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Topic: Operational art

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	Operational Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Operational art is the use of military forces to achieve strategic goals through the design, organization, integration, and conduct of strategies, campaigns, major operations, and battles.
		Operational art is characterized by the following fundamental elements: Synergy, simultaneity and depth, anticipation, balance, leverage, timing and tempo, operational reach and approach, forces and functions, arranging operations, centers of gravity, direct vs. indirect approach, decisive points, culmination and, finally, termination.
		Operational reach and approach discusses the range in which the joint force can prudently operate or maintain effective operations, emphasizing that basing, in the broadest sense, is an indispensable foundation of joint operational art.
	www.au.af.mil /au/awc/awcgate/opart/opart-jrm.htm (4277 words)

	Redefining Operational Art: Continuing The Reform
		Operational art is one of the three components of what the Soviets called "military art" - the other two being strategy and tactics.
		"Operational level of war" apparently doesn't appear in Soviet doctrine, but since Soviet doctrine, especially regarding the operational art, is written for "officers and generals of the Soviet Army," it is a fair assumption that American analysts of Soviet doctrine would agree that the concept does exist.
		Although "operational level of war" was not a part of their lexicon, the Germans felt that the "operational art" at what we call the operational level of war was teachable.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1992/GJD.htm (5729 words)

	Red Army Studies, Article 2306030 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The term "operational art," or "operativnoe iskusstvo" in the original Russian, generally has its roots during the development of military theory in the Soviet Union during the 1920s.
		Tactics and administration are the material of operational art and the success of the development of an operation depends on both the successful solution of individual tactical problems by the forces and the provision of all the material they need to conduct an operation without interruption until the ultimate goal is achieved.
		Operational art also dictates the basic line of conduct of an operation, depending on the material available, the forces which may be deployed for battle on a certain front, and finally on the nature of the operation itself.
	www.redarmystudies.net /2306030.htm (1149 words)

	The Operational Art of War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Operational Art of War (TOAW) is a series of computer wargames noted for their scope, detail, and flexibility in recreating, at an operational level, the major land battles of the 20th century.
		The basic appearance of the game is the traditional view onto a hexagonal grid, although the player may choose a map-like overhead view with military symbols for the units, or an isometric view that depicts the units with small pictures of soldiers, tanks, etc. Gameplay is turn-based.
		The scale of the game is variable, with distances ranging from 2.5km per hex to 50km per hex, and each turn simulating from 1/2 day to 1 week of time, but is fundamentally "operational", focusing on battalion, division, and corps combat.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Operational_Art_of_War (239 words)

	Red Army Studies, Primers: A Suggestion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Operational art demands imagination and creativity from the commander as well as a secure knowledge in the fundamentals of this branch of military art.
		But, in order for a commander to become an operational artist, one must be thoroughly grounded in the fundamentals of operational art to the point of reflexive knowledge - and this only comes about through continuous study and practice.
		Because the operational level bridged the gap that existed between tactical means and strategic goals, its influence is wide-ranging, since it directly links with strategy and tactics.
	www.redarmystudies.net /books01.htm (583 words)

	jp502
		The use of the principles of operations lays the foundation of the campaign, but the true distinctiveness of each campaign is defined through the use and style in applying the various fundamental elements of operational art to the planning process.
		Operational art translates the joint force commander’s strategy into operational design and, ultimately, tactical action, by integrating key activities at all levels of war.
		JFCs plan and conduct operations in a manner that synchronizes the effects of operations, so that the maximum benefit of their contributions is exerted on the opponent at the desired time.
	homepage.mac.com /millhouse/ACSC/jp502.html (2201 words)

	Norm Koger's Operational Art of War, CW Page
		The Military Art: The theory and practice of combat.
		The Operational Scale: A view of the battlefield on a scale just exceeding that at which differing ranges of various direct fire weapons are significant.
		The Operational Art: The theory and practice of combat on an operational scale.
	home.austin.rr.com /normkoger/toaw_cw.html (307 words)

	Operational Art and Aircraft Runway Requirements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		While it may not always be fully appreciated, the exercise of operational art is not confined to the movement of ground and naval forces.
		Operational art also involves the use of air bases to move air power so aircraft-especially fighter/attack aircraft-can fly enough effective sorties when and where they are needed to help win a campaign.
		By examining the importance of air bases to the exercise of operational art, this article will show why aircraft runway requirements are the key to the availability and operability of air bases during a campaign.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/apj/apj88/bingham.html (6936 words)

