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Topic: Opium Act

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	Opium and Empire in Victorian Britain
		Although opium has been imported to Britain for hundreds of years for medicinal purposes it was not until the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries that its use as a pharmaceutical panacea and exotic recreational drug became epidemic within all strata of British society.
		The huge expansion of the growing of opium in India was of course to have great implications for the availability and subsequent use of the drug by its native population.
		Opium had been used in India long before the British came to its shores, but with the imperial expansion of the traditional growing of opium into a great capitalist venture, drug addiction inevitably increased among the native population.
	www.qub.ac.uk /schools/SchoolofEnglish/imperial/india/opium.htm (1053 words)

	Opium, morphine and heroin
		The beginning of widespread opium use in China is associated with the introduction of tobacco smoking in pipes by Dutch from Java in the 17th century.
		Opium poppies were widely grown as an ornamental plant and for seeds in the United States until the possession of this plant was declared illegal in the Opium Poppy Control Act of 1942.
		Early the next morning, the opium gum is scraped from the surface of the pods with a short-handled, flat, iron blade three to four inches wide.
	opioids.com /jh (7241 words)

	Drug Policy Alliance: Opium and the British Indian Empire
		To support its general conclusion that opium was not harmful in the Indian context, the Commission relied heavily upon an analysis of the evidence developed in a separate memorandum by Sir William Roberts.
		The respondents agreed that opium use was widespread and generally moderate; that long-term users tended to find a tolerable dosage level and to maintain that without change; that moderate opium use rarely led to excessive consumption; and that its medical value to the population of India very great.
		Opium is amazingly cheap, duty included; it prolongs life after a certain age, and it can be asserted with all the force of truth and seriousness that its substitution in place of alcohol,… will bring back happiness to thousands of families in Great Britain and Ireland where there is no happiness now.
	www.drugpolicy.org /library/opium_india.cfm (5830 words)

	UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1954 Issue 3 - 001
		The opium monopoly was promulgated in India by the Opium Act of 1857(Act No. XIII of 1857); the monopoly of manufactured drugs was established by the Opium Act of 1878 (I of 1878) and the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1930 (II of 1930).
		The opium received from the cultivators is sent to the Government factories at Ghazipur or Neemuch, where it is chemically tested and prepared for export and internal consumption.
		Opium from the "Baunia" poppy gave from 9.57 to 13.44 per cent of morphine with an average of 11.13 per cent, and that from "Posti" poppy gave from 9.34 to 14.25 per cent.
	www.unodc.org /unodc/bulletin/bulletin_1954-01-01_3_page002.html (5174 words)

	frontline: drug wars: the buyers: pharmacology: opium \| PBS
		Opium is a narcotic drug that is obtained from the unripe seedpods of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), a plant of the family Papaveraceae.
		Opium is obtained by slightly incising the seed capsules of the poppy after the plant's flower petals have fallen.
		This raw opium may be ground into a powder, sold as lumps, cakes, or bricks, or treated further to obtain such derivatives as morphine, codeine, and heroin.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/buyers/pharmacology/opium.html (610 words)

	Opium Abuse Treatment
		Opium is the milky latex fluid contained in the un-ripened seed pod of the opium poppy.
		Opium is grown mainly in Myanmar (formerly Burma) and Afghanistan.
		Unlike all other laws, the opium laws in Europe were not introduced as a reaction to a social problem, but were more or less imposed by foreign countries, namely the United States, the '...barbarians of the West' for their 'extraordinary savage idea of stamping out all people who happen to disagree...
	www.drug-abuse-treatment.org /opium.htm (2496 words)

	CHINA - OPIUM
		The English fostered the addiction in China and had a virtual monopoly of the drug and blundered into war largely to defend their profits against an emperor who was struggling to stamp out the trade.
		Thus at the time of the opium War, there could have been few Englishmen who had not taken opium for relief or stimulus To set the political scene with regard to the Chinese Empire, in the 18th century, this empire was the largest and oldest in the world.
		Opium left its traces in Chinese literature, as provoker of ecstatic reveries and hallucinations, but there is no evidence of an addiction problem among the Chinese peasants or the imperial Court.
	myweb.tiscali.co.uk /kenanderson/histemp/chinaopium.html (2796 words)

