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Topic: Operation Wigwam

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	Operation Wigwam and Project 56
		Operation Wigwam consisted of a single nuclear detonation, (both the operation and test are known as Wigwam), conducted 400-500 miles SW of San Diego, California(about 29 Deg N, 126 Deg W).
		It was a deep water test (the ocean is 16,000 feet deep at that point) to investigate the vulnerability of submarines to deep nuclear weapons, and the feasibility of using depth bombs in combat (there was considerable concern about problems with surface contamination).
		One-point safety test of an all-oralloy prototype sealed pit weapon that was similar to the Plumbbob Priscilla and Redwing Lacrosse devices (tested at 37 and 40 kt respectively), probably the primary for the TX-15/39 and W-27.
	nuclearweaponarchive.org /Usa/Tests/Wigwam.html (508 words)

	About Camp Wigwam
		Camp Wigwam, on the shores of Bear Lake in Waterford, Maine, was founded in 1910 by Abraham "Mandy" Mandelstam and Arnold "Pop" Lehman.
		Ned and Helen resurrected Wigwam to its former glory, reignited it's storied traditions and operated the camp until 1977 when their son, Bob, took over its reigns.
		Wigwam enters the new millennium under only its second ownership as Bob and his wife Jane Strauss continue to carry on the amazing legacy of this marvelous camp.
	www.campwigwam.com /aboutwigwam/history.asp (239 words)

	Atomic Tests: Operation Wigwam, 1955, 450 mi. from Calif. Coast (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Bruce Anderson assigned to the CTG 7.3 Boat Pool was on Operation Wigwam, and Redwing.
		Operation Wigwam detonated a 30 kiloton bomb, more than twice the power of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, about 450 miles off the coast of California.
		The chief objective of Operation Wigwam was to determine with accuracy at what ranges, under various conditions, a submarine or surface vessel will be destroyed by a deep underwater atomic explosion, and second, to determine the hazards to the ship and supporting forces.
	www.aracnet.com /~pdxavets/wigwam.htm (1191 words)

	News Media Resources: DTRA Fact Sheets
		Operation WIGWAM was a deep underwater nuclear test conducted as part of the 1945-1962 United States series of atmospheric nuclear tests.
		The purpose of the operation was to determine the radiation and pressure phenomenology associated with nuclear detonations at great depths and to ascertain the effects such explosions would have on submerged and surface vessels.
		WIGWAM resulted in three sources of radiological contamination: airborne activity, residual fallout and water contamination.
	www.dtra.mil /newsservices/fact_sheets/display.cfm?fs=ntpr_wigwam (1005 words)

	Testamonials of worm bin users
		With the wigwam the temperature in the bed stays at a very even temperature, unlike barrels or boxes.
		When I started the wigwam I was feeding the worms grain and cow manure and using peat moss as bedding.
		I am in the process of moving to Colorado and I am taking the worms and wigwam with me. I will let you know how the move went and how the worms are doing when I get settled.
	www.wormwigwam.com /user.htm (353 words)

	Overview
		Wigwam is a framework for managing the development and operation of server applications.
		The primary goal of Wigwam is to enable a large (or small) group of people to work cooperatively on a project without slowing each other down or breaking each other's work in the process.
		More specifically, Wigwam loads a bunch of environment variables from per-role and per-cluster configuration files Startup scripts for services can use those variables to generate runtime config files or scripts from templates that are checked into the project or provided by a package.
	www.wigwam-framework.org /doc/overview.html (1370 words)

	Wigwam Nation
		Wigwam Village No. 3, wigwam accommodations, 5 miles from downtown New Orleans, LA on U.S. highways 51, 61 and 71; facilities included wigwam sleeping units, a restaurant and cocktail lounge, Esso service station, and, souvenir sales; went out of business in 1954 (2); current disposition not known; more information needed.
		Wigwam Village No. 4, wigwam accommodations; Orlando, FL, at the confluence of routes US 441, US 17 and US 92; Thirty-one modern Teepees with accomodations for parties of 1, 2, 3 or 4 people.
		Wigwam Village No. 7, wigwam accommodations; Rialto, CA, on old route 66, last franchise in Frank Redford's Wigwam Village chain, and acutally built by Frank Redford(1), postcard image courtesy of DinerDon.
	www.dreamscape.com /dbporter/wigwam_nation.htm (2408 words)

