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	Operculum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The operculum (plural : opercula or operculums) of gastropods is a corneous plate at the opening of the shell, attached dorsally to the foot.
		The operculum in fish is the hard bony flap covering the gills.
		The operculum is part of the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe in the brain.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Operculum (371 words)

	* Operculum - (Aquarium): Definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		A pair of fins on the ventral surface; inserted on either side of the midline, anterior to the anal fin...
		Cana's generally mature at approximately fist-size in diameter and are characterized by a breathing siphon, 2 sets of tentacles (1 located by the mouth and one near the eyes) and an operculum (trapdoor)...
		Sexes colored alike-silvery gold background with faint dark mottling, a dark spot at the base of the dorsal fin, a thick horizontal stripe from operculum to tail, often showing faint vertical bars, especially on the rear half of the body...
	www.bestknows.com /aquarium/operculum.html (619 words)

	Journal of Paleontology: LIFE ASSOCIATION OF SHELL AND OPERCULUM OF CERATOPEA ULRICH, 1911 (ORDOVICIAN; GASTROPODA)
		CERATOPEA Ulrich, 1911, from the Lower Ordovician of North America, Greenland, and Scotland, is one of a few gastropod genera that was established on the calcareous operculum and not the shell.
		The operculum is commonly found disassociated, and for many years the nature of the shell itself was unknown (Yochelson, 1975).
		The operculum was capable of being retracted into the aperture at least to the base of the notch on the lip and possibly further if a slit was present.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200401/ai_n9368076 (1024 words)

	Chapter Open-air <i>to</i> Ophiology of O by Webster's Dictionary (1913 Edition)
		The principal opercular bone or operculum of fishes.
		Having an operculum, or an apparatus for protecting the gills; —; said of shells and of fishes.
		Producing an operculum; — said of the foot, or part of the foot, of certain mollusks.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/3/257/1206/23500/4.html (234 words)

	ICI - Online Information article about ICI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Styl fer, the operculum is lost, animal fixed by a large proboscis which forms a pseudopallium covering the whole shell except the extremity of the spire, parasitic on all groups of Echinoderms.
		A few Euthyneura in which the shell is not much reduced retain an operculum in the adult state, e.g.
		operculum; mn, anal papilla; ry, dry, two portions of unabsorbed nutritive yolk on either side of the intestine.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /I27_INV/ICI.html (7894 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates: Bones: Dermal Bones: Opercular Series: Overview
		However, the operculum was essentially a respiratory structure, operating as part of a dual pump.
		The levator causes a dorsal rotation of the entire opercular series (operculum, subopercular and interopercular) which is applied as a posteroventrally directed force on the posterior end of the jaw via the interoperculomandibular ligament.
		During the compression phase, the operculum valve opens and the water in the buccal cavity flows over the gills, past the operculum and out of the fish.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Bones/Dermal/Opercular.html (1112 words)

	World Intellectual Property Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Preferably the operculum or vent panel is attached to the central crown ring of the aperture, either directly or by means of a plurality of centring cords extending from adjacent the outer perimeter edge of the vent panel to the crown ring, or through rings under the crown
		Alternatively, the operculum or vent panel may be contracted or gathered to one side of the aperture, and optionally axially downwards towards the interior of the balloon envelope.
		A hot air balloon according to claim 2, wherein the second control means comprises a deflation line connected to the underside of the vent panel at a plurality of arcuately spaced-apart locations on an inner periphery of the underside of the vent panel, radially spaced outwardly from the centre of the vent panel.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=01/26963.010419&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (3456 words)

	OPERCULUM FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The operculum (plural : opercula or operculums) of gastropods is a corneous plate at the opening of the shell, attached dorsally to the foot.
		The operculum is part of the inferior_frontal_gyrus of the frontal_lobe in the brain.
		One famous part of the operculum is Broca's_area which plays an important role in speech production.
	www.witwib.com /operculum (352 words)

	Morphology - Table 8c
		Small, ovoidal, or elongated with broad rounded posterior end and a convex operculum resting on "shoulders." A small "knob" may be seen on the posterior end.
		Elongated with operculum on anterior end and pointed terminal "knob" on posterior end.
		Operculum is slightly flattened and fits into shoulder area of shell.
	dpd.cdc.gov /DPDX/HTML/Frames/MorphologyTables/body_morph_table8c.htm (313 words)

	Glossary for the Bryozoa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		An ooecium which is not closed by the operculum of the maternal zooid.
		Opening in orificial wall through which the lophophore is protruded; may be uncalcified (in anascan and umbonuloid cheilostomes), or be coterminous with operculum and orifical wall in ascophorans.
		Thickened strut in cuticle of operculum, mandible or frontal membrane (Hayward and Ryland, 1998).
	www.civgeo.rmit.edu.au /bryozoa/glossary.html (5202 words)