	South Asia - Afghanistan Opium Report
		The opium economy is a massive source of corruption and gravely undermines the credibility of the government and its local representatives.
		There is also diversity in households' responses to shocks like elimination of opium poppy cultivation in their locality, and to which degree they are able move into alternative livelihoods, or remain dependent on opium.
		A persistent theme is the engagement of key provincial and district authorities in the opium economy, and both interdiction and eradication measures may have inadvertently contributed to key drug industry actors and their sponsors gaining tighter control over distribution and trade.
	web.worldbank.org /WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21133060~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html (1117 words)

	Get Real- Campaigning for sensible and effective drug policies
		This limited the sale of arsenic, cyanide and opium, previously sold everywhere from grocers' to pubs, to registered pharmacists; the pharmacists, in turn, were obliged to record details of their sales (date, quantity and purchaser).
		Opium users like Thomas de Quincey had long since pointed out that constant use of the drug led to serious physical cravings, tolerance of high doses and withdrawal symptoms (in opposition to much of the medical opinion of the 1820s, which saw these effects simply as over-indulgence or vice).
		Medical diagnoses like 'opium inebrity' were coined, and the urge to indulge in any form of intoxication was classified as 'moral insanity', a condition whose ultimate recourse was confinement in an asylum (Harding 1988).
	www.edprc.org /index.php?Art=legalisation&Lan=german (2662 words)

	The saying
		It is clear that the native land of poppy, from which the opium is derived, and the creator of heroin are in the western part of the world.
		The British used opium as a means to corrupt morals of others, to enjoy economic gain, and to practise the colonialism smoothly and easily on political terms.
		It was the act of the British capitalists who made poppy fields appear in the Golden Triangle region at the border of three nations Myanmar, Thailand and Laos; Golden Crescent region where the borders of the three Islamic countries Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan meet, and border areas of China.
	www.myanmar.gov.mm /Article/Article2001/Mar/March23.htm (1000 words)

	The Harrison Narcotic Act (1914)
		Its official title was "An Act to provide for the registration of, with collectors of internal revenue, and to impose a special tax upon all persons who produce, import, manufacture, compound, deal in, dispense, sell, distribute, or give away opium or coca leaves, their salts, derivatives, or preparations, and for other purposes."
		Far from appearing to be a prohibition law, the Harrison Narcotic Act on its face was merely a law for the orderly marketing of opium, morphine, heroin, end other drugs-in small quantities over the counter, and in larger Quantities on a physician's prescription.
		Opium and other narcotic drugs (including cocaine, which Congress had erroneously labeled as a narcotic in 1914) were being used by about a million people.
	www.druglibrary.org /schaffer/Library/studies/cu/cu8.html (3331 words)

	Transform : TDPF
		Opium and preparations thereof greater than 1% are included in the Pharmacy Act, aimed at regulating the supply of various drugs by pharmacists and medical professionals (though not prohibiting the use of said substances).
		The true bite of the Act was its bureaucracy and punishment structure: even minor procedural violations could result in a fine of up to $2000 and five years' imprisonment, and the burden of paperwork was significant.
		The Act was made law on the back of the claim that cannabis caused 'murder, insanity and death', connecting government policy firmly to the hysteria of 'Reefer Madnes'.
	www.tdpf.org.uk /Policy_Timeline.htm (9239 words)

	Drug_War
		The opium laws were directed at the smoking of opium.
		The Harrison Act had started as a licensing law which required sellers to obtain a license if they were going to handle opiates or cocaine.
		The people who wrote the Harrison Act and Marijuana Tax Act in 1937, agreed that a prohibition on what people could put into their bodies was an unconstitutional infringement on personal liberties.
	studyworld.com /Drug_War.htm (1373 words)