	[No title]
		For such operations, the programmer supplies a time limit, with attributes BINARY FIXED(31,0), which specifies, in tenths of a second, the maximum length of time the subprogram is to wait for the operation to complete.
		There are three distinct operations that can be performed by this subprogram, and these are described below: (A) CONNECT By initiating this operation, the user requests that the specified local socket be logically connected to the specified foreign socket, and that data transfer between the two sockets be enabled.
		After completion of this operation, data may be transferred to or from the local socket, depending on its gender.
	wigwam.sztaki.hu /rfc/?120 (3228 words)

	U.S. NUCLEAR TESTING FROM PROJECT TRINITY TO THE PLOWSHARE PROGRAM
		Among the other activities, the operational helicopter tests performed by the Marine Corps were designed to investigate the capability of helicopters and their crews to withstand a nuclear burst and its effects (11: 1).
		Operation WIGWAM consisted of only one nuclear detonation, a deep underwater test conducted in the Pacific Ocean approximately 500 miles southwest of San Diego, California.
		Operation DOMINIC I was conducted with four primary objectives: to develop nuclear weapons (the 29 airdrops); to study the effects of nuclear detonations (the five high-altitude bursts); to test the Polaris weapon system (the FRIGATE BIRD event); and to test the Navy nuclear antisubmarine rocket (Shot SWORDFISH) (23: 1).
	www.cddc.vt.edu /host/atomic/atmosphr/ustests.html (14210 words)

	NUCLEAR
		OPERATION IVY 1952
		OPERATION CASTLE 1954
		OPERATION REDWING 1956
	www.usscurtissav4.com /NUCLEAR.html (214 words)

	The Wigwam That Kept Nobody Safe - Thomas D. Segel - MensNewsDaily.com·
		He claims that even today, most of the Operation Wigwam survivors are not speaking out about their involvement in the test.
		Ritter's research found that the radiation standards set for the operation allowed exposure ten times the amount of radiation considered, at that time, to be safe for the public.
		It has now been more than 49 years since Operation Wigwam and it was but one of 1066 United States sponsored atomic detonations participated in by the military personnel of this country.
	www.mensnewsdaily.com /archive/s/segel/2004/segel060304.htm (1511 words)

	From: Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
		She operated as a merchant cargo carrier until placed in the National Defense Reserve Fleet in Suisun Bay, Calif., 24 June 1948.
		On 2 June 1952 she was transferred by the Maritime Administration to the custody of the Navy at Suisun Bay.
		George Eastman has operated as a research ship between the Hawaiian sea frontier and the equatorial area of the mid-Pacific, providing valuable support for various scientific research and defense projects of the Department of Defense.
	www.hazegray.org /danfs/yard/yag39.htm (801 words)

	My Old Ship
		In March and April of 1955, while operating from her home-port of Long Beach, California, she participated in operation Wigwam (an underwater atomic test) off the coast of California, during which her performance was commended in the reports of Commander Task Unit 7.3.3.
		Operating out of the Philippines, she conducted AAW and ASW exercises with HANCOCK, after which she rejoined the Taiwan Patrol in June.
		While operating off Vietnam she excelled again at gun fire support, operated at PIRAZ station, and was the blockade ship off of Cambodia for 30 days.One period she and her crew were at sea for 60 days, testiment to a strong ship and crew.
	myweb.cableone.net /jbobier/myship.html (2464 words)

	[No title]
		I'd like to go back to Operation Crossroads now, and just give you a brief overview of some of the work that I was personally involved with.
		I'd like just maybe to summarize, saying that based on my personal experience and study of Operation Crossroads, I firmly believe we were placed in harms way, and that we were considered expendable if that was the outcome, in order to get the job done.
		GUTTMAN: Just to be clear, when they gave the test the answer to that question was, the correct answer was false, but the correct answer according to the Army in 1951, some of the ships, the tests had to be sunk because they were too radioactive to be used again was false.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/radiation/dir/mstreet/commeet/meet10/trnsc10b.txt (14540 words)