	MACULAR HOLES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		When a patient advances in age, the vitreous, which is normally attached to the retina, tends to become detached from it, but it often remains attached to the macula (Figure 17).
		In stage I, no macular hole is visible, because the operculum remains at the level of the retina.
		In stage III, the hole has its full diameter and the operculum is not only detached and in front of the macula but also moves up or down with eye movements.
	www.macula.com /macular_holes.htm (830 words)

	Page Title (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In most cases, the operculum serves as a "trap door": when the animal withdraws completely into its shell, the operculum tightly seals the opening to the shell.
		The operculum is manufactured by the animal in much the same way as the shell, but by the foot, not the mantle.
		The operculum is first found in the late larval stage of the animal's growth, and in some groups of gastropods it is lost when the shell settles to the bottom to begin life as a crawling animal.
	home.att.net /~k.thorsson/Month1/page13.html (591 words)

	KEY TO THE GENERA OF NECROSCIINAE (Phasmida: Insecta) of New Guinea
		Operculum deep-seated navicular, crested, median distinctly and sharply carinate.
		Operculum excised or emarginate at the hind margin.
		Operculum acuminate or round at the hind margin, not tubular.
	home.planet.nl /~herwa073/phasmida/keygenne.htm (133 words)

	Operculata
		It is produced by a separate organ, the opercular disc, a pad of specialized secretory epithelial cells located right where the operculum is attached - on the posterior, dorsal aspect of the foot.
		These operculum served without doubt as shell beads, since shells were intensively used in the form of beads and pendants during the Neolithic period.
		Taxonomy of the Phylum Mollusca Voyages of the H.M. Bark Endeavour and its Replica
	www.manandmollusc.net /operculum_paul.html (2075 words)

	Description of species Beta macrocarpa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Towards maturity of the fruit the tepals either patent and not contiguous to the operculum, or tepals connivent and appressed to the operculum.
		The center of the operculum depressed, as the margins of the operculum rise up at maturity of the fruit.
		Contrasting with the elevated operculum margins is the deep groove around the operculum.
	www.fal.de /bgrc/eu9542/Taxon/maccarpa.html (360 words)

	Animal Behavior: "Groggy Goldfish" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Begin the investigation by taking the temperature reading and water operculum count of the control goldfish (20 seconds).
		When operculum count hits zero, place goldfish in a warmer place and observe reaction.
		After a discussion of hibernation, students will predict what will happen to the operculum counts when the temperature of water is lowered.
	www.iit.edu /~smile/bi9207.html (364 words)

	Kaiko (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Kaiko is the operculum of a Sea Snail.
		The operculum is a fibrous door (shown above) which seals the opening of the shell when the snail withdraws inside.
		The operculum was soaked in alcohol or vinegar and then baked to remove the odor.
	www.oller.net /kaiko.htm (422 words)

	PottAloina
		Seta 4.5--17 mm, capsule cylindric to ovoid-cylindric, erect or slightly inclined, annulus of 1--2 rows of vesiculose cells, deciduous or persistent, operculum conic to long-rostrate, erect or inclined, peristome generally long and twisted, papillose, with a basal membrane.
		Seta 7--16 mm, urn ovoid-cylindric, 1.1--3 mm; operculum conical to long rostrate, erect or inclined, 0.5--1.2 mm; peristome to 900 µm, twisted to nearly straight.
		Seta 6--17 mm, urn cylindric, 1--2 mm; operculum conic, short-rostrate, erect or inclined, 0.5--1 mm; peristome 250--900 µm, twisted.
	www.mobot.org /plantscience/BFNA/v1/PottAloina.htm (1053 words)

	#template_BFNA_ProvPubl
		3 rows somewhat vesiculose cells; operculum rostrate to conic-rostrate; peristome teeth absent or when present rudimentary, in a latticework borne on a membrane, weakly twisted, teeth to 300 µm.
		Capsule stegocarpous, exerted, short- to long-cylindric, annulus present, operculum cells in twisted rows; peristome present, fragile and often adherent to the operculum.
		The operculum is not dehiscent and the capsule bursts irregularly.
	www.mobot.org /plantscience/bfna/V1/PottPterygoneurum.htm (998 words)

	OpercularGills (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		gill septa long and support the gill filaments, gill slits present, no operculum, spiracle present with a pseudobranch
		septa may be virtually absent, gill pores present, fleshy operculum present, may or may not have spiracle with pseudobranch
		septa may be virtually absent, no gill slits, bony operculum present, may or may not have spiracle with pseudobranch
	www.sewanee.edu /biology/Berner/AnatomyQuiz/Gills/OpercularGills.html (69 words)

