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Topic: Opercula

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	Antiquity, Project Gallery: Leavesley & Chappell
		Opercula do not stay attached to their parent shell for long after the shellfish has died suggesting that the shellfish was highly likely to have been alive when it was brought to the site.
		The presence of the opercula suggests that the shellfish and opercula were removed from the shell within the cave.
		The presence of opercula in the deposit also reduces the likelihood of 'old shell' being brought to the cave with the first human inhabits.
	antiquity.ac.uk /ProjGall/leavesley (1250 words)

	Insular cortex - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		731– The insula of the left side, exposed by removing the opercula.
		It lies deep to the brain's lateral surface, within the lateral sulcus which separates the temporal lobe and inferior parietal cortex.
		These overlying cortical areas are known as opercula (meaning "lids"), and parts of the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes form opercula over the insula.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Insular_cortex (554 words)

	Article Figures and Tables
		Lower: The insula is exposed, following excision of the opercula, to the level of the periinsular sulci.
		The insula and its relationships to the frontoorbital and frontoparietal opercula are shown.
		Following application of the fiber dissection technique, the superior longitudinal fasciculus (slf) is revealed and the frontoorbital, frontoparietal, and temporal opercula, which cover the insula, are preserved.
	www.thejns-net.org /jns/issues/v90n4/fig_tab/n0900720_f6.html (688 words)

	Opercula associated with failures of tooth eruption (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		This project was initiated, when a series of biopsies of soft tissue (opercula) covering retained permanent molars uniformly displayed structural alterations that are variably referred to as "odontogenic giant cell fibromatosis", "calcifying hyperplastic dental follicles", "pericoronal myxofibrous hyperplasia", or "infantile ameloblastic fibromatosis".
		However, the structural alterations have not been precisely characterized so far, and neither is it clear, whether they are indeed responsible for the failure of tooth eruption.
		Therefore, the aim of our project was to compare opercula over retained and normally erupting teeth at the light microscopic and ultrastructural level.
	www.research-projects.unizh.ch /p2247.htm (235 words)

	What is Koi or Fish Osmosis and Osmoregulation
		Koi have two opercula, one on either side of the head, protecting the delicate contents of the gill chamber.
		The opercula, when used as a pair, are flexed to produce a unidirectional flow of water through the mouth, leaving at the rear opening of the opercula.
		When this action is used in conjunction with the fish's mouth opening and closing, the opercula act as a pair of bellows but in reverse, sucking oxygenated water across the gills.
	www.pond-doctor.co.uk /longatozO.html (1619 words)

	MBG: Research: Asia: Moss Flora of China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Opercula falling with attached columella; calyptrae covering only part of opercula.
		Opercula falling without columella; calyptrae covering opercula and part of urn.
		The genus can be distinguished from the closely related Schistidium by the following characters: 1) opercula falling free from columella; 2) calyptrae small, smooth, covering opercula and part of the urn; 3) annuli present in most species; and 4) setae mostly longer than the urn.
	www.mobot.org /MOBOT/Moss/China/sample.shtml (1109 words)

	CONCH-L archives -- April 2001, week 5 (#38)
		Similar sized opercula of other species have been used far less for the same purpose, although I have seen rings and pendants made out of the peculiarly pustulated operculum of the South African Turbo sarmaticus.
		The path is 11 opercula wide, with the smooth convex sides of the opercula laying upwards, and is bordered at both sides by an additional operculum placed up right in the ground.
		This makes the path 13 opercula wide and at least 35 opercula long (the end of the path is not visible on the photograph), which means that at least 455 opercula had been used.
	www.listserv.uga.edu /cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0104e&L=conch-l&F=&S=&P=3755 (469 words)

	Master Planners In Brain May Coordinate Other Areas' Roles In Cognitive Tasks
		The cingulate is found near the midline of the top of the brain; the opercula are at the base of the brain in both the left and right hemispheres.
		Although many of the tasks in the eight studies were language-related (reading a word or naming verbs associated with a given noun, such as "bark" for "dog"), some were not.
		Petersen and his colleagues plan follow-up studies to further understand the roles of the cingulate and the opercula in creating task sets and to see if these regions have similar roles in children of various ages.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=44352 (927 words)

	Key to Cicada Genera
		In temperate North American cicada adults hind legs are not enlarged; fore wings are usually entirely transparent; the greater part of their hind wings are not folded (only an anal and 1 jugal fold); and their mouth parts are beak-like.
		Opercula lacking or tiny in both sexes; costal margin of forewings thickened top to bottom and bowed in both sexes; timbals absent in males; sounds produced by clacking wings in both sexes
		Opercula present and obvious in both sexes, smaller in females; costal margin of forewings not thickened top to bottom and not bowed in both sexes (except in Clidophleps, see Couplet #5); timbals present (covered, or partly or entirely exposed) in males
	buzz.ifas.ufl.edu /c700kg.htm (917 words)

	Onycha
		The operculum is the "lid" that all these types of molluscs secrete over their shell opening in order to seal themselves in during dry periods.
		It is important not to overheat and burn the opercula.
		The active ingredient is drawn into the oil which is used as the incense ingredient, and the residue as a fixative.
	www.panspantry.co.uk /onycha.html (702 words)

	Operculum research; morphology, structure, purpose. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		opercula even change from spiral to concentric during its growth.
		Lamarck and N. stercusmuscarum Gmelin, it is the labial mantle margin and not an epithelial flap
		The varnish (or shiny) layer is of an unknown substance.
	www.nansaidh.us /operc/research2.htm (268 words)