	Foreign Military Studies Office Publications - Mass, Mobility, And The Red Army's Road To Operational Art 1918-1936 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The emergence of operational art as a specific topic of study within the Red Army coincided with the end of the Civil War, the introduction of the New Economic Policy at home, and the recognition of a temporary restablization of capitalist system.
		The problem of studying operational art was left to a newly established "chair" at the Military Academy, named "Conduct of the operation." This chair, which was founded in 1924, immediately took on the problem of studying the conduct of operations during World War I and the Civil War.
		The Amien Operation was noteworthy for both the achievement of surprise and the mass employment of armor and aviation to achieve a breakthrough.
	www.au.af.mil /au/awc/awcgate/fmso/kipp.htm (13425 words)

	Returning to the Operational Art? - The Canadian Forces Joint Operations Group
		Having reviewed a great deal of the seemingly infinite literature, I would argue that the operational level is what binds the tactical to the strategic, in the sense that operational warfare consists of the stringing together of a series of tactical successes in order to achieve a strategic end state.
		Canada’s operational history suffered a decade and a half of unwarranted criticism and insult as politically motivated “historians” buried their grief with the present day senior command and control in distorted presentations of our military past.
		Regardless, joint operations, a critical aspect of operational level warfare in the modern day, must be embraced if the CF is to make a difference in today’s defence of Canadian sovereignty.
	www.cda-cdai.ca /symposia/2002/godefroy.htm (2075 words)

	Canadian Journal of History: Operational Art: Developments in the Theories of War, The (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Operational art spans this gap and provides a valuable tool for generals and planners as well as students in their analysis of large unit operations.
		Since the Russians played the key intellectual role, two essays (Jacob Kipp, "Two Views of Warsaw: The Russian Civil War and Soviet Operational Art, 1920-1932" and David M. Glantz, "The Intellectual Dimension of Soviet (Russian) Operational Art") are devoted to this aspect.
		All of these articles are well-researched and are contributions to scholarship but Meyer's essay on the elder Moltke would have benefited from editing (to eliminate some redundancy) and Decup's is a survey of the French operations in Indo-China and Algeria rather than a study of the operational art.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_199904/ai_n8829947 (533 words)

	[No title]
		\par \par JFCs plan and conduct operations in a manner that synchronizes the effects of operations so that the maximum benefit of their contributions are felt by the opponent at the desired time.
		Basing thus plays a vital role in determining the }{\b\fs24\expnd0\expndtw0\cf0 operational approach}{\fs24\expnd0\expndtw0\cf0, which may be conceived of in terms of lines of operation.
		\par \par }{\b\fs24\expnd0\expndtw0\cf0 Operational reach and approach}{\fs24\expnd0\expndtw0\cf0 discusses the range in which the joint force can prudently operate or maintain effective operations, emphasizing that basing, in the broadest sense, is an indispensable foundation of joint operational art.
	www.dtic.mil /doctrine/jrm/opart.doc (4646 words)

	The Operational Art of War, Vol. 1 for PC Review - PC The Operational Art of War, Vol. 1 Review
		The Operational Art of War is a class act all the way, offering almost every feature a wargamer could want.
		The Operational Art of War is a dream project of designer Norm Koger, whose resume includes such great computer wargames as Tanks, Age of Rifles, Conflict: Korea, and Conflict: Middle East.
		The only feature of The Operational Art of War that is really missed is a full order-of-battle menu to allow you to view your entire force at a glance; scrolling through each unit is a bit time consuming.
	www.gamespot.com /pc/strategy/operationalartofwarvol1/review.html (1030 words)

	Operational art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Operational art is usuallycarried out under the tenets of either attrition warfare theory or maneuver warfare theory.
		FM 100-5 is the doctrine ofoperational art for the US Army.
		Although it and its defenders claim that it is basedon the ideals of maneuver warfare theory, critics, such as Robert Leonhard and Col. Boyd, have charged that it is an work of attrition theory.
	www.therfcc.org /operational-art-10429.html (230 words)

	Planning to Win: A Study in Strategy and Operational Art
		Operational environment research includes prior knowledge brought to planning at its inception and thus logically begins the process.
		Every operation at the tactical level should be connected to the conflict’s strategic objectives by a clear chain of logic.
		The entire gamut of psychological and information operations should be used in conjunction with force application for maximum synergistic effect, and force application should be tailored to have maximum psychological impact.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/cc/hunerwadel.html (8785 words)

	NapoleonGames.com: Games by Operational Studies Group.
		Our focus is on the Operational Level, which is midway between Strategy (the overall war aims of a nation) and tactics (action on the battlefield).
		The goal of operations in the Napoleonic era was to achieve a predominance of force on the chosen battlefield and to insure the battle occurred most advantageously.
		Napoleon was predominantly the master of the operational art, and it was at this level that most of his victories were ensured.
	www.napoleongames.com (369 words)