	Gallery of U.S. Nuclear Tests
		During this period test series were grand operations, involving huge numbers of people, and each often with a set of clear objectives.
		During this period, nuclear tests were conducted in groups known as "operations" or "test series", each series was a distinct operation that was organized and carried out independently of other operations.
		Operation Roller Coaster, four zero-yield tests conducted jointly by the US and UK at Nellis Air Force Range (NAFR) between 15 May and 9 June 1963 (concurrent with Storax).
	nuclearweaponarchive.org /Usa/Tests (1820 words)

	America's Atomic Bomb Tests
		All of the tapes have been digitally re-mastered and are in their original, uncut form as released by the government.
		Operation Tumbler-Snapper tested small yield weapons, the type that could be carried and launched by tactical fighters.
		Operation Buster-Jangle tested the innovative, compact-sized Mark 7 nuclear bomb, a bomb that would soon be carried by the smaller aircraft.
	www.usfs.com /atomic_video_descriptions.html (1039 words)

	Wigwam
		Wigwam has support for using versions of a package that are installed on the system, not in a playpen.
		Note that in Wigwam, we recommend using all-capital names for environment variables and all-lowercase names for sh-variables which are not exported.
		Wigwam can help manage the compile and install phases for C or java code within your project as well.
	www.wigwam-framework.org /doc/wigwam.html (9672 words)

	History of Ships and Navy/ CVL-49 USS Wright (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Three days later, Wright put to sea with two British destroyers actingas her plane guard for NATO Operation "Mainbrace." She conductedair defense maneuvers and tactics evolutions with the British carriers HMSIllustrious (R-87) and HMS Eagle (R-05) en route to Rotterdam, Holland,where the force arrived on the 25th.
		A portion of the former hangar deck space was utilizedfor special command spaces and the extensive electronics equipment requiredwhile a major portion of the flight deck was utilized for specially designedcommunications antenna arrays.
		She operated primarily off the Virginia capes, but ranged as farnorth as Bar Harbor, Maine, and as far south as Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,and Punta del Este, Uruguay.
	www.multied.com /1812/Ghent.htmlhttp://elections/Navy/CVL49Wright.html (1464 words)

	[No title]
		Discusses in part Operation WIGWAM and its effects on a sailor named Tom McCarthy of the U.S Mount McKinley the first witness at this hearing is Joan McCarthy, Tom's widow.
		Operation Wigwam: the story of California's secret nuclear war can now be told.
		Operation Wigwam: special report to honorable Mayor and City Council from the Quality of Life Board, City of San Diego (1980).
	www.ienearth.org /wigwam.html (705 words)

	Richard D. Mugg, Captain, United States Navy
		During the Korean War he was operations officer of the heavy cruiser Bremerton, and participated in operations off the bombline, Wonsan Harbor and other coastal areas of North Korea.
		While in command of the destroyer he participated in Formosa Patrol, in evacuation of Chinese Nationalists from the Tachen Islands off the coast of Communist China, and in Operation Wigwam, which was the underwater test of a nuclear depth charge off the southwest coast of the United States.
		This operation was the first and only live test of a ballistic missile (Polaris) equipped with a nuclear warhead.
	www.arlingtoncemetery.net /rdmugg.htm (780 words)

	Atomic Veteran: Leroy Peffer, Operation Castle, Wigwam, Redwing, Hardtack.
		I was on the U.S.S.Curtiss A.V.4 for Operations Castle 1954, Wigwam 1955, Redwing 1956.
		At the Operation Wigwam, we were close enough, I think it was Wigwam, I had my hat blown off by the concussion.
		After Operation Redwing, the Curtiss came back and the AEC decided they didn't want her any more so we put the Curtiss out of commission in Long Beach, Washington.
	www.aracnet.com /~pdxavets/peffer.htm (2196 words)