	The Narcotics Control Act, 1990
		Provided that, the provisions of this Act or the conditions of the licence not having been violated, the licence to run a laboratory, distillary or brewery may be renewed annually in exchange for fee.
		Act XIII of 1857), Opium Act, 1878 (I of 1878), Excise Act, 1909 (Ben.Act V of 1909), Dangerous Drugs Act, 1930 (II of 1930) and Opium Smoking Act, 1932 (Ben.Act X of 1932), herinafter referred to as the said Acts.
		Act V of 1909) shall be deemed the rules regarding the madak duty of this Act, and they shall remain valid, subject to the amendments required, until particular rules regarding the madak duty have been made, and the expression "abgari duty", wherever occurring, shall be read as "madak duty" unless incompatible with the context.
	www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de /workgroups/bdlaw/1990-a20.htm (5635 words)

	Cannabis Judgment (Federal Constitutional Court)
		Dealings with drugs and, in particular the act of voluntary becoming intoxicated, cannot be reckoned as part of that absolute core because of the numerous direct and indirect consequences for society.
		The approach of the Act is to subject all dealings with Cannabis products other than consumption to comprehensive state control because of the dangers to the individual and to the general public which flow from the drug and the trade in drugs.
		The Act does not cause hard drugs such as Heroin and soft drugs such as Cannabis products to be treated the same in criminal law in a way which could be considered arbitrary in the light of the differing degrees of danger posed by the drugs.
	www.iuscomp.org /gla/judgments/bverfg/v940309.htm (9607 words)

	The DrugSpot: Anniversary of the Opium Exclusion Act
		The act marked the first step in a decade-long campaign that would culminate in the enactment of national narcotics prohibition through the Harrison Act of 1914.
		One immediate consequence of the Opium Exclusion Act was a rapid shift in the drug market from smoking opium to morphine, heroin, and other drugs that were still not regulated.
		In 1926, H.L. May of the Opium Board of the League of Nations reported that opium was cheap and readily available in the Philippines, and that enforcement was lax and corrupt [4].
	drugnewsvault.blogspot.com /2006/02/anniversary-of-opium-exclusion-act.html (1996 words)

	Opium - Wikinfo
		Opium (sometimes called GOM, an acronym for "God's own medicine") is a narcotic drug, which is obtained from the unripe seed pods of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum).
		Opium smoking was often associated with immigrant Chinese communities around the world, with "opium dens" becoming notorious fixtures of many Chinatowns.
		In the 19th century, the smuggling of opium to China from India, particularly by the British, was the cause of the Opium Wars.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Opium (1960 words)

	Drug Policy Alliance: The Dutch Cannabis Debate, 1968-1976
		In 1976 the Dutch Opium Act was revised.
		The Opium Act is part of the whole of the criminal law structure of which the "expediency principle" is one of the basic underlying principles.
		The Opium Act forms an obstacle to such action; for a substance that, notwithstanding large-scale toleration on the basis of the expediency principle, remains officially prohibited can hardly in turn be regulated by means of other government instruments.
	www.drugpolicy.org /library/dekort2.cfm (5648 words)

	Opium throughtout History
		The Malwa opium was stacked so heavily that it led to heavy losses and ultimately it was thought prudent by the native traders to sell their opium to British Government or to smuggle out through other routes not controlled by the British Government.
		Opium cultivation is banned in Assam, a province in the North-East of India.
		Opium is used as a substitute for wages and partly food for conscripted labour in the North East Indian State of Assam engaged in the construction of the 2100 kms long Ledo Road to Kunming, Yunan, China.
	cbn.nic.in /html/opiumhistory1.htm (4120 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Opium, which never had a place in Myanmar society by tradition in the days of the Myanmar kings, was firmly ensconced and had its roots spread all over the country in a matter of three years after the British had established themselves over the entire country.
		Opium poppy Cultivation came into being in Myanmar in the modern age when opium seeds were illegally brought into Chindwin region, Chin Hills, Kachin State and Shan State in northern Myanmar from Assam in India.
		At one time a British Commission came to Myanmar to investigate the legal trade of opium in the country and stated in their report that illicit use of opium should not be permitted and to restrict the use of opium for scientific and medical purposes only.
	www.myanmar-narcotic.net /eradication/13drug.htm (1025 words)