	Operculated
		Closed by a lid or cover, as the capsules of the mosses.
		Having an operculum, or an apparatus for protecting the gills; -- sai Operculated...
		Having an operculum, or an apparatus for protecting the gills; -- said of shells and of fishes.
	www.online-dictionary.biz /english/vocabulary/reference/Operculated.asp (54 words)

	Rhachitheciaceae
		Operculum plano-mammillate to conic-apiculate or rostrate and often oblique.
		The genus is distinguished from Rhachithecium by the absence of a central strand in the stem, more than 2 layers of abaxial cells in the costa, a smooth calyptra, a bistratose annulus, papillose spores and a flat (not conic) operculum.
		The genus is distinguished by the spathulate leaves, crenulate margins, strongly differentiated upper, thick-walled, pluripapillose, isodiametric and lower lax, thin-walled smooth laminal cells, absence of a peristome, and long rostrate operculum.
	www.oshea.demon.co.uk /tbr/rhac.htm (1674 words)

	Interaction of Gustatory and Lingual Somatosensory Perceptions at the Cortical Level in the Human: a Functional ...
		rolandic operculum, the frontal operculum and the temporal operculum.
		rolandic operculum (13 and 17%) and temporal operculum (4.7
		Activation of the rolandic operculum was symmetrical for somato-gustatory
	chemse.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/26/4/371 (6871 words)

	Marine biology - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Fishes inhabit the largest, (by volume) biome on planet earth and since they exist in a watery environment it means that very different biological functions have evolved.
		Fish anatomy includes two chamber heart, operculum, secretory cells that produce mucous, swim bladder, scales, fins, gills, lips and eyes.
		Fish breathe under water by extracting oxygen from sea water through their gills.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Marine_biology (1560 words)

	Satanoperca cf. leucosticta "Amazonas Red"; An Immediate Mouth-Brooding Demonfish from the Rio Amazonas
		They express a pattern of spots on the cheek and operculum, horizontal, wavy lines over the snout and a row or two of bright spots along the insertion of the dorsal fin.
		However, there are also fishes that find their way into the aquarium trade that exhibit significant variation in the pattern of cheek and operculum spots and lines on the snout.
		The red mouth colour and the pattern of speckles on the cheek and operculum do, however, seem very similar to a fish, reportedly from the Rio Xingu, shown on Pat Chefalo's website, The "Jurupari" Project.
	www.cichlid-forum.com /articles/sat_cf_leucosticta_amazonred.php (2684 words)

	Key to the species of section Beta
		Perianth segments erect, spongy, at maturity perianth segments patent or contiguous to the operculum.
		Perianth segments bent in fruit, contiguous to the operculum, less than 7 mm long.
		At maturity perianth segments patent or contiguous to the operculum.
	www.fal.de /bgrc/eu9542/Taxon/Beta.html (224 words)

	Macropora (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Ovicell subimmersed usually recumbent, the zooid it overlies being restricted, in many cases having no room to develop either a polypide, or orifice and operculum and thus is a kenozooid.
		The ovicell is closed by the operculum of the maternal zooid, which has two positions of closure: an upper one for the ovicell and, below this, a position for the zooid.
		Avicularia may exist, similar in size and aspect to an autozooid, but differing in their orifices that are roughly square or rectangular in shape, usually with external denticles in their distal edge and acute teeth directed downwards, not visible when the orifice is closed.
	civgeo.rmit.edu.au /bryozoa/cheilostomata/macroporidae/macropora.html (274 words)

	GLOSSARY of (Phasmida: Insecta) of New Guinea
		pointed, often used to describe the shape of an anal segment or operculum with a terminal border which has a sharp tip.
		concave, used to describe an anal segment or operculum with a the terminal border which is curved inwards.
		convex, often used to describe an anal segment, operculum or cerci with a circular terminal border.
	home.planet.nl /~herwa073/phasmida/glossary.htm (743 words)

	Gill Opening Exercise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Record the temperature as temperature in Table A. The operculum is the bond plate that covers and protects the gills in fish.
		The operculum opens and closes to allow water to move over the gills.
		As the rate of respiration increases, the operculum opens and closes at a faster rate.
	core.ecu.edu /phys/flurchickk/Lectures/NCSLP/Presentations/mathematicaEnv/fishLab.html (449 words)

	DOC TITLE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Adapted for life in driest of intertidal zones (a) reduced size means less area for evaporation (b) hard shell protects animal from falls (doesn't cling tightly) and predation (c) operculum closes body off inside shell protecting it against desiccation and predation (d) gills well supplied with blood vessels and acts as a lung.
		Has no operculum but clings tightly to rocks when disturbed and during low tides.
		Fuzzy Chiton (Acanthochiton garnoti): Herbivorous mollusc feeding on algae and sponges.
	www.wcape.school.za /subject/biology/marine/mollusc.htm (521 words)

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