	Greenwood Publishing Group I1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This work considers the modern antecedants and evolution of the "operational art" in military thought and practice in both peace and wartime.
		A comparative framework allows the treatment of the overall theme by examining the concept of the "operational art" in the context of different nationalities, different military organizations, and different societies.
		"Operational art...provides a valuable tool for generals and planners as well as students in their analysis of large unit operations....This collection of ten essays by recognized authorites offers an excellent introduction not just to the historical background of operational art but also to the development of doctrine based on this new concept."
	info.greenwood.com /books/0275953/027595305x.html (344 words)

	VideoGames : Xplosiv Triple Pack: Chickamauga/Battle of Britain/Operational Art of War II
		The Operational Art of War II is an operational level, turn-by-turn combat war game.
		You can control a number of operational units in modern warfare, from 1956-2000, including most notably Vietnam and the war in the Gulf.
		Art of War is probably one of the worst games I've played in a long time.
	www.buyngo.co.uk /buy/more/B000059Y32 (605 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Battle of Okinawa, code-named Operation Iceberg, and the landings at Inchon, code-named Operation Chromite, highlight the enormous potential of joint operations.
		Although there were many varied reasons, the main deterrent to a continued healthy focus on the importance of joint operational art was U.S. eagerness to treat strategic nuclear bombing as the end-all, be-all strategy to deter or, if necessary, win future conventional and nuclear wars.
		Each facet of NCW has direct correlation to principles of joint operational art and serves only to evolve the state of the art.
	www.military.com /NewContent/0,13190,NI_Joint,00.html (2591 words)

	Military.com Content (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Goldwater-Nichols Reorganization Act of 1986 was not the birth of jointness and joint operational art; it was its rebirth.
		These complex joint operations were not regarded as novel in 1950; they were well tested and proven by the end of World War II.
		As stated in the seminal work on NCW: "To reach its full potential, Network Centric Warfare must be deeply rooted in operational art."22 The "fog and friction" of war are as prevalent today as they were in Carl von Clausewitz's time, but NCW shows promise in advancing joint operational art.
	www.military.com /Content/MoreContent1?file=NI_Joint (2591 words)

	The Operational Art of Computer Intrusion
		Operational tempo is strongly affected by the Boyle cycle, the cycle of observation, analysis, decision, and action that underlies effective military operations.
		The Internet’s infrastructure is neither technically nor politically fitted for the types of information gathering that would facilitate useful intelligence at a corporate or organizational level.
		to help alleviate the disparity of operational tempo in computer intrusion is the concept of layered, hardened defenses.
	www.kickidle.com /articles/warfare.htm (2175 words)

	ipedia.com: Operational art Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Its defenders see it as a "top to bottom" approach, as battles serve campaignss, campaigns serve wars, and wars serve broad political and economic objectives.
		Although it and its defenders claim that it is based on the ideals of maneuver warfare theory, critics, such as Robert Leonhard and Col. Boyd, have charged that it is an work of attrition theory.
		Most agree, however, that the later versions of it are based more on maneuver warfare theory then the earlier versions.
	www.ipedia.com /operational_art.html (290 words)

	GameOver - Operational Art of War - Volume I (c) TalonSoft
		In a flurry of releases today I get stuck with The Operational Art of War Volume 1.
		However, in comparison to the rest of the war strategy genre which could be rendered on a Lite-Brite, The Operational Art of War is a small step up.
		Those uninteresting, repetitive and annoying the booms of cannons and machine gun fire are about the only excitement you will get from this game.
	www.game-over.net /review/june/opwar (570 words)

	Strategy Gaming Online Downloads: Demos: The Operational Art of War, Vol. 1
		Norm Koger has joined TalonSoft to create the wargame of his dreams, The Operational Art of War.
		His tools, unmatched flexibility, complete scenario editing system, and state of the art graphics, combined with a variable game scale, will prove to be the greatest achievement of his career!
		The Operational Art of War, Volume 1 gives the user the ability to create virtually any battle of any war that occurred between 1939 and 1955.
	www.strategy-gaming.com /downloads/demos/wargames/taow_vol1.shtml (136 words)

	IGN: Operational Art of War II: Modern Battles 1956-2000
		Operational Art of War II: Modern Battles 1956-2000
		Operational Art of War II: Modern Battles 1956-2000 - September 16, 1999
		Designer of the critically acclaimed Operational Art of War series comes back to TalonSoft.
	pc.ign.com /objects/012/012999.html (259 words)

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