	The Complete History of Cannabis in Canada
		The spreading use of opium among the Chinese population caused alarm among the leaders of the Chinese government, who finally decided to ban all trade in opium within their nation.
		Opium use became a common means for the Chinese population to ease the pain of their meager circumstances.
		Difficulties in enforcing the Act and the development of illicit smuggling networks prompted the establishment of a royal commission on Chinese opium smuggling.
	www.cannabisculture.com /library/history_of_pot.html (3475 words)

	Opium - TCCWiki
		Opium is a narcotic analgesic drug which is obtained from the unripe seed pods of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L. or the synonym paeoniflorum).
		Opium is also processed into heroin, and most current drug use occurs with processed derivatives rather than with raw opium.
		Opium's pharmaceutical use is strictly controlled worldwide and non-pharmaceutical uses are generally prohibited.
	www.tccwiki.com /wiki/index.php?title=Opium (728 words)

	More Data About the New Psychoactive Drug 2C-B (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The reason is that as long as the name of a drug is not specified in the Dutch Opium Act, the selling and abuse of new phenylalkylamine drugs is difficult to prevent by the Dutch authorities.
		It is important to note that DOB was already specified in the Dutch Opium Act at the time of its introduction.
		The inclusion of the name of 2C-B in the Dutch Opium Act prevented further popularity in the Netherlands.
	www.jatox.com /abstracts/1999/may-june/227-deboer.htm (1096 words)

	Dutch Drug Policy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The most significant portion of Dutch drug policy is the Opium Act, it states the regulations on drugs within the nation.
		The possession of a small quantity of soft drugs for personal use is a minor offense.
		Importing and exporting drugs are the most serious offenses under the Opium Act.
	www.providence.edu /polisci/students/dutch/opiumact.htm (333 words)

	AN ARCHAEOLOGY OF DRUG LAWS
		Not opium taken in the form of morphine or laudanum, not opium swallowed or injected, but only the smoking of 'prepared opium' was banned, because only the Chinese smoked their opium (Manderson, 1988, 1993; see also Helmer, 1975;Green,1979; Boyd,1984).The shift of emphasis from 'poison' to 'opium' is therefore significant.
		In the UK and in other jurisdictions in which this terminology is taken up, therefore, severe legislation is now justified because the Acts in which it is contained do not simply deal with objects, that is, with drugs that are 'dangerous' or 'narcotic', but with their 'misuse' or 'abuse' by legal subjects.
		The language of this Act does not set drugs apart from the rest of the world, but attempts to a limited extent to normalise them and to strip them of their emotive connotations.
	www.drugtext.org /library/articles/94549.html (7514 words)

	Opium act
		In the Netherlands this is all regulated with the Opium Act and ruling regulations.
		The appendix of the Opium Act mentions the different substances which the act concerns.
		Substances on appendix 2 the softdrugs.The penalties on offending the opium act are severe and the sentences are harder on violating appendix 1.
	www.cannabisbureau.nl /eng/opium_act.html (76 words)

	OCAN - Canadian cannabis timeline
		This act serves as the basis for subsequent Canadian laws dealing with the use of illicit drugs.
		It was this Act which formally instituted controls on the non-medical use of drugs and which was passed without debate in the House of Commons and without opposition in the Senate.
		The apparent purpose of the Act was to levy a token tax of approximately one dollar on all buyers, sellers, importers, growers, physicians, veterinarians, and any other persons who deal in marihuana commercially, prescribe it professionally, or possess it.
	ocan.netfirms.com /cdnmjtimeline.html (932 words)

	Opium Timeline
		The Dutch export shipments of Indian opium to China and the islands of Southeast Asia; the Dutch introduce the practice of smoking opium in a tobacco pipe to the Chinese.
		In San Francisco, smoking opium in the city limits is banned and is confined to neighboring Chinatowns and their opium dens.
		In rats, at least, the hedonic hotspot is located in a single cubic millimeter of tissue: the substrates of pure bliss may lie in medium spiny neurons in the rostrodorsal region of the medial shell of the nucleus accumbens.
	www.opioids.com /timeline (3421 words)

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