		He was next assigned to the Operations Division at Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps where he served as the Head of the Special Operations and Terrorism Counteraction Section and as the Head, Marine Air-Ground Task Force Concepts and Capabilities Branch.
		From 1987 to 1989, General Zinni served on Okinawa as the Regimental Commander of the 9th Marines and the Commanding Officer of the 35th Marine Expeditionary Unit, which was twice deployed to the Philippines to conduct emergency security operations and disaster relief operations.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/582022/posts (4140 words)

	PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Autumn 1996
		The withdrawal of UN forces from Somalia in Operation United Shield in 1995 saw these new technologies deployed on an operational mission for the first time.
		All three of these groups usually operate under some type of direction through an identified and accepted chain of command, be it familial (tribal), religious, or political.
		The news coverage of these weapons prior to United Shield (withdrawal of forces from Somalia) was almost universally positive.
	carlisle-www.army.mil /usawc/parameters/96autumn/stanton.htm (2400 words)

	And Just How Many Countries Have We Attacked?, by James Glaser
		There were no countries that surprised me, however the thing that really caught my eye were the names assigned to some of these operations.
		Operation Urgent Fury, when we took on that powder keg in Grenada.
		While in Vietnam I went on several operations like "Dewey Canyon 2" and the Vietnam war had hundreds if not thousands of operations, but these eligibility operations are from different countries in different years.
	www.antiwar.com /orig/glaser2.html (531 words)

	Ongoing World Conflicts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Since the end of World War II, the United States has assisted in over 20 different coups (or regime changes) throughout the world, and is believed or suspected to be responsible or involved in about 12 assassinations of political heads of state (Blum 1995).
		Some interventions are for "show of force" or part of a psychological warfare operation, while the most difficult missions, it could be argued, are those that combine humanitarian and military operations.
		Pakistan tends to follow a military, expansionist line (with constant hate toward India) based, in part, on a belief that it is the true heir to Muslim tradition-guarding in the region (the two-state theory of the partition).
	faculty.ncwc.edu /toconnor/areas/worldconflicts.htm (3554 words)

	History for Thundering Third Battalion, First Marines
		"For Operation United Shield, there was another amphibious landing (since there were no US forces ashore after Restore Hope) and a fighting amphibious withdrawal - completely separate and after Restore Hope.
		The Rules of Engagement were also completely different than Operation Restore Hope - the...
		It deactivated 18 June 1941 and reactivated 16 February 1942 at...
	www.military.com /HomePage/UnitPageHistory/1,13506,718706,00.html (92 words)

	U.S.-Iraq ProCon \| Site Sources : Individual Bio \| General Anthony Zinni
		The command was also involved in 'Operation Desert Focus', a comprehensive response to an increased terrorist threat in Saudi Arabia.
		Operations 'Southern Watch' and Maritime Intercept Operations (MIO) were also in effect to enforce UN Security Council resolutions against Iraq.
		1998 - Conducted 'Operation Resolute Response' in response to the August, 1998 terrorist bombing of the U.S. Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania.
	www.usiraqprocon.org /BiosInd/Zinni.htm (757 words)

	POLICE CQB TRAINING — INSTRUCTOR'S BIOGRAPHY PAGE
		He worked street narcotics for two years as a member of the Community Policing Unit and is now assigned to the SWAT Team, where he participates in high-risk warrant service and the resolution of high-threat tactical situations.
		Caudill served as an Infantry Officer in the United States Marine Corps from 1991 to 1998.
		He participated in Operation Desert Storm (Ceasefire) and Operation United Shield, conducting the last boat operation into Mogadishu and the evacuation of all U.N. personnel remaining in Somalia.
	www.policecqb.com /pages/biography03.html (191 words)

	No. 205-95:04/18/95:RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION INTO SOMALIA CL
		The operational environment in Somalia necessitated the on-site destruction of the remainder of the documents by U.S. personnel, prior to their successful evacuation of the remaining UNOSOM forces.
		From all available evidence, the security of the United States was not compromised, nor were U.S. forces or U.S. sources or methods put in jeopardy.
		When providing appropriately sanitized information to the U.N. forces, the U.S. must be satisfied that the deployed United Nations' contingent is organized to properly receive, handle and dispose of the material in a safe and timely manner.
	www.defenselink.mil /releases/1995/b041895_bt205-95.html (430 words)

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