	Operculata
		The use of opercula of Turban shells (Turbo) has been dealt with already in part 3 of this series (Conch L Net, 30 April, 2001).
		It was mainly dealing with the local exploitation of a by-product of the pearl button industry on Sumatera, Indonesia: the use of the large and heavy opercula of Turbo marmoratus for paving a garden path.
		I remembered that Dr.Donald Bosch had mentioned in a talk at COA that although shell collecting is not permitted in Oman, thousands of shells are collected for their opercula for use in incense, and that they are readily found in the markets.
	www.manandmollusc.net /operculum_paul.html (2075 words)

	Arch Ophthalmol -- Abstract: Immunocytochemical Characterization of Macular Hole Opercula, February 2001, Ezra et al. ...
		Arch Ophthalmol -- Abstract: Immunocytochemical Characterization of Macular Hole Opercula, February 2001, Ezra et al.
		Methods Opercula were collected from eyes undergoing vitrectomy
		opercula containing more than 5 photoreceptors were associated
	archopht.ama-assn.org /cgi/content/abstract/119/2/223 (225 words)

	Molluscan Pictures Forums - "Human uses of opercula" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		opercula wide, with the smooth convex sides of the opercula laying upwards,
		The opercula were a byproduct of the local
		This is the second part devoted to the use of calcareous opercula.
	www.molluscan.com /forum/htdocs/dcforum/DCForumID1/87.html (1520 words)

	Structure of Soft Tissues over Human Molars Showing Normal and Delayed Eruption (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Objectives: Although delayed eruption of human permanent molars has been attributed to pathologic soft tissue alterations referred to as hyperplastic dental follicle, morphologic comparisons of such pathologic specimens with tissues (opercula) covering normally erupting teeth are scant.
		Methods: Twenty-one pathologic opercula over first and second molars with delayed eruption were collected from 14 patients (mean age: 12 yr; range 7-18 yr), while the control material included 6 opercula over normally erupting molars collected with informed consent from 5 patients (12; 7-17 yr).
		Although pathologic opercula were thicker than control specimens, the difference was not significant statistically (p>0.1).
	iadr.confex.com /iadr/2003Goteborg/techprogram/abstract_37256.htm (353 words)

	The opercula of neritopsid gastropods and their phylogenetic importance -- Kaim and Sztajner, 10.1093/mollus/eyi029 -- ...
		The opercula of neritopsid gastropods and their phylogenetic importance -- Kaim and Sztajner, 10.1093/mollus/eyi029 -- Journal of Molluscan Studies
		The opercula of neritopsid gastropods and their phylogenetic importance
		opercula were already present in the Late Triassic.
	mollus.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/short/eyi029v1 (199 words)

	Molluscan Pictures Forums - "Pleurotomaria's opercula" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		I notice that the opercula are very different from those I previously bought.
		I guess a lot of the Pleurotomaria sold with opercula are actually opercula of other species (probably some Trochus species).
		This is unfortunately a very common practise in the PI too and also probably the behaviour of lots of people.With some experience in observing self collected specimens, it is very possible to improve improve our spotting of such "forgeries" The site dedicated to shells and opercula might help.
	www.molluscan.com /forum/htdocs/dcforum/DCForumID12/45.html (455 words)

	ScienceDaily: Bio-archaeologists Pinpoint Oldest Northern European Human Activity
		After members of the international team used stratigraphy to indicate the likely age of the flints, the York scientists were called in to confirm the antiquity of the artefacts using a newly-refined technique of amino acid analysis.
		The technique measures the extent of deterioration of proteins in fossils found close to the flints - in this case, opercula, the tiny trap-doors that close a snail's shell.
		The results of the research are published in the latest edition of Nature today (Thursday 15 December 2005).
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/12/051218112650.htm (1722 words)

	Marine & Ocean Science ePrints Archive @ Plymouth - Remarks on the reversible asymmetry in the opercula of the ...
		Marine and Ocean Science ePrints Archive @ Plymouth - Remarks on the reversible asymmetry in the opercula of the polychaete hydroides
		Remarks on the reversible asymmetry in the opercula of the polychaete hydroides
		Okada, Y.K. Remarks on the reversible asymmetry in the opercula of the polychaete hydroides.
	sabella.mba.ac.uk /799 (81 words)

	CONCH-L archives -- April 2001, week 5
		Human uses of opercula - 2 (3 messages)
		Human uses of opercula - 2 (151 lines)
		Human uses of opercula - 3 (180 lines)
	www.listserv.uga.edu /cgi-bin/wa?A1=ind0104e&L=conch-l (199 words)

	Passiflora pollen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		A short study by Fabiola Areces under the supervision of Dr. Joan W. Nowicke at The Smithsonian Institution found that,
		Pollen could be interpreted as 3-colpate with very large ovate opercula, has free columellae in lumina, a massive endexine and lacks foot layer.
		Pollen of Adenia hastata is thin walled, 5-6 zonocolpate, and lacks opercula, Pollen of Tetrapathaea tetranda is thin walled, 3-colpate with strap-shaped opercula, lacks free columellae, has prominent endexine only under aperture and has a foot layer.
	www.passionflow.co.uk /sub2213.htm (210 words)

	New Species of Ammonite Opercula From the Mesozoic Rocks of Cuba - O'CONNELL,M. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		New Species of Ammonite Opercula From the Mesozoic Rocks of Cuba - O'CONNELL,M. Search Antiqbook
		O'CONNELL,M. New Species of Ammonite Opercula From the Mesozoic Rocks of Cuba
		They offer full satisfaction and normal prices - no markups, no hidden costs, no overcharged shipping costs.
	www.antiqbook.com /boox/mikesh/O1364-7573.shtml (72 words)

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