	Moving Image Collection, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Operation Ivy was one of the postwar Pacific atomic tests conducted by the United States.
		Operation Castle was one of the Pacific atomic tests conducted by the United States.
		The symposium was held at Sumner Auditorium at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography on October 11, 1996.
	scilib.ucsd.edu /sio/archives/guides/film.html (13475 words)

	DOE - NNSA/NSO -- Historical Test Films
		Operation Hardtack - Military Effects Studies Part 3 (cont.)
		Operation Argus - Report to Chief, AFSWP to ARPA
		Operation Dominic Christmas Island and Operation Dominic Scientific
	www.nv.doe.gov /library/films/testfilms.aspx (145 words)

	Comstock (LSD-19) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		After calling at Yokosuka, Japan, she returned to San Francisco 17 June and alternated local operations on the west coast with six brief tours of duty in the western Pacific until the outbreak of the Korean war.
		In January 1951 she was assigned as flagship for Mine Squadron 3, and furnished gunfire cover and logistic support during minesweeping operations along the east coast of Korea.
		On her next tour to the Far East, she sailed from Yokosuka 14 August 1954 as part of the task force engaged in Operation "Passage to Freedom," the evacuation of Indo-Chinese civilians from Haiphong in Communist North Vietnam.
	www.hazegray.org /danfs/amphib/lsd19.htm (481 words)

	coldwar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The test in WIGWAM was a 30 kiloton nuclear device suspended by a cable 2000 feet deep.
		The purpose of the test was to learn what effects an undersea nuclear explosion would have on underwater and surface vessels (and their personnel).
		Read about "Operation WIGWAM" and the effect on one crew member's health and family.
	home.att.net /~dd748/coldwar.htm (314 words)

	USN Ships--USS Wright (CVL-49)
		She operated in the Far East with the Seventh Fleet, carrying a Marine Corps attack squadron, during May-October 1954.
		The next year she participated in the nuclear weapons test Operation "Wigwam", then began inactivation preparations.
		Operating on training duty, with six SNJ "Texan" aircraft on deck lined up for takeoff, circa the later 1940s or early 1950s.
	www.history.navy.mil /photos/sh-usn/usnsh-w/cvl49.htm (554 words)

	Nuclear Testing and the U.S. Navy
		He witnessed seven of the first eight nuclear bomb explosions; and served as the bomb commander and weaponeer during the Enola Gay's mission to bomb Hiroshima, when he performed the final assembly of the "Little Boy" nuclear weapon in the aircraft's bomb bay.
		Delgado, James P. The Archeology of the Atomic Bomb: A Submerged Cultural Resources Assessment of the Sunken Fleet of Operation Crossroads at Bikini and Kwajalein Atoll Lagoons, Republic of the Marshall Islands.
		The volumes are available for examination in many US Government Depository libraries, and can be purchased from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield,VA 22161.
	www.history.navy.mil /faqs/faq4-1.htm (1541 words)

	U.S. Navy - A Brief History of Aircraft Carriers - USS Wright (CVL 49)
		At that point, Wright was attached to CarDiv 17, Pacific Fleet, and operated locally out of San Diego until 3 May 1955, when she put to sea as part of TG 7.3, formed around the flagship USS Mount McKinley (AGC-27), for the atomic test, Operation Wigwam, carried out in Pacific waters.
		A portion of the former hangar deck space was utilized for special command spaces and the extensive electronics equipment required, while a major portion of the flight deck was utilized for specially designed communications antenna arrays.
		She operated primarily off the Virginia capes, but ranged as far north as Bar Harbor, Maine, and as far south as Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Punta del Este, Uruguay.
	www.chinfo.navy.mil /navpalib/ships/carriers/histories/cv49-wright/cv49-wright.html (1653 words)

	OPERATION WIGWAM & PROJECT 56 - 1955 : 1956
		OPERATION WIGWAM and PROJECT 56 - 1955 : 1956
		Nearly all personnel were issued film badges to measure radiation exposure, and some 10,000 badges were processed.
		Click here for a big view of Wigwam (87 K)
	www.radiochemistry.org /history/nuke_tests/wigwam/index.html (526 words)

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